Dr. J. Leland. Dr. Derbs se Jeremiah Seed. James Hervey. Balguy. Chapman. Dr. Jortin.
Paley. Dr. Blair. Dr. Hckes. Abernethy. Dr. George Benson. Dr. Chandler. Dr. James Foster. Dr.
Watts. Dr. Doddridg. Dr. Taylor, of Norwich. Pierce. Hallet. Grove. Lardner. Dr. Priestley.
French, Swiss, Gerran, and Dutch Writers:-Abbadie. Pictet. James Saurin. Oudin. Ostervald. Ju-
rieu. Turretin Werenfels. Vitringa. Leydeiker. Marck. Braun. Jablonski. Mosheim. Witsius
and Trigland of Leyden. Spener. Pecht. Mayer. Masius. Wandalinus. Wincler. Fabricius. Schmidt.
Rechenberg. Ittigius. Seeligman. Loscher. Foertsch. Buddeus. Luthenius. Antonius. Franckius.
Langius. Maius. Pritius. N. B. The twenty writers last mentioned are Lutherans. Romish Authors:-
Gonsalez. Beaugendre. Papin. Van Espen. F. Lami. Pouget. Des-Marets. D. de St. Marthe
Hyac. Serri. G. Helyot. F. Timoleon de Choisi. Huet. J. Martiany. Hure. Habert. Fleuri. Mas-
sillon. Eusebius Renaudot. Houdry. P. Constant. Baltus. P. de la Broue. G. Daniel. Hardouin
J. J. Boileau. Marsollier. Garnier. Le Bouf. Anselme. Joubert. Tournemine. Duguet. Longuerue.
Le Quien. Longueval. Vertot. Gibert. Martenne. Boursier. Blondel. Montfaucon. C. de la Rue.
Sabatier. Benoit. Colbert. Languet. Dantine. Houteville. Lenglet du-Fresnoi. Martin. Berruyer.
De Caylus. Bon. Racine. Calmet. Celier, Maran. Des-Champs. Morvan de Bellegarde. The popes
Clement XI. Benedict XIII. and XIV Orsini. Muratori. Bianchini. Orsi. Tomasi. Banduri.
HERETICS, AND FREE THINKERS.
John Toland. Matthew Tindall. Ant. Collins. Thomas Woolston. Charles Blount. Thomas Chuo. Thomas Morgan. Bernard de Mandeville. Lord Bolingbroke, and others less worthy of notice. Among the sects of this century we may reckon the Herrenhutters, or Moravian ethren, and the followers of Swedenborg.
REMARKABLE EVENTS IN THE CHURCH.
The French Missionaries make many converts to popery in the eastern parts of the world; in the Ca natic, on the coast of Malabar, in China, &c. A great controversy is occasioned by the indulgence of the Jesuits towards the Chinese, in allowing them to retain the religious ceremonies of paganism. Protestant missionaries are sent to India by the English, Dutch, and Danes. The bull Unigenitus, issued by Clement XI. in 1713, condemns Quesnel's edition of the New Testament, and produces violent debates and divisions in the Gallican church, more especially between the Jesuits and the Jansenists. The latter endeavour to support their declining credit by fictitious miracles, said to be wrought at the tomb of the abbe Paris. The study of philosophy is placed on a new footing in Germany, by Leibnitz and Wolff; and their method of demonstration is transferred by some divines to theology. Christopher Matthew Pfaff, a very learned and respectable divine, forms a plan of reconciliation and union between the Lutheran and Reformed churches; the execution of which, however, is prevented by bigotry and party spirit. Sacheverel, an incen diary, who inveighs against civil and religious liberty, is impeached and censured. Lady Moyer founds a lecture for the defence of the Trinity. Dr. Bampton also establishes a lecture at Oxford, for the general defence of Christianity. The Protestant religion, and the blessings of civil liberty, are established in Great Britain by the accession of the house of Brunswick-Lunenburg to the throne. An attempt is made to assassinate Louis XV. by Damien, who is supposed (but not on sufficient grounds) to have been instiga ted by the Jesuits to that nefarious act. Louis suppresses the order of Jesuits in France, shuts their schools, and confiscates their revenues, in the year 1764. The kings of Portugal and Spain banish all Jesuits from their icminions. Pope Clement XIV. dissolves the order in 1773. A revolution breaks out in France in 1789; and, in its progress, the Gallican church is nearly annihilated; but Bonaparte restores catholicism. Pope Pius VI. is deposed by the French, and dies in exile, in 1799.
Sir Isaac Newton. J. Flamsteed. J. Keill. Maclaurin. Bradley. Dr. Clarke. Dr. Bentley. Bishop Hare. Addison. Pope. Gay. Prior. Dr. Swift. Sir R. Steele. Dr. Arbuthnot. Dr. Friend. Dr. Mead. Dr. Woodward. Sir Hans Sloane. Sir Christopher Wren. Dr. Halley. Dr. Hutcheson, the metaphysician. Dr. Middleton. Dr. Berkeley, bishop of Cloyne. The lords Shaftsbury and Bolingbroke. Congreve. Wycherly. Sir John Vanbrugh. Lord Somers. Mrs. Cockburn. Nicholas and Thomas Rowe. Mrs. Rowe. Thompson. Dr. Young. Akenside. Armstrong. Collins. Gray. Lord Lyttleton. Glover. Goldsmith. Churchill. Cowper. Burns. Foote. Colman. The earl of Chesterfield. Horace, earl of Oxford. Sir William Blackstone. Hume. Robertson. Stuart. Gibbon. Burnet, or lord Monboddo. Home, or lord Kames. Sir William Jones. Harris. Dr. Johnson. Adam Smith. Burke. Richardson. Fielding. Smollett. Dr. Moore. Dr. William Hunter. John Hunter. Pott. Dr. Heberden. Sir John Pringle. Dr. Cullen. Dr. Brown. Dr. Darwin. Dr. Black. Stephen Hales. Henry Cavendish. Dr. Priestley. French Authors:-Malebranche. B. Lany. Lemery. Fenelon. Sauveur. P. de la Hire. Flechier. Le Vassor. J. F. Simon. Isaac de Larrey. J. F. Felibien. Andrew and Anne Dacier. Claudius and William de l'Isle. Renaudot. Tarteron. Huet. J. le Lorg. Boulainvilliers. Louis and John Boivin. Rapin de Thoyras. James Basnage. J. and P. L. Savary. Louis de Sacy. Du Resnel. N. L. de la Caille. B. de la Monnoye. The abbe Fraguier. Gabriel Daniel. G. J. du Verney. Valincourt. Geoffroy. De la Mothe. Joachim le Grand. Sanadon. Dumon. Vertot. Catrou. Rouille. Beausobre. The abbe de la Bleterie. Niceron. De la Barre. Melon. De la Croze. Vanier. Montfaucon. Rollin. Longuerue. Banier. Cardinal Polignac. J. J. Rousseau. Du-Bois. Brumoy. Velley. Villaret. Bourget. Bignon. Goguet. Abbe de St. Pierre. Fontenelle. Du-Halde. De Moivre. Bougeant. Folard. Marquis de Puy-Segur. M. D'Argens. Abbe Des-Fountaines. Freret. Le Sage. The Fourmonts. Montesquieu. Mongault. Gabrielle du Chastelet. Des-Touches. Terrason. Caylus. Casp. de Real. Crevier. Marmontel. Reaumur. Du-Hamel. Le Gendre. Morabin. Helvetius. Maupertius. Condil. lac. D'Alembert. Voltaire. The Crebillons. Diderot. Condorcet. Clairault. Buffon. Lavosier. Bailly. Mirabeau. Italian Authors:-Poli. Magliabechi. Musitani. Battaglini. Gravina. Lancisi. Buonanni. Zanicheli. Fontanini. Micheli. Manfredi. Giannone. Muratori. Zeno. Maffei. Cardinals Quirini and Passionei. Buonamici. Cassini. Beccaria. Spalanzani. Metastasio. Swiss Writers-D. and J. le Clerc. Konig. Burlamaqui. Schenchzer. Crousaz. The Bernouillis. Euler. De Saussure. De Luc. Haller. Mallet. Sol. Gesner. German Authors:-Leibnitz. Wolff. Krosig. Kus ter. Moller. J. A. Schmidt. Eccard. Mencke. Hubner. J. A. Fabricius. Neumann. Heineccius. C. Wormins. Keysler. Doppelmaier. Reiske. Werner. Pallas. Zimmermann. Herder. Gellert. Mendelsohn. Klopstock. Muller. Dutch Writers:-Adrian Reland. J. F. Gronovius. Cuper. Perizonius. Nieuwentyt. Noodt. Hartsoeker. Bynkershoek. Boerhaave. W. J. Gravesande. Schultens. Vap
Machenbroek. Wesseling. Havercamp. Hemsterhuis. Nieuland. Russian Writers:-Prince Cherbatoff Lomonosoff. Sumorokoff. Danish and Swedish Authors:-Baron Holberg. Fabricius. C. von Linne, or Linnæus. Si Torbern Bergman. Scheele.
Emperor of Germany or of Austria:-A. D.-Francis II. Kings of Spain:-Charles IV. is deposed by Napoleon, 1808. Ferdinand VII. succeeds; but he is inveighled into France. Joseph Bonaparte usurps he throne, and reigns over a part of the kingdom, while the other parts are ruled by a council of state and the Cortes. In 1814, Ferdinand was liberated by the tyrant, and restored; and he still [in 1826] rules over a reluctant nation. Sovereigns of Portugal:-Maria, 1816. John VI., 1826. Sovereigns of France:-Bonaparte or the emperor Napoleon, reigned until the year 1814: he was then deposed and banished. In 1815, he regained his power, but lost it before the end of the year. Louis XVIII., 1824, Charles X. King of Holland:-Louis Bonaparte, from 1806 to 1810. King of the Netherlands:-William VI. prince of Orange. King of Prussia:-Frederic V. or Frederic William III. Kings of Bavaria:-Maximilian, 1824. Charles Louis. King of Saxony:-Frederic Augustus. Kings of Wurtemberg:-Frederic William, 1817. His son. King of Hanover:-George Augustus, also king of Great Britain. Kings of Sweden: Gustavus IV. deposed in 1809. Charles XIII., 1818. Charles XIV. Kings of Denmark:-Christiern VII., 1808. Frederic VI. Emperors of Russia:-Paul, murdered in 1801. Alexander, 1825. Nicolas. Emperors of Turkey:Selim III. dethroned in 1807. Mustapha IV. deposed in 1808. Mahmoud II. Kings of Naples and Sicily:Ferdinand IV., 1824. Francis. Kings of Sardinia:-Charles Emanuel II. resigned, 1802. Victor III. ro signed, 1821. Charles Felix.
POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.
Pius VII., 1823. Leo XII.
ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.
Dr. John Moore, 1805. Dr. Charles Manners Sutton.
ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.
Dr. Richard Watson, bishop of Llandaff. Dr. George Horne, bishop of Norwich. Dr. Joseph White. Cr. Joshua Toulmin.
Joanna Southcott. The baroness von Krudener.
REMARKABLE EVENTS IN THE CHURCH.
Napoleon concludes a treaty with the pope, in 1801, for the adjustment of the religious concerns of France. The French seize the pope's territories, confine his holiness, and leave him only a shadow of power. In 1809, by the new constitution of Sweden, a full religious toleration is allowed. Recovering his authority in 1814, the pope annuls the French regulations at Rome, re-establishes the monastic orders, and revives the Society of Jesuits. By the union of the Austrian Netherlands with Holland, in 1814, the catholics lose their sway in the former country. In several of the German states, the Lutherans and Calvinists, in 1817 and 1818, enter into a union. In 1817, Louis XVIII. concludes a concordat with the pope. The year 1825 is marked, at Rome, by the solemnity of a Jubilee.
Richard Porson, Greek professor at Cambridge. Lord Byron. Elizabeth Carter. Anna Seward. Dr. Erasmus Darwin. Dr. James Beattie. Richard Cumberland. Richard Brinsley Sheridan. John Horne Tooke. John Walcot. French Writers:-Madame de Stael. Madame Cottin. Gerrian Authors:—Kloptock. Schiller. Wieland. Kotzebue.
ABY archbishop of Canterbury, character and
conduct of, ii. 263.
Abelar, Peter, author of the Scholastic System, i. 322;||
he is condemned as a heretic, i. 324; attacks heresies
in general, ib.
Abgarus, story of, i. 26.
Absalom, archbishop of Lunden, in Sweden, i. 297.
Abul-Faraj, an eminent Syrian writer, i. 339.
Abyssinia, Romish missions to, ii. 193, ii. 194: Lu-
theran missions, ii. 227.
Abyssinians embrace the Monophysite doctrine, i.
232; state of their church at different times, ii. 75;||
ii. 383, ii. 412.
Acacius, bishop of Constantinople, is deposed, i. 154.
Academics, their impious notions, i. 19.
Academical institutions in Europe, i. 340, ii. 86, ii.
96, ii. 109.
Acephali, a sect, i. 153.
Adalbert, bishop of Prague, a martyr, i. 236.
Adamites, tenets of, i. 75.
Bohemian, an account of, i. 428.
Adrian, the emperor, a persecutor of the Christians,
i. 54.
I. pope, gratifies Charlemagne with the right||
of election to the see of Rome, i. 198.
IV., arrogance of, i. 311.
VI., good character of, ii. 23.
Eon, the eternal nature, i. 34.
Erian controversy, i. 117.
Africans, the nature of their conversion in xv. cent.
examined, i. 407; in xvii. cent. ii. 165.
Agnoetæ, a sect, i. 172.
Agobard, archbishop of Lyons, account of, i. 212, i.
218.
Agricola, founder of the Antinomian sect in Germa-
ny, ii. 93.
Albert the Great, character of, i. 342, i. 365; his sys-
tem of divinity, i. 369.
Albigenses, or Paulician sect, i. 294; cruel persecu.
tion of them, i. 375.
Alcuin, character and works of, i. 199.
Aldhelm, account of, i. 181.
Alexander III. pope, confers on the cardinals the
sole right of electing to the pontificate, i. 266, i.
314; orders schools to be erected, i. 305; deposes the
emperor Frederic I. i. 311; is driven from Rome,
ib.; retrieves his affairs, i. 312; extends the papal
authority, i. 313.
VI. infamous character of, i. 419, ii. 8.
VII., conduct of, ii. 160; bull against
Jansenius, ii. 214.
VIII. character of, ii. 182.
Natalis, writes against the popish claims,
ii. 196.
Alexander, patriarch of, one of the heads of the
Christian church, i. 109; extent of his authority in
xvi. cent. ii. 70.
Alfred, his taste for letters, i. 211; the most learned
men under him, ib.
Allatius, Leo, his works for uniting the Greek and
Romish churches, ii. 223.
Almamoun, khalif of Bagdad, an eminent patron of
science, i. 211.
Almeric, an account of, i. 341.
Alphonso, king of Leon, an eminent patron of let-
ters, in xiii. cent. i. 339; the fame he acquired by
his astronomical tables, ib.
Alphonso VI., king of Naples, a zealous promoter of
learning, i. 408.
Altenburg, conference at, ii. 98.
Alva, duke of, a cruel persecutor of the protestants,
ii. 43; effect of his tyranny, ib.
Amalric, the absurd and impious doctrine taught by
him, i. 378.
Ambrose, bishop of Milan, his character, i. 110; his
three books on the duty of ministers, i. 113.
of Camaldoli, his works, i. 422.
America, when first visited by the Europeans, i.
406; its inhabitants converted to Christianity, ib.;
English and Dutch colonies there in xvi. cent. ii.
164 Romish missions, ii. 165, Protestant missions,
Vor II.-57
ii. 167; the ambition of the Jesuits in Paraguay, ib.
an episcopal church in North America, ii. 401.
Ames, William, account of, ii. 124; he treats morali.
ty as a separate science, ii. 257.
Ammonius Saccus, founder of the new Platonists, i.
57; attempts a coalition of all sects with his own
system, ib.; the principles of his philosophy, ib.;
his moral discipline, i. 58; the pernicious effects of
his philosophy to Christianity, and hence the
foundation of the monks and mystics, ib.; the ra-
pid progress of his sect, i. 81.
Amour, Guillaume de St., a strenuous opposer of
the mendicant friars, i. 354; is banished, ib.; his
works and great character, ib.
Amsterdam, clergy and magistrates of, oppose the
toleration of the Mennonites, ii. 138.
Amyrault, Moses, account of his works, ii. 257; form
of his doctrine and reconciliatory endeavours, ii.
260; proceedings of the Swiss church against him.
ii. 278.
Anabaptists, their enthusiastic, seditious, and vile
principles in xvi. cent. and punishments they un-
dergo, ii. 35.
Anabaptists (Mennonites,) their history, ii. 127,
maxim whence their peculiarities arose, ii. 128;
their progress, ii. 129; crimes of many of them, ib.;
points of doctrine maintained by the most rational
of them, ib.; severe punishments inflicted on them,
ii. 130.
of Munster, their seditious madness,
ii. 131; measures taken to extirpate them, ii. 132;
plot against the magistrates defeated, ib.; how
comforted by Menno, ib.; origin of the sects that
started up among them, ii. 132; warm contest,
ii. 133; new dissensions among them, ib.; their
creed, confessions, and peculiar tenets, ib.; state
of learning and philosophy among them, ii. 137;
their settlement in the United Provinces, ii. 138;
English, called Baptists, with an account of their
various denominations, ib.; singular sect called
Davidists, ii. 139; various fortunes of the Anabap-
tists in xvii. cent. ii. 295; union restored among
them, ii. 296; different sects, with their several
characters and notions, ib.; external form of their
church, ib.; three orders of ministers among them,
ib.
Anachorets, a monastic order in iv. cent. i. 115.
Anastasius, gives rise to the Nestorian controversy,
i. 150.
the emperor, protects the Acephali, i.
171.
Anchialus, patriarch of Constantinople, an eminent
patron of letters in xii. cent. i. 314.
Andreas, James, employed in reconciling the Luthe-
ran divines, ii. 99.
Andronicus, the emperor, forbids all controversies
concerning speculative points of theology, i. 326.
Angelome, a monk of Lisieux, an acute, but fantas-
tic writer in ix. cent. i. 222.
Anglo-Saxons, oppress the Christians, i. 134; some
few converted by Augustin, i. 156; a universal
conversion among them in vii. cent. i. 173; the
causes of this conversion considered, ib.
Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, improves the
science of logic, i. 261; inventor of the famous ar-
gument ascribed to Des-Cartes, i. 262; one of the
first who composed a system of divinity, i. 286.
of Laon, his character, i. 319, i. 322.
of Havelberg, a strenuous advocate for the
Latins against the Greeks, i. 325.
Ansgar, founder of the Cimbrian
Swedish churches, i. 208.
Anthropomarphites, a sect in x. cent. i. 252.
Antichrist, ensigns of, what so called by the Puri-
tans, ii. 115.
Antinomians, their rise among the Lutherans, ii. 93;
suppression by Luther, ib.; tenets, ib.; English,
their rise, and pernicious tenets, ii. 271; their mo.
dern state, ii. 402.
Antioch, jurisdiction of its patriarch in iv. cent. i
109; the extent of his power in xvi. cert. i. 71.
Antoninus, Marcus, a persecutor of the Christians,
i: 55; his partiality to the Stoics, and its effects
upon learning, i. 56.
Pius, persecution under him, i. 55.
Antonius Paulus, endeavours to correct the abuses
among the clergy in xvii. cent. i. 243.
Antony, forms in Egypt the Monks into a body, i.
115; the rapid progress of this order in the east,
and maxims of their philosophy which seduced
Christians, ib.
of Vienne, order of, i. 282.
Apollinarian heresy, i. 127.
Apollonius Tyanæus, a knave, and an impostor, i. 81.
Apostles of Christ, why limited to twelve, i. 25; the
success of their ministry, i. 27; their authority and
office, i. 36; they and their disciples the principal||
writers, i. 40; the creed, by whom composed, i. 42.
- a sect in xiii. cent. i. 380; their extirpation, ib.
Apostolics, a sect in xii. cent. i. 332; the remarkable
purity of their lives, ib.
Aquinas, Thomas, a very powerful advocate for the
philosophy of Aristotle, i. 342; his character, i. 365;
inethod of explaining the Scriptures, i. 366; ortho-
doxy questioned, i. 368; famous sum, what, i. 369;
polemic work against the Gentiles, ib.; several of
his doctrines opposed by John Duns Scotus, i. 400.
Arabian philosophers, tenets of some, i. 95; confuted
by Origen, they abandoned their erroneous senti-
ments, ib.; form schools in Spain and Italy, in x.
cent. i. 242; source of knowledge among the Euro-
peans, ib.; and i. 260; authors of divination and
astrology in the West, ib.
Arbricelies, Robert, founds a monastery at Fontev-
raud in xii. cent. i. 316; one singularity in his
rule, i. 317.
Archbishops, authority of, in iv. cent. i. 107.
Arianism, its rise in iv. cent. i. 124; the tenets of its
author, ib; its progress before the first Nicene
council, ib.; its history after that time, i. 125, &c.;||
various sects of it, which may be reduced to three
classes, i. 127; its state in vi. cent. i. 176; encou
raged by the Lombards in vii. cent. i. 183.
rians, two eminent writers among them in xvii.
cent. ii. 297; to whom the denomination of Arian
is applicable, ib.; most eminent patrons in xviii.
cent. ii. 313; bad consequences of Arianism, ib.;
points of its doctrine adopted by Mr. Whiston, and
consequence, ib.; controversy occasioned by Dr.
Clarke's opinions concerning the Trinity, and by
whom opposed, ii. 314.
Aristotelian philosophy, admired by the Nestorians
in vi. cent. i. 161; its progress in viii. cent. i. 191;
taught by the reformed church in xvi. cent. ii. 122;
introduced into theology, and bad consequence, ii.
123; its state in xvii. cent. ii. 176, ii. 204, ii. 233.
Aristotle, his notions of God and the human soul, i.
19; had many admirers in xiii. cent.-the preju-
dice done by them to christianity, i. 338.
Arius, maintains the inferiority of the second per-
son of the Trinity, i. 124; expelled from the church,
ib.; condemned by the council of Nice, ib.; recalled
from exile, i. 126; dies a miserable death, ib.
Armagh, Richard of, attacks the Mendicants, i. 391.
Armenia, Great and Less, Christianity established
there, i. 103, i. 104.
Armenians, an account of, in xvi. cent. ii. 76; their
state in xvii. cent. ii. 227; generous behaviour of
the shah Abbas toward them, ib.; the advantages
they received from the settlement of a great num-
ber of Armenians in different parts of Europe, ib.;
state of their church in xviii. cent. ii. 382.
Arminianism, its rise and progress, in xvii. cent. ii.
279.
Arminius, James, founder of the Arminian church,
ii. 258; professes publicly his opinions about pre-
destination, grace, &c. in opposition to those of
Calvin, ib.; two favourable circumstances for him,
ii. 279; by whom opposed, and controversy there-
upon, with his death, ib.; progress of his sect, ib.
Arnauld, a patron of the Jansenists, ii. 212; his dis-
pute with Claude, concerning transubstantiation,
ii. 224.
Arndt, a moral writer in xvii. cent. ii. 239; his good
character and works, ii. 250.
Arnobius, a defender of the Christians, i. 86.
Arnold, of Brescia, account of him and his sect, i. 330.
, of Villa Nova, his extensive learning, i. 343.
Godfrey, disturbs the Lutheran church, ii.
246; his ecclesiastical history censured, ib.
Artemon, a sectary, i. 76
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Arts, seven, the wre.ched
them in viii. cent. i. 192.
Ascetics, their rise and principles, i. 64.
Asculanus, Ceccus, a famous philosopher in xiv.
cent. i. 385; his fate, ib.
Asia, Protestant missions in, ii. 163; English and
Dutch colonies, ii. 164.
Asiatic Gnostics, a sect in ii. cent. i. 71.
Asinus, John Pungens, substitutes consubstantiatios
for transubstantiation, in xiii. cent. i. 370.
Assemblies, the first Christian, i. 68.
Associations, religious, in Great Britain, ii. 422.
Astesanus, his character, i. 401, i. 402.
Astrology, mixed with philosophy, considered as ma-
gic in xiv. cent. ii. 24.
Asylum, right of, contested, ii. 196.
Athanasius, account of, i. 109; he is deposed by the
council of Tyre, i. 125.
Athenagoras, an excellent writer in ii. cent. i. 61.
Atto, bishop of Vercelli, his works useful in describ
ing the genius of the people in x. cent. i. 247.
Audæus, forms a sect, i, 129.
Augsburg, conference at, between Luther and Caie
tan, ii. 16; diet holden in that city by Charles V.,
ii. 31; famous confession made by the protestants,
ib.; a refutation of it attempted by the catholics,
ii. 32; three methods proposed for terminating these
religious dissensions, ib.; a severe decree against
the reformers, ib.; a religious peace concluded at
the second diet, ii. 39; acts favourable to the pro-
testants passed, ii. 40.
Augustin, bishop of Hippo, high character of, i. 110;
his success against the Donatists, i. 128; he sup-
presses Pelagianism, i. 155; opposes the Predesti.
narians, i. 156.
-, a Benedictine monk, sent into Britain as a
missionary, i. 157.
St., monks of, their rise in xiii. cent. i. 352.
Avignon, popes remove thither their residence in
xiv. cent. i. 386; their power diminished, ib.; invent
new schemes to acquire riches, i. 387.
Aurelian, state of the church under him, i. 80.
Aureolus, Peter, a scholastic doctor, i. 399.
Austria, commotions in, against the protestants in
xvii. cent. ii. 183; state of the Austrian church, ii.
408.
Authbert, a converter of the pagans in ix. cent. 1.
208.
Autherius, bishop of Bethlehem, founds the congre-
gation of the Holy Sacrament, ii. 154.
Bacon, John, a scholastic divine, i. 399.
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Roger, his great character, i. 341, i. 342, i. 365.
lord Verulam, his character, ii. 173.
Baius, disputes about grace in xvi. cent. ii. 68; he is
accused and stigmatised, ii. 69.
Baldus, his character, i. 384.
Balsamon, Theodore, a Greek writer, i. 318.
Bangorian controversy, ii. 391.
Baptism, not to be considered as a mere ceremony, i.
45; the manner of celebrating it in i. cent. i. 46;
in ii. cent. i. 69; in iii. cent. i. 91; in iv. cent. i. 121.
Baptists, general and particular, doctrines and prac
tices of, ii. 138; farther account of both, ii. 395; ii.
396.
Baradæus, Jacob, restores the Monophysites, i. 171;
is acknowledged as their second founder, i. 172.
Barbarians, Western, persecute the Christians, i. 239.
Barcepha, Moses, his great character, i. 218.
Barclay, Robert, a defender of the Quakers, ii. 288.
Barcochebas, a great enemy to the Christians, i. 54.
Bardesanes, founder of a sect, i. 71.
Barnabites, order of, founded in xvi. cent. ii. 59; soon
deviate from their first rule, ib.
Baronius' annals, an account of, ii. 59.
Barsumas, a zealous promoter of Nestorianism, i. 151.
Bartolus, his character, i. 384.
Basil, bishop of Cæsaria, account of, i. 109.
the council of, i. 415; its decrees and acts, ib
Basilides, chief of the Egyptian Gnostics, i. 72; enor
mous errors of his system, i. 73; his moral doc
trine, ib.
Basilius, the Macedonian, under him the Sclavonians
and Russians are converted, i. 208.
founder of a sect in xii. cent. i. 328; his te
nets, ib.
Bassi, Matthew de, founder of the Capuchin order
ii. 58.
Bayle, a sceptical philosopher, ii. 180.
Becker, Balthasar, peculiar sentiments of, ii. 27
contest occasioned by them, ib
Becket, archishop of Canterbury, subscribes, and af
terwards rejects the constitutions of Clarendon, i.
312; is assassinated in his own chapel, i. 313; en-
rolled among the most eminent saints, ib.
Bede, the venerable, a celebrated Englishman, i. 199.
Beghards, austere sectaries, i. 360; harassed by
Charles IV. in Germany, i. 396; corrupted by the
Brethren of the Free Spirit, i. 404; persecution of
them, ib.; i. 428.
Beguines, a female sect, i. 363, i. 403.
Behmen, Jacob, one of the Rosecrucian brethren, ii.
176; his chimerical notions, ii. 250.
Believers, distinguished from catechumens, i. 38, i. 49.
Bell's scheme of education, ii. 423.
Bellarmine, an eminent defender of the Romish
church, ii. 65.
Bellator, his character as a commentator, i. 165.
Bembo, cardinal, a supposed infidel writer, ii. 46.
Benedict, of Nursia, founder of an order of monks,
i. 163, i. 164.
abbot of Aniane, employed to reform the
practices of the monks, i. 217; restores the monas-
tic discipline, ib.; subjects the various monastic
orders to that of Benedict of Mount-Cassin, ib.;
his discipline soon declines, ib.
VI., pope, his character and fate, i. 244, ib.
VII., account of, i. 244.
IX., his infamous character, i. 264.
XII., his good character, i. 388.
XIII., anti-pope, an account of, i. 390, i. 410.
XIII., pope, his character, ii. 305, ii. 370; his
death, ii. 371.
XIV., great character of, ii. 305; his conduct
and government, ii. 372.
Benedictine order, rise of, in vi. cent. i. 163; the
founder's views in this institution, ib.; degeneracy
among the monks from his practice, ib.; its rapid
progress in the West, ib.; the founder's discipline
neglected and forgotten by the monks in x. cent.
i. 246; literary fame of the order, ii. 205.
Benefices, the right of nomination to them assumed
by the Romish pontiffs, i. 334.
Berean sect in Scotland, ii. 396.
Berenger, disputes with Lanfranc against the real
presence of Christ's body and blood in the Holy Sa-
crament, i. 285; explains the doctrines of Scripture
by logical and metaphysical rules, ib.; maintains
his doctrine of the Eucharist against synodical de-
crees, and the threats of punishment from the ci-
vil power, i. 288; abjures his opinions, but teaches
them soon afterwards, ib.; makes a public recan-
tation with an oath, and yet propagates his real
sentiments of the Eucharist, ib.; second declara-
tion before Gregory VII., i. 289; subscribes a third
confession with an oath, i. 290; yet retracts pub.
licly, and composes a refutation, ib.; his fate, and
the progress of his doctrine, ib.; his real senti-
ments, ib.; the weakness of the arguments used
by the Roman catholic writers against the real
sentiments of this divine, i. 291.
Berg, the famous form of concord reviewed there,
and its contents, ii. 100.
Bermudes, John, sent into Abyssinia with the title
of patriarch, ii. 52.
Bern, an account of the cruel and impious fraud act-
ed upon one Jetzer, by the Dominicans, ii. 10.
Bern, church of, opposes Calvinism, ii. 110.
Bernard, St., abbot of Clairval, preaches up a cru-
sade in xii. cent. i. 301; draws up a rule of disci-
pline for the knights Templars, i. 302; considered
as the second founder of the Cistertian monks, i.
315; combats the doctrine of the schoolmen, i. 323;
his charge against Abelard, ib.; as also against
Gilbert de la Porree, ib.; he combats the sect of the
Apostolics, i. 333.
Bertram, Ratram, eminent for refuting Radbert's
doctrine of the Eucharist, i. 219, i. 225; defends
Godeschalcus, i. 226; his dispute with Hincmar,
about the hymn, Trina Deitas, i. 228; maintains
the cause of the Latin church against Photius, i. 230.
Berulle, cardinal, institutes the order of Oratorians,
ii. 202.
Bessarion, how employed by the Greeks in the coun-
cil of Florence, i. 417; his character, i. 421.
Beza, Theodore, a translator of the New Testament,
ii. 123.
Bibliander, an eminent writer in xvi. cent. ii. 127.
Biblical colleges, what so called, and their rise in
xvii. cent. ii. 243.
Biblicists, Christian doctors so called, flourish in xii.
cent. i. 323; decline in xiii. cent. i. 368; they warm-
ly oppose the scholastic divines, ib.
Biddle, John, a famous Socinian writer, ii. 299.
Bishops, appointed first at Jerusalem, i. 38; their au
thority augmented by the councils, i. 60; their con.
tentions with each other about the extent of pow
ers in iv. and following centuries, produced violent
commotions in the church, i. 109; disputes between
the bishops of Rome and of Constantinople, i. 137,
the prelates endeavour to extend their jurisdiction,
i. 245; they aspire after, and obtain, temporal dig.
nities, ib.; oppose the arrogance of the pontiffs in
xiii. cent. i. 343; disputes between them and the
Mendicants, i. 353; sentiments of the Puritans con-
cerning them, ii. 113; a famous assembly of bish-
ops at Paris, ii. 197.
Blackburne, author of the Confessional, ii. 397.
Blanc, Louis le, attempts to reconcile the Romish
and Reformed churches, ii. 261, ii. 262.
Blandrata, George, propagates Socinianism in Tran
sylvania, ii. 148.
Blois, Peter of, an eminent writer, i. 319.
Blount, Charles, his oracles of reason, and death, ii.
170.
Bockhold, John, mock king of Munster, an account
of, ii. 130; his short reign and ignominious death, ib.
Boethius, the philosopher, i. 161, i. 165.
Bogomiles, a sect in xii. cent. i. 328.
Bohemia, commotions excited by the ministry of
John Huss, i. 412; terminated, i. 424; troubles there
excited against the Protestants. ii. 184; who defend
themselves furiously, ib.; progress of the war unfa-
vourable to them, ib.; Gustavus Adolphus inter-
venes, ii. 185; end of the thirty years' war, ib.; the
peace of Westphalia advantageous to the Protes-
tants-the disappointment of the pope, ii. 186.
Bohemian, or Moravian brethren, character of, ii. 117.
Bohemians, converted to Christianity in ix. cent.
i. 208; a religious war in Bohemia, ii. 184.
Bois, abbe du, his ambition, a principal obstacle to
the project of union between the English and
French churches, ii. 349; he oppresses the Janse-
nists, ii. 370.
Bolingbroke, the infidel lord, character of, ii. 395.
Bologna, the fame of its university in xii. cent. 1.
305.
Bolsec, Jerome, character of, ii. 125.
Bonaparte obtains the chief sway in France, ii. 404,
settles with the pope the affairs of the church, ib..
defies the authority of the pontiff, ii. 405; deprives
him of his temporal power, ib.; concludes a new
agreement with him, ib.; is ruined and deposed, ib.
Bonaventura, an eminent scholastic divine, i. 356, i.
365.
Boniface III., pope, engages the emperor Phocas to
deprive the bishop of Constantinople of the title
of Universal Bishop, and to confer it upon the Ro-
man pontiff, i. 178.
V. enacts the law for taking refuge in
churches in vii. cent. i. 182.
-, Winfred, converts the Germans, i. 187, nis
other pious exploits, ib.
attempts the conversion of the Prussians
in xi. cent. i. 253; his fate, i. 254.
VIII. domineers over the church and state,
i. 349; institutes the jubilee, i. 350, i. 371; excom-
municates Philip the Fair, i. 386; is seized by order
of that prince, and dies, ib.
Borri, Joseph Francis, his romantic notions, ii. 221,
his fate, ib.
Bosius, George, his doctrine, ii. 247.
Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, his character, and famous
work for reconciling the French Protestants, ii.
189; followed by others on their own private au-
thority, ib.; his artful eloquence, ii. 191; his defence
of the Regale, ii. 197; dispute with Fenelon, and
the occasion, ii. 220.
Boulainvilliers, count, character of, ii. 172.
Bourignon, Antoinette, her main and predominant
principle, ii. 302.
Boyle, Robert, his lectures, ii. 167.
Brachmans or Bramins, veneration paid to them in
India, ii. 156; their title assumed by the Jesuit
missionaries, ib.
Bradwardine, archbishop of Canterbury, an eminen.
mathematician, i. 384; his book on Providence, i.
Breckling, Frederic, his uncharitable writings, and
character, ii. 252.
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