An Introduction to Logic and Scientific Method, כרך 10

actual affirmative alternative analysis angles answer argument assert assumed assumptions axioms basis believe body called cause certain clearly common concerning conclusion connected consequences Consider contains contradictory definition demonstrated denoted depends determine difficulty discover discussion distinct distributed elements employed equal equivalent establish evidence examine example existence experience expressed fact false figure formal geometry given heads Hence human hypothesis imply important independent indicate individuals inference instances interpretation kind knowledge known laws least logical mathematics matter meaning measure method mortal nature necessary negative objects observed obtained particular possible predicate premises present principles probability proof properties propositions prove question reader reason regarded relation represent result rule sense sometimes Suppose syllogism symbols theorems theory things tion true truth universal valid virtue