REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

The Moors and Jews are converted in Spain, by force. In the year 1492, Christopher Columbus opens A passage into America, by the discovery of the islands of Hispaniola, Cuba, and Jamaica. Constantinople taken by the Turks in the year 1453.-Letters flourish in Italy, under the protection of the house of Medici and the Neapolitan monarchs of the house of Arragon. The calamities of the Greeks under the Turkish government, conduce to the advancement of learning among the Latins. The council of Con stance is assembled by the emperor Sigismond in the year 1414. John Huss, and Jerome of Prague, are committed to the flames, by a decree of that council. The council of Basil is opened in the year 1431, an1 in it the reformation of the church is attempted in vain. Horrible enormities are committed by the pope of this century, and more especially by Alexander VI. The council of Constance remove the sacramenta. cup from the laity, and declare it lawful to violate the most solemn engagements when made to heretics. The war of the Hussites in Bohemia. Institution of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The Moors and Jews driven out of Spain. The Massacre of Varna, in the year 1444. The order of Minimes instituted by Franc. de Paulo. Exploits of the Maid of Orleans. The art of printing with moveable wooden types, is invented by Coster at Haerlem; and the farther improvements of this admirable art are owing to Gens fleisch and Guttemberg, of Mentz, and Schaeffer of Strasbourg. The universities of Leipsic, Louvaine Fribourg, Rostock, Basil, Tubingen, Wurtzburg, Turin, Ingolstadt, St. Andrew's in Scotland, Poictiers, Glasgow, Gripswald in Pomerania, Pisa, Bourdeaux, Treves, Toledo, Upsal, Mentz, Copenhagen, founded in this century. The first book printed with types of Metal; which was the Vulgate Bible, published at Mentz in 1450: a second edition of the same book appeared at Mentz in 1642, and has been mistaken for the first. The famous Pragmatic Sanction established in France. The university of Caen in Normandy is founded by the English in the year 1437. The Portuguese sail, for the first time, to the East Indies un der Vasquez de Gama. Maximilian divides the empire into six circles.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Laurentius Valla, the great restorer of Latin elocution. Leonard Aretin. Gasparini. William Lyndewood. Alexander Chartier. Fr. Frezzi. Christina of Pisa. Paul de Castro. Poggio of Florence. John Fortescue, high chancellor of England. Theod. Gaza. Bart. Facio. Dluglossus, a Polish historian. K. Sanc. de Arevallo Chalcondylas. J. Savonarola. Marcilius Ficinus. John Picus de Mirandula. Marc. Coc. Sabellicus. Forestus. Ant. Bonfinius. Jovian. Pontanus. G. Gemistus. J. Alvarot. Guarini of Verona. J. Juv. des Ursins. Mass. Vegio. Flavio Bindo. J. Argyropulus. Dr. Thomas Linacre. The Strozzi. Bon. Monbritius. P. Callim. Esperiente. Jul. Pompon Lætus. Angelo. Politiaro. Fulgosi. A. Urceus Codrus. Mich. Marullus. Oliver de la Marche. Caiado. Abrabanel. Calerun Rebel. Martial de Paris. Phil. de Comines. Al. Achillini. Scipio Carteromaco. John Baptista Porto. Aldus Manutius. Cherefeddin Ali, a Persian historian. Arabshah, an Arabian historian. J. Whethamsted. Ulug-beg, a Tartar prince. J. Braccelli. Palmieri. Villon, otherwise Corbueil. Muller, surnamed Regiomontanus. Calentius, a Latin poet. Dom. Calderini. Barth. Fontius. Enguerr. de Monstrelet. Andronicus of Thessalonica. Er. Philelphi. Alex. Imola. J. Ant. Campani. Nich. Perotti. Th. Littleton. Ant. of Palermo. Constant. Lascaris. A. Barbatius. Gobelin Persona. Bern. Justiniani. Dieb. Schilling. Ralph Agricola. I. Andreas. Alex. ab. Alexandro. G. Merula. M. M. Boiardo. A. Man cinelli. Rob. Gaguin. Bern. Corio. Garbr. Altilius. Gul. Caoursin. J. Nai. Al. Ranuccini. P Crinitus. Molines. Cettes. John Murmelius. Mark Musurus. Jason Mainus. Pandolfo Collenucio. R Langius. Pietro Cosimo. Abraham Zachut.

CENTURY XVI.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors:-A. D.-Maximilian I., 1519. Charles V. abdicates the empire in 1556, and dies in 1558. Fersinand, 1564. Maximilian II., 1576. Rodolph II. Kings of Spain:-Ferdinand V. surnamed the Catholic, king of Arragon, in consequence of his marriage with Isabella, becomes king of Castile; and the kingdoms of Arragon and Castile remain united. Isabella died in 1504, and Ferdinand in 1516. Philip I. of Austria, 1506. Jane, 1516. Charles I. or V., 1558. Philip II., 1598. Philip III. N. B.-Philip II. seized Portugal, which remained in the possession of the kings of Spain until the year 1640. Kings of France:Louis XII., 1515. Francis I., 1547. Henry II., 1559. Francis II., 1560. Charles IX., 1574. Henry III., 1589. Henry IV. Kings of England:-Henry VII., 1509. Henry VIII., 1547. Edward VI., 1553. Mary, 1558. Elizabeth. Kings of Scotland:-James IV., 1513. James V., 1542. Mary, beheaded in 1587. James VI. Kings of Sweden and Denmark:-John, 1513. Christiern II. deposed in 1522. Gustavus Ericson, 1560. N. B. Sweden is separated from Denmark under this prince. Eric deposed in 1568. John III., 1592. Sigismond, king of Poland, deposed in 1599. Charles IX. Kings of Denmark:-Christiern II. deposed in 1522. Frederic I., 1533. Christiern III., 1559. Frederic II., 1588. Christiern IV. Kings of Poland:-John Albert, 1501. Alexander, 1506. Sigismund I., 1548. Sigismund II., 1572. Henry of An jou, until the year 1574. Stephen Bathori, 1587. Sigismond king of Sweden. Kings of Portugal:Emanuel the Great, 1521. John III., 1557. Sebastian, 1578. Henry, Card. 1580. Portugal is reduced under the dominion of Spain by Philip II. Ottoman Emperors:-Ba-yezid II., 1512. Selim I., 1520. Solyman II., 1566. Selim II., 1574. Morad III., 1595. Mohammed III. Czars of Muscovy:-John Basilowitz, 1505. Basil Ivanowitz, who received from Maximilian I. the title of Emperor, 1533. John Basilowitz II., 1584. Theodore Ivanowitz, 1597. Boris Godenow. Stadtholders of the United Provinces:-William I. the glorious founder of their liberty, 1584. Maurice.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME

Alexander VI., 1503. Pius III., 1503. Julius II., 1513. Leo X., 1521. Adrian VI., 1523. Clement VII., 1534. Paul III., 1549. Julius III., 1555. Marcellus II., 1555. Paul IV., 1559. Pius IV. 1566. Pius V., 1572. Gregory XIII., 1585. Sixtus V., 1590. Urban VII., 1590. Gregory XIV., 1591. Innocent IX 1592 Clement VIII.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Henry Dean, 1504. W. Warham, 1532. Thomas Cranmer, 1555. Reginald Pole, 1558. Matthew Par ker, 1575. Edmund Grindal, 1583. John Whitegift.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

John Sleidan. William Budæus. Desiderius Erasmus. Martin Luther. Ph. Melancthon. John Brentius. Martin Bucer. Ulric Zuingle. Peter Galatin. Fr. Ximenes. Thomas More. John Whitegift, archbishop of Canterbury. John Fisher. John Ecolampadius. And. Carolostadius, or Carlstadt. John Tiligius. James Faber. Matthew Flacius. John Calvin. Martin Chemnitz. James Andreas. David Chytræus. William Farel. Theodore Beza. Faustus Socinus. Bened. Arias Montanus. And. Osiander. Ægid. Hunnius. Melchior Canus. Polyc. Lyserus. George Wicellus. Cardinal Bellarmine. Stella. Crantzius. Thomas Illiricus. Jacob Ben-Chaim, who gave an edition of the Hebrew Bible. Sanderus. Isid. Clarius. John Major. Andrew Vega. Franc. Vatable. Cardinal Sadolet. Cardinal Cortesius. John Cochlæus. Alphons. Zamora. Vivaldi. J. Almain. Spagnoli. Aug. Dathus. Pope Adrian VI. Petro de Monte. Pope Leo X. Alb. Pighius. Henry VIII. king of England. Louis Vives. S. Pagninus. Leo de Castro. Matth. Ugonius. Cardinal Caietan. James Hoogstraat. Ambr. Catharini. John Faber. Ortuin Gratius. John Eckins. Leander Alberti. Nic. Serrarius. Pet. Canisius. Cæsar Baronius. Fran. Ribera. Pierre Pithou. Mich. Baius. W. Alan, English cardinal. Dr. John Colet. Mercator. Nic. Harpfield. Leunclavius. Molina. Salmeron. Maldonat. J. Natalis. J. P. Maffei. Cardinal Hosius. Jansenius. John Tillet. James Naclantus. De Vargas. Cardinal Seripand. And. Masius. Pope Paul IV. Widinanstadt. Cassander. Stapleton. Mercerus. F. Xavier. Ign. Loyola. Bishop Gardiner. Jer. Oleaster, with many others too numerous to mention. N. B. It is remarkable that, among the ecclesias. tical writers of this century, there are above 55 who employed their labours in the exposition and illustra. tion of the Scriptures; and this happy circumstance contributed, without doubt, to prepare the minds of many for the Reformation, and thus rendered its progress more rapid.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

Schwenckfeld. Andr, Osiander. Stancarus. The Adiaphorists. Interimists. Agricola of Eisleben, the chief of the Antinomians. George Major. N. Amsdorf. The Synergists. M. Flacius. The CryptoCalvinists. Anabaptists. Mennonites. Theoph. Paracelsus. Postellus. David Georgius. Franc. Pucius. Defid. Erasmus. Agrippa. Cassander and Wicelius. Conr. Vorstius. Sam. Huberus. Mich. Servetus. Valent. Gentilis. Lælius Socinus. Faustus Socinus. Quintin, the chief of the Libertines

REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES

The Reformation is introduced into Germany by Luther, in the year 1517; into France by Calvin about 1529; into Switzerland by Zuingle, in 1519. Henry VIII. of England, throws off the papal yoke, and becomes supreme head of the church. Edward VI. encourages the Reformation in England. The reign of queen Mary restores Popery, and exhibits a scene of barbarous persecution that shocks nature. The name of Protestants given to the Reformed at the Diet of Spire, in 1529. The league of Smalcald is formed in 1530. The Reformation introduced into Scotland by John Knox, about the year 1560; and into Ireland by George Brown, about the same time; into the United Provinces, about the year 1566. Gustavus Ericson introduces the Reformation into Sweden, by the ministry of Olaus Petri, in 1530. It was received in Denmark, in 1521. The Gospel is propagated by the papal missionaries in India, Japan, and China. The Je suit order is founded, in 1540, by Ignatius Loyola. The famous council of Trent is assembled. The Prag matic Sanction is abrogated by Leo X. and the Concordat substituted for it. Pope Julius III. bestows a cardinal's hat upon the keeper of his monkeys. The Inquisition is established at Rome by Paul IV. The war of the Peasants. The universities of Wittenberg, Francfort on the Oder, Alcala, Saragossa, Marpurg, Seville, Compostella, Oviedo, Grenada, Franeker, Strasbourg, Parma, Macerata, Tortosa, Coimbra, Konigsberg, Leyden, Florence, Rheims, Dillengen, Mexico, St. Domingo, Tarragona, Helmstadt, Altorf, Paderborn, Sigen, founded in this century. The treaty of Passau, in 1552. The Paris massacre of the protestants on St. Bartholomew's day. The republic of the United Provinces formed by the union of Utrecht. The edict of Nantes granted to the Protestants by Henry IV. of France.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

British Authors:-Sir Thomas More. Thomas Linacre. S. Purchas. Thomas Elliot. Hect. Boethius J. Leland, the antiquary. Ed. Wotton. J. Christophorson. Cuth. Tonstal. R. Ascham. J. Kaye. Thomas Smith. George Buchanan. Alex. Arbuthnot. Sir Phil. Sidney. John Fox. Fr. Walsingham. Ed. Grant. Ed. Anderson. John Dee. Thomas Craig. G. Creighton. Ed. Brerewood. French Authors:-William Budæus, or Bude. Clement Marot. Fr. Rabelais. Ja. Dubois (Sylvius.) Pierre Gilles Or. Finee. Robert Etienne, or Stephens. P. Belon. William Morel. Adr. Turnebus. Ch. Du Moulin. Gilb. Cousin. Mich. de l'Hopital. L. Le Roy (Regius.) Hub. Languet, author of the Vindicia contra Tyrannos. Laur. Joubert. James Pelletier. Fr. Belleforest. M. A. Fr. Muret. P. Ronsard. J. Dorat. James Cujas. Fr. Hotoman. James Amyot. Mich. de Montagne. Mich. de Castelnau. P. Pithou. J. Bodin. Nic. Vignier. Bl. de Vigenere. Henri Etienne, commonly called Stephens. J. De Serres (Serranus.) Cl. Fauchet. J. Passerat. J. J. Boissard. P. Daniel d'Orleans. Francis Victe. Cardinal d'Ossat. Rob. Constantin. P. Morin. Jos. Just. Scaliger. Nic. Rapin. J. Papire. Masson. P. B. Brantome. St. Pasquier. Italian Authors:-Americo Vespucci. J. Jocondi of Verona, who discovered the Letters of Pliny. A. F. Grazzini. Leonicini, the translator of Galen. Pomponace M. A. Casanova. P. Gravina. Sannazarius. Machiavel. Vida. J. A. Lascaris. Alcyonius, translator of Aristotle. Ariosto. Bern. Maffei. Fr. Guicciardini. Cardinal Bembo. Cardinal Sadolet. And. Alciat. M. A. Flaminio d'Imola. Lilius Giraldus. J. Fracastor. Polydore Virgil. M. A. Majoragio. P. Areti J. de la Casa. L. Alamanni. N. Tartaglia. Palingenius. Julius Cæsar Scalierg. Zanchius. Gab Faerno. Gab. Fallopius. J. Acronius. Lodovico Cornaro. Robertello. Palearius Onuph Panvini

no.

Argentieri._ J. Bar de Vignole. Paul Manutius. Jerome Cardan. A. Palladio. C. Sigonius. P. Victorius. Oct. Ferrari. James Zabarella. L. Guicciardini. A. de Costanzo. Torq. Tasso. Fr. Patritius or Patrizi. Ant. Riccoboni. G. Panciroli. And. Cesalpino. Natalis Comes. Aldrovandi. Gratiani. B. Guarini. Swiss Authors:-Aur. Ph. Paracelus. Theod. Bibliander. Theod. Swinger. Isaac Casaubon. German, Dutch, and Flemish Authors:-J. Reuchlin. P. Mosellan. M. Aurogallus, who assisted Luther in the translation of the Bible. H. C. Agrippa. D. Erasmus of Rotterdam. Luscinius. Simon Grynæus. Adr. Barland of Zealand. Nic. Copernicus, a Prussian. J. Secundus of the Hague. J. Olaus Magnus. Peutinger. Paul Faglus. Sebastian Munster. G. Agricola. John Sleidan. Gasp. Bruschius. P. Loti chius. Conrad Gesner. G. Fabricius. A. Masius. Joach. Camerarius. Virgilius of Zuichem. Hubert Goltzius. John Sturmius. J. Sambuc. A. G. de Busbec. J. Leunclavius. G. Mercator. Læv. Torrentius. Raphelengius. Ortelius. Heurnius of Utrecht. Justus Lipsius. Paul Merula of Leyden. A. Gor. læus. Schonæus. Em. van Meteren. Dom. Baudius. Danish Authors:-Tycho Brahe, the astronomer. Nicolas Craig.

CENTURY XVII.

..

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors:-A. D.-Rodolph II., 1612. Matthias, 1619. Ferdinand II., 1637. Ferdinand III., 1657. Leopo a Kings of Spain:-Philip III., 1621. Philip IV., 1665. (Portugal throws off the Spanish yoke, and recovers its independence, in the year 1640.) Charles II., 1700. Sovereigns of France:-Henry IV., 1610. Louis XIII., 1643. Louis XIV. Sovereigns of England:-Elizabeth, 1603. James I. (VI. of Scotland,) 1625. Charles I. beheaded in the year 1649. Cromwell usurps the government under the title of Lord Protector. and dies in 1658. Charles II., 1685. James II. abandons his kingdom. in the year 1688, and dies in 1701. William III. and Mary, 1694. Kings of Scotland:-James VI., 1625. This prince and his successors were kings both of England and Scotland so far down as the year 1707, when these kingdoms were united into one monarchy. Kings of Sweden:-Charles IX., 1611. Gustavus Adolphus, 1632. Christina abdicates the crown in 1654, and dies in 1689. Charles Gustavus, 1660. Charles XI., 1697. Charles XII. Kings of Denmark:-Christiern IV., 1648. Frederic III., 1670. Christian V., 1699. Frederic IV. Kings of Poland: Sigismond III., 1632. Uladislaus Sig., 1648. John Casimir, 1669. Michael I., 1674. John Sobieski, 1696. Frederic Augustus, elector of Saxony. Kings of Portugal:-John, duke of Braganza, chosen king in 1640, dies in 1656. Alphonso VI. dethroned in 1667. Pedro II. Ottoman Emperors:-Mohammed III., 1604. Ahmed I., 1617. Mustapha, 1617. Osman, 1622. Mustapha restored, 1623. Morad IV., 1640. Ibrahim, 1649. Mohammed IV., 1687. Solyman III., 1691. Ahmed II., 1695. Mustapha II. Czars of Moscovy:-Boric, 1605. Theodore Borissowitz, 1605. The false Demetrius, 1606. Basil Zuski, 1610. De. metrius II., 1610. Demetrius III., 1610. Uladislaus of Poland, 1613. Demetrius IV., 1613. Michael Theodorowitz, 1645. Alexis Michaelowitz, 1676. Theodore Alexiowitz, 1682. Ivan, or John, and Peter I. jointly. Ivan died in 1696. Stadtholders of the United Provinces:-Maurice, 1625. Frederic Henry, 1647. William II., 1650. The dignity of Stadtholder remains vacant during the space of 22 years.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME

Clement VIII., 1605. Leo XI., 1605. Paul V., 1621. Gregory XV., 1623. Urban VIII., 1644. Innocent X., 1655. Alexander VII., 1667. Clement IX., 1669. Clement X., 1676. Innocent XI., 1689. Al exander VIII., 1691, Innocent XII., 1700.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Dr. J. Whitgift, 1604. Dr. R. Bancroft, 1610. Dr. George Abbot, 1633. Dr. W. Laud, 1645. Dr. W. Juxon, 1663. Dr. Gil. Sheldon, 1677., Dr. W. Sancroft, deprived in 1690, died 1693. Dr. John Tillotson, 1694. Dr. Thomas Tenison.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Protestant Writers:-Archbishop Abbot. John Lightfoot. Matthew Poole. Bishop Pearson. Bishop Fell. Gataker. Bishop Ward. Owen. Edward Pocock. Dr. Goodwin. Dr. Manton. Richard Baxter. Dr. Calamy. Howe. Bates. Bishop Bull. Grew. Bishop Burnet. Jo. Forbes. J. Baxter. Archbishop Tillotson. Dr. Sherlock. Archbishop Wake. Chillingworth. Henry Hammond. Thomas Hyde. William Cave. Brian Walton. Drusius. Hospinian. Trigland. Ittigius. Fr. Spanheim. R. Cudworth. Ed. Stillingfleet. H. Prideaux. J. Locke. W. Lloyd, bishop of Worcester. J. Milton. St. Nye. Claude. Daille. J. Morin. Amyrault. Samuel and James Basnage. Jurieu. Benoit. Turretin. Elias Saurin. Morus. Le Cene. Mesterzat. Le Blanc. Arminius. Grotius. Episcopius. Curcellæus. Limborch. Sleidan. Coccelus. Voetius. Gomar. Lud. Capellus, or Louis Capel. S. Bochart. Gerhard. Hoe. Calixtus. G. and Fred. Heilbronner. Haffenreffer. Thummius. The Osianders. Musæus. Hutter. Hunnius, Guy and Nic. The Mentzers. Godfrey Olcarius. Fred. Baldwin. Alb. Grawer. Carpzovius. Tarnovius. J. and Paul John Asselman. Eilhart Luber. The Lysers. Michael Walter. Joach. Hildebrand. J. Val. Andreas. Solomon Glassius. Ab. Calovius. Theod. Hachspan. J. Hulseman. Jacob Weller. J. Conr. Danhauer. J. G. Dorschæus. John Arndt. Martin Geyer. Schertzer. Balthasar and John Meisner. Aug. Pfeiffer. Muller. H. and J. Just. Chr. Schomer. Sebast. Schmidt. Christ. Horsholt. Ph. Jac. Spener. G. Th. Mayer. Fred. Bechman. From Gerhard to Fred. Bechman inclusively all are Lutherans. Roman Catholic Authors:-Baronius. Bellarmine. Serrarius. Fevardentius. Posse. vin. Gretser. Combesis. Nat. Alexander. J. Sirmond. Petau. Cellot. Caussin. Renaud. Fra. Paolo. Pallavicini. Labbe. Maimbourg. Thomassin. Sfondrat. Aguirre. Henry Noris. D'Achery. Mabillon. Hardouin. Simon. Ruinart. Montfaucon. Galloni. Cornelius a Lapide. Bonfrere. Menard. Segenot. Bernard. Lamy. Bollandus. Henschen. Papebroch. Perron. Estius. Launoy. Tillemont. Godeau. Albaspinæus. Richelieu. Holstenius. Baluzius. Bona. Huet. Bossuet. Fenelon. Thiers. Du-Pin. Leo Allatius. Zaccagni. Cotelier. Filesac. Visconti. Molina. Arriaga. Rigault. Richer

Pererius. Mariana. Fr. Pithou. Fr. de Sales. M. de Calafio. Lessius. Pineua. C. Jansenius Bentivoglio. Sponde. Bzovius. H. de Valois. P. de Marca. Arnaud d'Andilly. Du Cange. Pascal. Du Boulay. A. Arnaud. Vavasseur. Neercassel. J. Le Maitre de Sacy. Pagi. Pezron. Gerberon. Ques. nel. These are the most distinguished writers of the Romish church during this century.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

The doctrine of the Jesuits, concerning philosophical sin, condemned by pope Alexander VIII. in 1690 The Probabilists (so the Jesuits were called from their odious doctrine of probability,) condemned by the Sorbonne. The Franciscans are judged heretics on account of their doctrine concerning the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary. Jansenius, Quesnel, and Arnauld, as also Fenelon, Molinos, and the pietists, are condemned in France. Arminius, and his followers, the Universalists. Bekker, the Cartesian divines, Labadie. Bourignon, Poiret, Leehoff, and Claude Pajon, are regarded as heretics by the reformed churches in France and Holland. The Independents, Antinomians, Ranters, and Quakers, and among the latter, Fox, Barclay, Keith, and Penn, are looked upon in the same light. Add to these, Enthu siasts, and Fanatics of various kinds, such as Jacob Behmen, Valentine Weigel, Nic. Drabicius, Seidel. Stifelius, and the Rosecrucians

REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

The congregation de propaganda Fide, founded at Rome in 1622, by pope Gregory XV. Christianity is propagated in the kingdoms of Siam, Tonquin, and Cochin-china, by the Jesuit missionaries. The thirty years' war breaks out. The Moors are driven out of Spain. The Protestants are persecuted in France. The Gunpowder-Treason discovered in England. A rupture between pope Paul V. and the Venetians. The royal society is founded in the year 1662. A Jubilee is celebrated by pope Clement VIII. in the year 1600. In 1605, Maurice, landgrave of Hesse Cassel, introduces the reformed religion into Marpurg. Paul V. excommunicates the Venetians, whose cause is defended by Fra. Paolo. In the year 1606, Rodolph II. allows the Hungarians the free exercise of the Protestant religion, formerly granted by Ferdinand I. but abolished by his successor. In 1608, the Socinians publish their Catechism at Cracow. The Silesians, Moravians, and Bohemians, are allowed by Rodolph II. the free exercise of their religion in 1609. The Protestants form a confederacy at Heilbron, in 1610; and the Roman catholics form a league at Wurtzburg in opposition to it. The Bohemians choose Frederic V. elector Palatine, for their king, in order to maintain them in the free exercise of the Protestant religion;-but he is conquered, and they are forced to em. brace popery. In 1625, the princes of Lower Saxony enter into a league with Christian IV. of Denmark, which concludes by the peace of Lubeck. Ferdinand II. publishes, in 1629, an edict, ordering the Protesants to surrender and restore all the ecclesiastical domains and possessions of which they had become masters after the pacification of Passau.-This edict is disobeyed. Gustavus Adolphus enters Germany. The peace of Munster and Osnabrug concluded, by which the three religions are tolerated in the empire. The synod of Dordrecht assembled in the year 1618. Henry IV. of France is assassinated by Ravaillac. This event exposes the Protestants to new persecutions. The edict of Nantes is perfidiously revoked by Louis XIV. and the Protestants are treated with the utmost barbarity. A contest between Louis XIV. and pope Innocent XI., concerning the collation of benefices, and the privileges and pretensions of the crown during their vacancy. The French clergy, in a general assembly at St. Germain's, declare the pope's pretensions to temporalities null and void; place the authority of a general council above that of the pope, and maintain that his decisions are not infallible, unless they be attended with the consent of the church. The Irish massacre in 1641, in which above 40,000 (some say 150,000) Protestants are mur dered. Charles I. king of England, beheaded in the year 1649. A sort of commonwealth introduced by Cromwell, under which episcopacy suffers, and the Presbyterians, or rather the Independents, flourish. Charles II. restored, and with him episcopacy re-established. The glorious Revolution renders memorable the year 1688. The Protestants are oppressed and persecuted in many places. Several false Messiahs discovered, particularly Sabbati Levi, who, to avoid death, embraces the Moslem faith. The universities of Lunden in Sweden, Giessen, Pampeluna, Saltzburg, Derpt in Livonia, Utrecht, Abo, Duisburg, Kiel in Holstein, Inspruck, Halle. The academies of Inscriptions and of Sciences founded at Paris.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

No century has been so fertile in authors as this before us. Their number amounts to above 850. We shall confine ourselves to those who were most eminent in each country. In Great Britain and Ireland:Sir John Harrington. James Harrington. J. Pitt. R. Stanihurst. Sir Henry Saville. Thomas Hariot, the inventor of algebra. W. Camden. Nicolas Fuller. Benjamin Jonson. Shakespear, or Shakspeare. Henry Wot. ten. Thomas Lydiat. Joseph Hall, called the English Seneca. Lord Herbert of Cherbury. Thomas Gataker. W. Habington. Archbishop Usher. W. Harvey, who first discovered the circulation of the blood. Sir Ken. Digby. Sir James Ware. John Milton. Abraham Cowley. The Chancellor Clarendon. Sir Matthew Hale. Fr. Glisson. Thomas Stanley. Joseph Glanvil. Samuel Butler. Algernon Sidney. John Collins, mathematician. Robert Morison. William Dugdale. Ralph Cudworth. J. Rushworth. Robert Boyle. John Locke. W. Molyneux. Sir Paul Ricaut. H. Hody. Bishop Beverage. Sir Samuel Garth. Thomas Gale. John Philips. Bishop Sprat. Thomas Dempster. John Fletcher. Ph. Massin. rer. Edm. Gunter. Francis Bacon, lord Verulam. Thomas Ridley. John Speed. John Donne. Bishop Godwin, the annalist. Edward Coke. Thomas Randolph. Thomas Farnaby. John Napier, inventor of .ogarithms. G. Keating. John Greaves. Edward Simson. John Selden. William Burton. Richard Zouch. W. Oughtred. B. Walton. P. Heylin. James Howel. Sir John Denham. Sir John Marsham. Bishop Wilkins. James Gregory. Thomas Willis. Bulst. Whitelocke. John Price. Isaac Barrow. Thomas Hobbes. Thomas Brown. Thomas Marshal. Edmund Castel. Thomas Otway. Ed. Waller. Dr. Sydenham. Anthony Wood. Ed. Bernard, professor of astronomy. Bishop Stillingfleet. William Somner. John Dryden. John Wallis. John Ray. D. Gregory. M. Lister. Henry Dodwell. N. Grew. Sir H. Spelman. French Authors:-J. Aug. de Thou. Pineau. Gilot. Mornac. P. Matthieu. Du Vair. Fr. Pithon. J. Barclai. Savaron. Pr. Jeannin. Godefroi. Bergier. Le Mercier. Boulanger. Goulart. Malherbe. Marillac. N. and C. Le Bois. J. B. Le Menestrier. J. Bap. Duval. P. Haye du Chastelet. R. Des Cartes. N. Fab. de Peiresc. Henr. duc de Rohan. De Meziriac. J. Bourdelot. J. Guthieres. And. du Chesne. Louis Savot. Val. Conrart. Cardinal Richelieu. Rochemallet. Philip Monet. Nicholas Bourbon. Augustus Galland. J. F. Niceron. Edm. Merille. Samuel Petit. M. Mersenne Voiture. De Vaugelas. Ch. Justel. Did. Herault. J. Baudouin. P. du Puy. G. and L. de St. Marthe. Denis Petau. G. Fournior. Cl. Saumaise. G. Naude. N. Rigault. J L. de Balzac. G. B. de Gramont.

1

Sarasin. D. Blondel. P. Gassendi. J. Bignon. C. H. Fabrot. L. Ch. Le Fevre. N. Perrot d'Ablancourt. N. Sanson. Briet. Tan. Le Fevre. La Mothe Vayer. Moliere. G. M. le Jay. Roberval. Ro. hault. H. and Adr. de Valois. F. H. d'Aubignac. J. Esprit. L. Moreri. Duc de Rochefoucault. R. le Bossu. F. E. de Mezeray. P. Corneille. Ed. Mariotte. J. Spon. G. d'Estrades. Charles and Perrault. P. Bayle. Vauban. Tournefort. Th. Corneille. Boileau. Ren. Rapin. Jean Doujat. Fr. Bernier. Ch. Du Fresne. Du Cange. Is. de Benserade. Thevenot. G. Menage. De St. Real. Pelisson. Bussy Rabutin. Ch. Patin. B. d'Herbelot. Cl. Lancelot. St. Evremond. Amelot de la Houssaye. Louis Cousin. F. S. Regn. Des Marais. A. Felibien. Jean de la Bruyere. Sim. Foucher. J. Domat. J. B. Santeuil. C. P. Richelet. P. J. d'Orleans. J. Racine. J. Barbeyrac. J. B. Morin. Baudrand Segrais. Chevreau. Charpentier., Bouhours. Marquis de l'Hopital. Vaillant. P. Silv. Regis. Theod Agrip. d'A bigne. Italian Authors:-Prosper Alpini. B. Baldi. J. A. Magini. A. Morosini. Luc. Valeri. Paul Beni. Davila. L. Pignoria. Salvador. Sanctorius. Thomas Campanella. Alexander Donato. Mascardi Galilei. Bentivoglio. Strozzi. Leo de Modena. Bonav. Cavalieri. Ev. Torricelli. J. V. Rossi. Fam. Strada. T. Galluzzi. Martini. Imperiali. Tomassini. Virgilio Malvezzi. Molinetti. Sert. Orsato. J. B. Nani. J. A. Borelli. Ricci. Oct. Ferrari. Bartalocci. M. Malpighi. Bellori. Vi. viani Bellini. Bocconi. Averani. Cassini. Magalotti. Spanish and Portuguese Authors:-Cervantes. Antonio de Ledesma. J. Mariana, the historian. Antonio Herrera, the historian. Aldrete, the antiquarian. Balbuena. J. L. de la Cerda. Lopez de Vega, the Spanish Homer. Nic. de Antonio. Balth. Gracian. Diego de Coutu. Jos. Texeira. Rod. Lobo. Eman. Faria e Sousa. Ant. Perez. Man. Alvarez. Pegase. German, Dutch, Swiss, Swedish, &c. Authors:-Pauw, Anatomy. Aiguillon. Emmius. Gruterus. Bertius. Andr. Schott. Martinius. Snellius of Leyden. James and Adrian Metius Cunæus. J. Meursius. Louis de Dieu. J. B. van Helmont. Hugo Grotius. Louis de Dieu. Erycius Puteanus Gasp. Barlæus. Van Hooft. Const. Imperator. Manasseh Ben-Israel. B. Varenius. Sanderus. Van der-Linden. J. Golius. Aitzema. Hoeschelius. Ch. Helvicus. Melchior Adam. Cluverius. Hospinian. Rosinus. Buxtorf, father and son. Kepler. Goldast. Horstias. Sennert. Erasmus Schmidt. Alste. dius. J. F. Gronovius. Meric Casaubon. Fr. Junius. Conringius. R. Heinsius. Noldius. H. Meibo mius. Olaus Wormius. Jos. Arndius. J. G. Suicer. Wetstein. Gurtler. Thomasius. J. P. Pareus. Hoffman. Scioppius. G. J. Vossius. Barthius. Freinsheim. Schrevelius. J. Gerard. Hornius. Et. muller. Olaus Rudbeck. Bartholinus, father and son. Isaac Pontanus. Chr. Longomontanus. J. Rhodius. Bangius. Ad. Olearius. Graaf. Swammerdam. Ath. Kircher. Anna Maria Schurman. Ab. de Wicquefort. J. Kunckel. Ludolf. J. G. Grævius. Burchard de Volder. Varenius. Dodonæus. Otto Guerick, inventor of the air-pump. Morhoff. Isaac Vossius. Olaus Borrichius. G. Sagittarius. J. Tollius. Huygens. Pufendorff. Leusden. Wagenseil. Brockhuisen. Cellarius. Ezekiel Spanheim.

CENTURY XVIII.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of Germany:-A. D.-Leopold, 1705. Joseph, 1711. Charles VI., 1740. Charles VII. (elector o Bavaria) 1745. Francis of Lorrain, 1765. Joseph II., 1790. Leopold II., 1792. Francis II. Kings of Spain: Philip V. resigns the crown in 1724. Louis dies in 1724. Philip reascends the throne; and dies in 1746. Ferdinand VI., 1759. Charles III., 1788. Charles IV. Kings of France:-Louis XIV., 1715, Louis XV., 1774. Louis XVI. deposed in 1792 and beheaded in 1793. After several changes of government, Bonaparte became sovereign of France in 1799, under the denomination of first consul, for which he afterwards substituted the more dignified title of emperor. Sovereigns of Great Britain:—William III., 1702. Anne, 1714. George I., 1727. George II., 1760. George III. Sovereigns of Sweden:Charles XII., 1718. Ulrica Eleonora, 1751. Frederic of Hesse Cassel, 1751. Adolphus of Holstein, 1771. Gustavus III.-assassinated in 1792. Gustavus IV. deposed by his uncle in 1809. Kings of Denmark:Frederic IV., 1730. Christiern VI., 1746. Frederic V., 1766. Christiern VII. Kings of Poland:-Frederic Augustus, 1733. Stanislaus is twice elected, but abdicates the crown. Frederic Augustus II., 1764. Stanislaus, count Poniatowski, succeeds; but he is deposed by foreign powers in 1794, and the kingdom is dismembered. Sovereigns of Portugal:-Pedro II., 1706. John V., 1750. Joseph, 1777. Maria. Turkish Emperors:-Mustapha II., 1703. Ahmed III.-deposed in 1730. Mahmoud, 1754. Osman III., 1757. Mustapha III., 1774. Abdul-hamed, 1789. Selim III. Russian Sovereigns:-Peter the Great, 1725. Catharine I., 1727. Peter II., 1730. Anne, 1740. Ivan, or John-deposed in 1741, and assassinated in 1762. Elizabeth, 1762. Peter III. murdered in 1762. Catharine II., 1796. Stadtholders of the United Provinces:William III., 1702. This dignity remained vacant for 45 years. William IV., 1751. William V. deposed by the French in 1795. Kings of Prussia:-Frederic I., 1713. Frederic William I., 1740. Frederic II., 1786. Frederic William II., 1797. Frederic William III. Kings of Sardinia:-Victor Amadeus I., 1730 Charles Emanuel, 1773. Victor II., 1796.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Clement XI., 1721. Innocent XIII., 1724. Benedict XIII., 1730. Clement XII., 1740. Benedict XIV. 1758. Clement XIII., 1769. Clement XIV., 1774. Pius VI., 799. Pius VII.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Dr. Thomas Tenison, 1715. Dr. William Wake, 1737. Dr. John Potter, 1747. Dr. Thomas Herring. 1757. Dr. Matthew Hutton, 1758. Dr. Thomas Secker, 1768. Dr. Frederic Cornwallis. 1783. Dr. John Moore.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

N. B. In this list, only deceased authors are mentioned. Protestant Writers:-Sir Isaac Newton. Dr. Bentley. Archbishops Wake, Potter, and Secker. Bishops Hare, Cumberland, Atterbury, Berkeley, But ler, Benson, Smallridge, Sherlock, Conybeare, Warburton, Lowth, Hurd, Horsley. and Porteus. Wesley. Dr. Mi !. Dr. Edwards. Dr. Whitby. Dr. Clarke. W. Whiston. Wollaston. The lord chancellor King