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against Waterford .

396

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ment of Lord Deputy

Is supplanted by Kildare
Desmond enters into a Treaty

with the King of France
Impeachment of Kildare
Is committed to the Tower
and afterwards released
Richard Nugent, Baron of
Delvin, the new Lord Deputy 403

Daring Act of O'Connor, who

takes Prisoner the Lord De-
puty

Feuds among the English

The Duke of Norfolk's (late
Earl of Surrey) Opinions
respecting Ireland

1530, The Duke of Richmond ap

pointed Lord-Lieutenant

Triumph of Kildare

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Sir William Skeffington Lord Deputy

Warwick escapes to Cornwall 397 1532. Removal of Skeffington and

Appointment of Kildare in his Place

402

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CHAPTER XLVI.

HENRY VIII. (Continued.)

Progress of the Reformation in England

Henry's Differences with the
Pope

Fate of Sir Thomas More
Henry's Cruelty

is sent prisoner to England 414 1539. The act for abolishing Diver

His Execution together with

The Reformation in Ireland

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sity of Opinions

424

414

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his five Uncles The Destruction of O'Brian's

Bridge

1536, Rumoured Return of Lord

Thomas Fitz Gerald

1537. Expedition of the Lord Deputy into Offaley, and Expulsion of Brian O'Connor.

Opposition of the Proctors to
the Act of Supremacy
Traffic in spiritual Patronage 425
Continued Opposition of the
Proctors

Bill for their Expulsion from

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puty and O'Connor.

Gerald Fitz Gerald, the Bro

ther of Lord Thomas

1538. The Aid of the Scottish Monarch solicited in his favour 417 Marriage of Gerald's Aunt, Lady Eleanor, to O'Donnell 417 Lord Gray's military Progress through the Kingdom

416

Character of Archbishop

Browne

426

416

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417

Comparative Tranquillity of

Charges against him.

417

Ireland

427

League between

Desmond

Two Archbishops and eight

and O'Brian

417

Unworthy Submission to Des

Bishops take the Oath of Supremacy

427

mond

418

Act for the Suppression of re

ligious Houses

428

Urgent request of Archbishop

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Contest between Desmond and Fitz Maurice for Right of Inheritance

Countenance afforded by Desmond to young Fitz Gerald Lord Gray suspected of favouring Gerald.

Religious Differences Supposed League of the Scot

tish Court with the Irish Chief

Expulsion of the Scotch Refugees

The Geraldine League Expedition into Munster under the Command of the Lord

418

Browne for a Share of the

religious Plunder

Silence of the Clergy .

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Lord Gray returns to England Differences between Ormond

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THE

HISTORY OF IRELAND.

CHAPTER I.

ORIGIN OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.-EARLY NOTICES OF IRELAND.

THERE appears to be no doubt that the first inhabitants of Ireland were derived from the same Celtic stock which supplied Gaul, Britain, and Spain with their original population. Her language, the numerous monuments she still retains of that most ancient superstition which the first tribes who poured from Asia into Europe are known to have carried with them wherever they went, sufficiently attest the true origin of her people. Whatever obscurity may hang round the history of the tribes that followed this first Eastern swarm, and however opinions may still vary, as to whether they were of the same, or of a different race, it seems, at least, certain, that the Celts were the first inhabitants of the western parts of Europe; and that, of the language of this most ancient people, the purest dialect now existing is the Irish.

It might be concluded, from the near neighbourhood of the two islands to each other, that the fortunes of Britain and Ireland would, in those times, be similar; that, in the various changes and mixtures to which population was then subject, from the successive incursions of new tribes from the East, such vicissitudes would be shared in common by the two islands, and the same flux and reflux of population be felt on both their shores. Such an assumption, however, would, even as to earlier times, be rash; and, how little founded it is, as a general conclusion, appears from the historical fact, that the Romans continued in military possession of Britain for near four hundred years, without a single Roman, during that whole period, having been known to set foot on Irish ground.

The system of Whitaker and others, who, from the proximity of the two islands, assume that the population of Ireland must have been all derived from Britain, is wholly at variance, not merely with probability, but with actual evidence. That, in the general and compulsory movement of the Celtic tribes towards the west, an island, like Ireland, within easy reach both of Spain and Gaul, should have been left unoccupied during the long interval it must have required to stock England with inhabitants, seems, to the highest degree, improbable. But there exists, independently of this consideration, strong evidence of an early intercourse between Spain and Ireland, in the historical traditions of the two countries, in the names of the different Spanish tribes assigned to the latter by Ptolemy, and, still more, in the sort of notoriety which Ireland early, as we shall see, acquired, and which could only have arisen out of her connexion with those Phoenician colonies, through whom alone a secluded island of the Atlantic could have become so well known to the world.

At a later period, when the Belgic Gauls had gained such a footing in Britain, as to begin to encroach on the original Celtic inhabitants, a remove still farther to the west was, as usual, the resource of this people; and Ireland, already occupied by a race speaking a dialect of the same language, the language common, at that period, to all the

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