This was an essay on the Chinese equivalents for our word God which have been used by Christian missionaries. A historical account was first given of the terms adopted by the Catholics, from Ricci's time until the settlement of the disputes in relation to that matter at Rome near the beginning of the 18th century. Then the views of the Protestant missionaries in China were noticed, the decision of the American Bible Society in favor of Shin and against Shang-ti in 1850, the continuance of a part of the missionaries to use Shang-ti in their versions, and the rise in recent years of an opinion on the part of some very able translators in favor of Tien-chu. A comparison was then instituted between these three terms. It was claimed that Tien-chu-the term adopted by early Catholic teachers and authorized at Rome-had no shade of heathenish or pantheistic thought attached to it, and was well understood through China, as the term in use to denote the supreme object of Christian worship. At the same time it was admitted that Tien-chu was not properly a translation of the original words used for God in the Bible. The term Shin was next examined, and it was shown from printed statements of Messrs. Hartwell and Peet, as well as from the testimony of other missionaries, that it is far too vague to take the place of God in general, although, as most concede, it cannot be wholly dispensed with. Next, Shang-ti was discussed at considerable length, in connection with the disputes of the Jesuit and other Catholic preachers, and with the Chinese religious philosophy. The essay of the honest and able Jesuit, Langobardi, who condemned Shang-ti and strove to show that the Chinese were atheistic (or, as we should say, pantheistic) in their view of the universe, not only in modern times but from the very origin of Chinese speculation, was cited with approbation. The opinions also of modern writers on philosophy, of Schelling, and especially Wuttke in his Geschichte des Heidenthums, were made use of to corroborate the position taken by the author of the essay, that Shang-ti, as properly denoting heaven personified, a conception of naturalism and of pantheism, was an unsafe representative of the scriptural idea of God. On the whole, then, Shang-ti being condemned, and Shin as a leading term pronounced too vague and general, Tien-chu had the preference given to it.

Extended remarks were made upon this paper and its subject by Dr. Parker and Rev. Mr. Syle, both of whom agreed with the writer in his definitive rejection of Shang-ti, but thought more favorably than he of Shin, and less favorably of Tien-chu.

5. On the views of Prof. Key and M. Oppert respecting Sanskritic and Indo-European Philology, by Prof. W. D. Whitney, of New Haven.

In this paper Prof. Whitney defended the current methods and commonly accepted results of comparative philology against the attacks of Prof. Key (in the Transactions of the Philological Society of London, 1862-3) and M. Oppert (in the Annales de Philosophie Chrétienne for 1866). He began with pointing out the nature and grounds of the dependence of general linguistic science upon Indo-European philology, and of the latter upon Sanskrit study, the limits to this dependence, and its liability to misapprehension and exaggeration by incautious or ill-informed students. The faults of detail which Mr. Key indicates in the work of particular scholars, as Müller and Bopp, do not affect their general philological method, and if his own basis of scholarship had been so extended as to embrace a good knowledge of Sanskrit, he might have been able to criticise their work from a higher point of view, separating its sound from its unsound portions, and duly estimating both. While many of his objections are well taken, others are insufficiently founded, and cannot be maintained. M. Oppert's assault is one of much more serious intent, but much weaker substance and result. He fully accepts the Boppian method, even going so far as to maintain that Bopp has exhausted the whole field of linguistic science, leaving nothing of consequence for others to do after him: but its conclusions he allows to be grammatical only, refusing them any value as historical and ethnological data; he strongly condemns also the introduction of any elements of the new historical philology into the methods of classical instruction. His conception of the scope, bearings, and condition of the science is as far as possible out of the way. He is not a general skeptic as to ethnological connections, as might be expected from his denial of the accepted sources of information respecting them: on the contrary, he puts forth the most detailed and definite stateVOL. IX. C

ments about the derivation and composition of the Indo-European races, in general and in particular; but they are mere dicta, resting upon no assignable basis, and in no small part explainable as the conversions of doubtful or half-understood hypotheses of linguists, drawn from linguistic data, into absolute facts. A main, if not the main, object of the essay is to deny that there is any race-connection, any tie of common descent, between the various nations speaking the branches of Indo-European language: the author does not attempt to disprove the connection, but treats it as a palpably unsound and absurd dogma; but his allusions show that he regards the exceptional propagation of the Latin and Arabic as, by their analogy, sufficiently accounting for the extension of Indo-European language over half a world of heterogeneous tribes. The analogy, however, is a wholly insufficient and inapplicable one, as was attempted to be shown by an inquiry into the causes of the spread of Latin and Arabic, and an indication of their absence in the ancient history of IndoEuropean speech. M. Oppert's essay is, from its beginning to its end, a tissue of misrepresentations, unwarranted assumptions, and unsound inferences, and cannot but seriously damage his reputation as a linguistic and ethnological scholar.

6. On Chinese Chronology, by Rev. E. Burgess, of South Franklin, Mass.

Mr. Burgess, basing himself mainly upon the discussions of the subject in the introduction to the last volume of Dr. Legge's edition of the Chinese Classics, attempted to show the unauthentic character of the accepted Chinese Chronology in its earlier period, previous to the time of Confucius.

After the reading of this paper, the Society adjourned, to meet again in New Haven in October next.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY AND CARINET.

MAY, 1865-MAY, 1867.

From Prof. G. J. Adler.

Wilhelm von Humboldt's Linguistical Studies. By G. J. Adler.... New York: 1866. 8vo.

From the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. vi, pp. 341364; Vol. vii, pp. 1-184. Boston: 1864-7. 8vo.

From the American Antiquarian Society.

Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, . . . . Jan. 17, 1865; 26, 1865; Oct. 21, 1865; . . . . Mar. 16, 1866 and Apr. 25, 1866; 8vo.

15, 1866. Boston: 1865-6.

From the American Philosophical Society.

Apr.

Nov.

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Nos. 73-5; vol. x, pp. 1– 254. Philadelphia: 1865-6. 8vo.

Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. xiii, Part 2. Philadelphia: 1865. 4to.

Catalogue of the American Philosophical Society's Library. Part II, Class v. Historical Sciences. Philadelphia: 1866. roy. 8vo.

Studj Ario-Semitici . . . .

From Prof. G. I. Ascoli, of Milan.

Articolo Secondo.—Studj Irâni, di Graziadio Isaia Ascoli. [Extracts from the Memoirs of the Royal Institute of Lombardy, Vol. x.] Milan : 1865. 4to.

From the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Bibliotheca Indica, Nos. 181, 190-92, 196-7, 204-19; and New Series, Nos. 56-100, viz.:

The Taittiriya Sanhitá, etc. Fasc. xx, xxi.

The Taittiriya Brahmana, etc. Fasc. xiv-xxi.

The Taittiriya 'Aranyaka of the Black Yajur Veda, with the Commentary of Sáyanáchárya, edited by Rajendralala Mitra. Fasc. i-iv.

The Nyaya-Dars'ana of Gotama, with the Commentary of Vátsyáyana, edited by Pandita Jayanáráyana Tarkapanchánana. Fasc. i-iii.

The Brihat-sanhitá of Varáha-Mihira.

Fasc. iii-vii.

The 'Srauta-Sútra of 'As'valáyana. Fasc. ii-x.

The Kámandakiya-Nítisára. Fasc. iii.

The Sahitya-Darpana, or Mirror of Composition, a Treatise on Literary Criticism; by Vis'vanátha Kavirája. Translated into English by Bábu Pramadádása Mittra and the late James R. Ballantyne, LL.D. Fasc. i-iii.

The Sankhya Aphorisms of Kapila, translated. Fasc. ii.

The Das'a-Rúpa of Dhananjaya. Fasc. iii.

Sánkhya-Sára; a Treatise of Sánkhya Philosophy, by Vijnána Bhikshu. Edited by Fitz-Edward Hall. . . . . 1 Fasc.

The Mímánsá-Dars'ana. Fasc. ii, iii.

Ibn Hajar's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. IV, Fasc. i-vii.

The Muntakhab al-Tawarikh of Abd-al-Qadir bin i Malúk Shah al-Badaoni. Edited by Capt. W. N. Lees, LL.D., and Mawlawi Kabir al-din Ahmad, and Munshi Ahmad Ali. 5 Fasc.

The Nárada-Pancharátra. Fasc. iv.

Wis o Rámín. Fasc. v.

Iqbálnámah-i Jehángírí of Motamad Khan. Edited by Mawlawis Abd al-Haii and Ahmad Ali. 3 Fasc.

The 'Alamgir-Námah. By Muhammad Kazim Ibn-i Muhammad Amin Munshi. Edited by Mawlawis Khadim Husain and Abd al-Hai, under the superintendence of Major W. N. Lees, LL.D. Fasc. i-vii.

The Badshah Námah, by 'Abd al-Hamíd Lahawrí. Edited by Mawlawis Kabir al-Din Ahmad and Abd al-Rahím, under the superintendence of Major W. N. Lees, LL.D. Fasc. i, ii.

From the Asiatic Society of Paris.

Journal Asiatique. 6me Série. Tomes iii, iv, and Nos. 27-32. Paris: 1864-7. 8vo. From Rev. J. G. Auer, of West Philadelphia.

By the Rt. Rev. John Payne, D.D. New York: 1864.

Under the direction of the same. Second edition. New

From Hon. J. D. Baldwin, of Worcester.

Catalogue of Additions made to the Library of Congress, from Dec. 1, 1864, to Dec. 1, 1865. Washington: 1865. 8vo.

From Dr. A. Bastian, of Bremen.

Ers

Die Völker des Oestlichen Asien. Studien und Reisen von Dr. Adolf Bastian. ter Band. Geschichte der Indochinesen. Zweiter Band. Reisen in Birma in den Jahren 1861-1862. Leipzig: 1866. 8vo.

From the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences.

Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. Deel xxix. Batavia: 1862. 4to.

Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde. . . . . Deel xii. Batavia: 1862. 8vo.

From Rev. Cephas Bennett, of Rangoon.

A Dictionary, English and Burmese. . . . . By A. Judson. Second Edition. Rangoon: 1866. roy. 8vo.

The Youth's Guide to Arithmetic..

By L. Stilson. Rangoon: 1866.

8vo.

Genesis and Exodus in Burmese, with Dr. Judson's last emendations. . . .. Rangoon: 1864. 8vo.

The Life of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ..... 3d Burmese edition. Maulmain: 1837. 8vo.

A few Simple Rules for Land Measuring, by L. Stilson. . . . .

Rangoon: 1865. 8vo. Five Burmese tracts: The Golden Balance.-The Tree of Life.-The Awakener.— The Resurrection.-Glad Tidings. Rangoon: 1864-6. 12mo. The Catechism. By Mrs. Judson. Rangoon: 1865. The Books of Genesis and Exodus, in Sgau Karen. Translated by Francis Mason. Rangoon: 1864. roy. 8vo.

18mo.

An (Abridged) Arithmetic, for the use of Karen Schools,

3d edition. Maulmain: 1861. 8vo.

by E. B. Cross.

Primary Geography, in Sgau Karen. By Mrs. C. B. Thomas. Rangoon: 1865.

12mo.

The Psalms and Proverbs. Translated by Francis Mason. Rangoon: 1865. 12mo. Hymns. [Sgau Karen.] 4th edition. Maulmain: 1860. 18mo.

Revival Hymns. By Rev. B. C. Thomas. 2d edition. Rangoon: 1866. 24mo. A Catechetical History of the Saviour. . . . in Pwo Karen. By Rev. D. L. Brayton. Rangoon: 1865. 24mo.

Pwo Catechism.

Acts of the Apostles..

By H. L. Van Meter. Rangoon: 1865. 24mo.
Rangoon: 1865. Svo.

24mo.

The Child's Book. By Mrs. C. H. Vinton. 3d edition. Rangoon: 1865.
Hymns for Public and Social Worship. 8th edition. Rangoon: 1863. 24mo.
Catechism. By Rev. E. L. Abbott. 4th edition. Rangoon: 1865. 12mo.
The Child's Scripture Catechism. .. Prepared by Mrs. Whitaker.
Rangoon: 1865. 12mo.

From the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin.

2d edition.

Monatsberichte der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 1864, 1865, 1866. Berlin: 1865-7. 8vo.

Philologische und Historische Abhandlungen der etc. 1864, 1865. Berlin: 1865-6. 4to.

From Prof. Otto Böhtlingk, of St. Petersburg.

Indische Sprüche.

Sanskrit und Deutsch herausgegeben von Otto Böhtlingk. Drit

ter Theil. St. Petersburg: 1865. 8vo.

From Professors Böhtlingk and Roth.

Sanskrit-Wörterbuch.... Bearbeitet von Otto Böhtlingk and Rudolph Roth. Lieferungen 28-33. St. Petersburg: 1865–7.

4to.

From the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.

Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. No. xxii. Bombay: 1865. 8vo.

From the Royal University of Norway, at Christiania. Nine scientific essays, published as University programmes, etc. Christiania: 18511865. 4to.

Quellen zur Geschichte des Taufsymbols und der Glaubensregel, herausgegeben und in Abhandlungen erläutert von Dr. C. P. Caspari. I. Christiania: 1866. 8vo. From Mr. Hyde Clarke, of Smyrna.

Le Bas-Relief de Nymphi, d'après de nouveaux renseignements. Par MM. Georges Perrot et Edmond Guillaume. [Extrait de la Revue Archéologique.] Paris:

1866. 8vo.

A Help to Memory in learning Turkish. By Hyde Clarke. Constantinople: 1862.

12mo.

From Professor Edward B. Cowell, of London.

The Kavya Prakasa, or a Treatise on Sanskrit Rhetoric, by Mammata Bhatta, with Explanatory and Illustrative Notes. By Mahesa Chandra Nyayaratna... order of E. B. Cowell . . . . Calcutta: 1866. 8vo.

From Rev. Oliver Crane, of Carbondale, Pa.

Episcopal prayer-book, in Arabo-Turkish. Leipzig: 1842.

8vo.

By

An imperial firman, given by the Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid, of Turkey. One sheet, 22 by 31 inches.

A collection of coins (not yet identified and described).

From Rev. C. H. A. Dall, of Calcutta.

Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum, primitus inceptum ab. . . . P. J. Pigneaux, dein absolutum et editum a J. L. Taberd. ... Serampore: 1838. 4to. Dictionarium Latino-Anamiticum, auctore J. L. Taberd . . . . Serampore: 1838. 4to.

From Mr. Frank R. Forbes, of Shanghai.

Notes for Tourists in the North of China. By N. B. Dennys. Hongkong: 1866. 8vo.

Cours d'Hindoustani.

1866. Paris: 1865-6.

From M. Garcin de Tassy, of Paris.

Discours d'Ouverture du 4 Dec., 1865;
8vo.

From the German Oriental Society.

....

du 3 Dec.,

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. xix, 3, 4; xx. Leipzig: 1865-6. 8vo.

Indische Studien. . . . herausgegeben von Albrecht Weber. ix, 1. Leipzig: 1865. 8vo.

Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, herausgegeben von der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, iv. 1-5, viz.:

Açvalâyana's Grhyasûtras, Part ii, translation.

Çântanava's Phitsútra. Mit verschiedenen Indischen Commentaren, Einleitung, Uebersetzung, und Anmerkungen herausgegeben von Franz Kielhorn.

Ueber die Jüdische Angelologie und Daemonologie in ihrer Abhängigkeit vom Parsismus. Von Dr. Alexander Kohut.