colm IV., 1165. William. Kings of Sweden:-Philip, 1110. Ingo IV., 1129. Ragwald, 1140. Magnus, deposed in 1148. Suercher, 1160. Eric, the Holy, 1161. Charles VII., 1168. Canute, 1192. Suercher II Kings of Denmark:-Eric II., 1101. Nicolas, 1135. Eric III., 1138. Eric IV., 1147. Canute V., 1155 Sweyn III., 1157. Waldemar, 1182. Canute VI. Kings of Poland:-Uladislaus, 1102. Boleslaus III., 1139. Uladislaus II., 1146. Boleslaus IV., 1173. Micislaus, 1178. Casimir II., 1195. Lescus or Lecho V. Kings of Jerusalem: Baldwin I., 1118. Baldwin II., 1131. Foulques or Fulk, 1141. Baldwin III., 1162. Almeric, 1173. Baldwin IV., 1185. Baldwin V., 1186. Guy of Lusignan. Jerusalem was retaken by the Infidels in 1187. Almeric from 1196 to 1205. Kings of Portugal:-Alphonso I. proclaimed king in 1139, dies in 1185. Sancho I.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Pascal II., 1118. Anti-Popes. Clement, Albert, Theodore, and Maginulph. Gelasius II., 1119. Calistus fl., 1124. Honorius II., 1130. Innocent II., 1143. Celestine II., 1144. Lucius II., 1145. Eugenius III., 1153. Anastasius IV., 1154. Adrian IV., 1159. Alexander III., 1181. Lucius III., 1185. Uř III., 1187. Gregory VIII., 1188. Clement III., 1191. Celestine III., 1199.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Anselm, 1109. Ralph, 1122. William de Corboil, 1136. Theobald, 1161. Thomas Becket, 1170. Rich. ard, 1183. Baldwin, 1191. Reginald Fitz-Jocelin, 1191. Hubert Fitz-Walter.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Gilbert, abbot of Westminster. Guibert. Sigebert of Gemblours. Peter Alphonso. Odo of Orleans. Godfrey of Vendome. Rupert of Duitz. Baldric. Arnulph, bishop of Lisieux. Bernard of Clairva. Abelard. Athelred. Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury. Euthymius Zigab. William of Malmesbury John of Salisbury. Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury. Gervase, a monk of Canterbury. Nice phorus of Brienne. Anselm, bishop of Havelberg. Jo. Zonaras. Mich. Glycas. Hugo Victorinus. Ead merus. George Cedrenus. Peter, the Venerable. Honorius of Autun. Foucher. Alger. Gratian. Feter Lombard. Henry of Huntingdon. William, bishop of Rheims. Constantine Harmen. Orderic Vital Constantine Manass. Zacharias Chrysop. Peter of Blois. Peter Comestor. Peter de Cellus. Peter of Poictiers. John Cinnamus. John Beleth. Helmold. Gislebert, bishop of London. Stephen Harding, George Xiphilin. Alexan. Arist. Godfrey of Viterbo. Theod. Balsamon. Richard of St. Victor. Wil liam of Auxerre. Bruno of Asti. Simeon of Durham.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

The Bogomiles and Catharists were a kind of Manichæans. The Pasaginians were a kind of Arians, who also discovered a strange attachment to the ceremonial law of Moses. Eon, a madman, rather than a heretic. The same thing may be said of Tranquillinus. As to Arnold of Brescia, the Petrobrussians, Henricians, Waldenses, and Apostolics, if allowance be made for some few points, they rather deserve the title of Reformers and Witnesses to the Truth, than that of Heretics. Peter Abelard and Gilbert de la Porree differed from the notions commonly received with respect to the Holy Trinity. The Albigenses, a branch of the Waldenses, are branded with the denomination of Manichæans.

REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

The Sclavonians and the inhabitants of the island of Rugen receive the light of the Gospel, and their ex ample is followed by the Livonians and Finlanders. The state of affairs in Asiatic Tartary changes in favour of the Christians, by the elevation of Prester-John. The Crusade is renewed. The kingdom of Jerusalem is overturned, and the affairs of the Christians in Palestine decline. A third Crusade undertaken. The three famous military orders instituted, viz. The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem-The Knights Templars-The Teutonic Knights of St. Mary. The original MS. of the famous Pandect of Justinian is discovered in the ruins of Amalphi, or Melfi, when that city was taken by Lothaire II. in 1137, and this emperor makes a present of it to the city of Pisa, whose fleet had contributed, in a particular manner, to the success of the siege. The contest between the emperors and popes is renewed under Frederic Barbarossa and Adrian IV.-The insolence of the popes excessive. Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, assassinated before the altar, while he was at vespers in his cathedral. The scandalous traffic of indulgences be gun by the bishops, and soon after monopolized by the popes. The Scholastic Theology, whose jargon did such mischief in the church, had its rise in this century. The seeds of the Reformation were sown, in this century, by the Waldenses, and other eminent men in England and France. Pope Paschal II. orders the Lord's supper to be administered only in one kind, and retrenches the cup. The Canon-law formed into a body, by Gratian. Academical degrees introduced in this century. Learning revives and is encouraged in the university of Cambridge. The pope declares war against Roger king of Sicily, who takes from his holiness Capua and Beneventum. The council of Clarendon held against Becket. The kings of England and France go to the Holy Land. Henry II. of England, being called by one of the Irish kings to assist him, takes possession of Ireland.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Anselm of Leon. Vacarius. Leoninus, the supposed introducer of Latin rhymes. Roger Hoveden. John of Salisbury. William of Malmesbury. John Zonaras. George Cedrenus. John Cinnamus. Silvester Girald, bishop of St. David's. Godfrey of Viterbo. William of Newburgh, an English historian, Pelagius, bishop of Oviedo. John of Milan, author of the poem called Schola Salermitana. Robert Pullein an English cardinal. Abraham Eben-Ezra. John and Isaac Tzetzes. Henry of Huntingdon Nicetas

Werner. Moses Maimonides. Anvari, a Persian astronomer. Portius Azo. Nestor, a Russian historian Falcandus. Benjamin of Tudela, a Spanish Jew, whose Travels were translated by Baratier. Averroes cr Ebn-Zohr. Eustathius, bishop of Thessalonica. Solomon Jarchi. Al-Hasen, an Arabian, who com posed a large work on Optics. George Al-Makin, author of the History of the Saracens translated by Ex penias. Geoffrey of Monmouth.

CENTURY XIII.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Alexis III. dethroned in 1203. Alexis IV. dethroned in 1204. Alexis Ducas, surnamed Murzurphle, 1204. Latin Emperors of the East residing at Constantinople:-Balduin I., 1205. Henry, 1216. Peter, 1221. Robert, 1229. Balduin II., 1259. Greek Emperors residing at Nice:-Theodore Lascaris, 1222. John Ducas III., 1255. Theodore Lascaris, 1259. John Lascaris IV., 1259. Michael Palæologus retakes Constantinople in the year 1261, and thus unites, in his person, the Latin and Greek empires; he dies in 1283. Andronicus II. Emperors of the West:-Philip, 1208. Otho IV., 1218. Frederic II., 1250. Civil wars and an interregnum, during which Conrad of Suabia, William count of Holland, Richard king of England, Alphonso of Spain, Ottocar of Bohemia, appear on the scene of action. Rodolphus of Hapsburg is elected emperor in 1273, and dies in 1291. Adolphus of Nassau, deposed in 1298. Albert I. Kings of Spain, i. e. of Leon and Castile:-Alphonso IX., 1214. Henry I., 1217. Ferdinand III., 1252. Alphonso X., 1284. Sancho IV., 1295. Ferdinand IV. Kings of France:-Philip Aug., 1223. Louis VIII., 1226. Louis IX. sainted, 1270. Philip III. the Hardy, 1285. Philip IV. the Fair. Kings of England:-John, 1216. Henry III., 1272. Edward I. Kings of Scotland:-William, 1214. Alexander II., 1249. Alexander III., 1285. Interregnum. John Baliol. Kings of Sweden:-Suercher II., 1211. Eric X., 1218. John I., 1222. Eric XI., 1250. Waldemar, 1276. Magnus, 1290. Birger. Kings of Denmark:Canute VI., 1202. Waldemar II., 1241. Eric VI., 1250. Abel, 1252. Christopher, 1259. Eric VII., 1286. Eric VIII. Kings of Poland:-Lescus V., 1203. Uladislaus III., 1226, Boleslaus V., 1279. Lescus VI., 1289. Boleslaus, Henry, and Uladislaus, take the title of Governors. Premislaus, 1296. Uladislaus IV. deposed in 1300. Wenceslaus, king of Bohemia. Kings of Portugal:-Sancho I., 1212. Alphonso II., 1223. Sancho II., 1246. Alphonso III., 1279. Denis.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Innocent III., 1216. Honorius III., 1226. Gregory IX., 1241. Celestine IV., 1243. Innocent IV., 1254. Alexander IV., 1261. Urban IV., 1264. Clement IV., 1268. Gregory X., 1276. Innocent V., 1276. Adrian V., 1276. John XX., 1277. Nicolas III., 1280. Martin IV., 1285. Honorius IV., 1288. Nicolas IV., 1299 Celestine V., 1294.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Hub. Fitz-Walter, 1204. Stephen Langton, 1228. Richard Le Grand, 1231. St. Edmund, 1242. Bon face, 1270. Robert Kilwardby, 1278. John Peckham, 1291. Robert Winchesley.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Joachim. John, bishop of Macedonia. Demetrius Chomatenus. Mark, patriarch of Alexandria. Malachy, archbishop of Armagh. Nicetas Choniata. François d'Assise. Alan de l'Isle. Jacobus de Vitriaco. Peter, the monk. Antony of Padua. Germanus. Cæsarius. William of Paris. Raymond of Pennafort. Alexander Hales. Edmund Rich, archbishop of Canterbury. Thomas of Spalatro. John Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury. Roger Bacon. Albert, the Great. Rob. Grossetete. Vincent de Beauvais. Ro bert of the Sorbonne. George Acropolita. Hugo de St. Caro. George Metochita. Guillaume de St. Amour. Nicephorus Blem. Thomas Aquinas. Bonaventura. Gilbert of Tournay. John of Paris, an opposer of transubstantiation and papal tyranny. John Beccus. Nicetus Acominatus. Theodore Lascaris. Arsenius. George Pachymer. George the Cyprian. Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury. Robert Capito. Thomas Cantiprat. Richard Middleton. William Durand. Ægidius de Columna. Guil. Peraldus. Martin Polon. Raymond Martin. Jacob de Voragine. Guillaume de Seignelai, bishop of Auxerre. William of Auvergne, bishop of Paris. Henry of Ghent. Pope Boniface VIII.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

The Waldenses. Nestorians. Jacobites. The Brethren and Sisters of the Free Spirit, otherwise callea Beghards and Beguttes, Beghins and Turlupins. Amalric. Joachim. Wihelmina. The sect of the Apos tles. John of Parma, author of the everlasting gospel. Flagellants. Circumcelliones.

REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

The Moslem religion triumphs over Christianity in China and the northern parts of Asia, by flattering the passions of voluptuous princes. A papal embassy is sent to the Tartars by Innocent IV. A fourth crusade is undertaken by the French and Venetians, who make themselves masters of Constantinople, with a design to restore the throne to Isaac Angelus, who had been dethroned by his brother Ducas. The emperor Isaac is put to death in a sedition, and his son Alexis strangled by Alexis Ducas, the ringlead

of this faction. The crusaders take Constantinople a second time, dethrone Ducas, and elect Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor of the Greeks. The empire of the Franks in the East, which had subsisted fifty-seven years, is overturned by Michael Palæologus. A fifth crusade, which is carried on by the confederate arms of Italy and Germany. The fleet of the crusaders ruined by the Saracens. The fifth crusade undertaken by Louis IX. who takes Damietta, but is afterwards reduced, with his army, to extremities; dies of the plague in a second crusade, and is canonized. The knights of the Teutonic Order, under the command of Herman de Saliza, conquer and convert to Christianity the Prussians, at the desire of Conrad, duke of Masovia. Christianity is propagated among the Arabians in Spain. The philosophy of Aristotle triumphs over all the systems that were in vogue before this century. The power of creating bishops, abbots, &c. is claimed by the Roman pontiffs, whose wealth and revenues are thereby greatly augmented. John, king of England, excommunicated by pope Innocent III. is guilty of the basest compliances, through his slavish fear of that insolent pontiff. The inquisition established in Narbonne Gaul, and committed to the direction of Dominic and his order, who treat the Waldenses, and other reputed heretics, with most inhuman cruelty. The adoration of the Host is introduced by Pope Honorius III. The Magna Charta is signed by king John and his barons on the 15th of June, at Runemede, near Windsor. A debate arises between the Dominicans and Franciscans concerning the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary. Jubi. lees instituted by pope Boniface VIII. The Sicilian Vespers-when the French in Sicily, to the number of 8000, were massacred in one evening, at a signal given by John of Prochyta, a Sicilian nobleman. Conrad, duke of Suabia, and Frederic of Austria, beheaded at Naples by the counsel of pope Clement IV. The Jews are driven out of France by Louis IX. and all the copies of the Talmud, that could be found, are burned. The college of electors founded in the empire. The association of the Hans-Towns. The Dominicans, Franciscans, Servites, Mendicants, and the Hermits of St. Augustin, date the origin of their orders from this century. The fables concerning the removal of the chapel of Loretto; the vision of Sim. Stockius, the Wandering Jew, and St. Antony's obliging an ass to adore the sacrament, are invented about this time. The festivals of the Nativity of the blessed Virgin, and of the Holy Sacrament or Body of Christ, instituted. The rise of the house of Austria is referred to this century. Wales is conquered by Edward, and united to England. There is an uninterrupted succession of English parliaments from the year 1293.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Roger Bacon, one of the great restorers of learning and philosophy. Saxo Grammaticus. Ralph de Diceto. Walter of Coventry. Alexander of Paris, the founder of French poetry. Villehardouin, an his. torian. Accursi of Florence. Kimchi, a Spanish Jew. Conrad de Lichtenau. John Holywood, called De Sacro Bosco, author of the Sphæra Mundi. Actuarius, a Greek physician. Rod. Ximenes, archbishop of Toledo. Michael Coniat, bishop of Athens. Ivel. Rigord, an historian. Pierre de Vignes. Matthew Paris. Suffridus. Sozomen, author of the Universal Chronology, which is yet in MS. in the possession of the Regular Canons of Fesoli, near Florence. Barthol. Cotton, of Norwich; see Wharton's Anglia Sacra. Engelbert. Thomas Wicke, an English historian. Vitellio, a Polish mathematician. Albert the Great. Colonna, archbishop of Messina. Michael Scot, the translator of Aristotle. Gregory Abulfaragius. Foscari of Bologna. Alphonso, king of Castile. Cavalcanti of Florence. Dinus, a famous jurist. Marcu Polo, a Venetian whose travels in China are curious. Francis Barberini, an Italian poet.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Andronicus II., 1332. Andronicus, the Younger, 1341. John Cantacu zenus usurps the government under John Palæologus, and holds it till the year 1355. John VI. Palæol. 1390. Andronicus IV., 1392. Emanuel II. Emperors of the West:-Albert I., 1308. Henry VII. of Luxemburg, 1313. Louis V. Bav., 1347. Charles IV., 1378. Wenceslaus, 1406. Kings of Spain, i. e. of Leon and Castile:-Ferdinand IV., 1312. Alphonso XI., 1350. Pedro the Cruel, 1369. Henry II., 1379. John I., 1390. Henry III. Kings of France: Philip the Fair, 1314. Louis X. Hutin, 1316. Philip V., 1322. Philip VI. of Valois, 1350. John, 1364. Charles V., 1380. Charles VI. Kings of England:-Edward I. 1307. Edward II., 1327. Edward III., 1377. Richard II., 1399. Henry IV. Kings of Scotland:-John Baliol, 1306. Robert Bruce, 1329. David II., 1370. Robert II., 1390. Robert III. Kings of Sweden:Birger, 1326. Magnus, 1363. Albert, defeated by Margaret queen of Denmark in 1387, dies in the year 1396. Margaret. Sovereigns of Denmark:-Eric VIII., 1321. Christopher II., 1333. Waldemar III., 1375. Olaus, 1387. Margaret. Kings of Poland:-Wenceslaus, 1305. Uladislaus reascends the throne, and dies in 1333. Casimir III. the last of the Piasts, 1370. Louis, king of Hungary, 1381. Interregnum. Uladislaus Jagellon, duke of Lithuania. Kings of Portugal:-Denis, 1325. Alphonso IV., 1357. Pedro, the Justiciary, 1367. Ferdinand, 1383. Interregnum. John I. Ottoman Emperors:-The ancient history of the Turks extends from the beginning of the seventh to the commencement of the fourteenth century. The modern commences about the beginning of the fourteenth century. Othman, 1327. Or Khan, 1359. Amurath, or Morad, 1389. Bajazet or Ba-yezid.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Boniface VIII., 1303. Benedict XI., 1304. Clement V., 1314. John XXI.. 1334. A schism between Peter and John. Benedict XII., 1342. Clement VI., 1352. Innocent VI., 1362. Urban V., 1372. A schism between Urban and Clement. Gregory XI., 1378. The death of Gregory XI. occasioned that violent schism which threw the western church into the utmost confusion. The church of Rome had twe popes, one residing at Rome, the other at Avignon. At Rome:-Urban VI., 1389. Boniface IX. At ignon:-Cirment VII. not acknowledged, 1394. Benedict XIII.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Robert Winchelsey, 1313. Walter Raynold, 1327. Simon Mepham, 1333. I. Stratford, 1348. Thomas Bradwardine, 1349. Simon Islip, 1365. Simon Langham, 1374. Simon Sudbury, 1381. W. Courtenay, 1396. Thomas Arundel.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS

Nicephorus Callistus. Raymond Lully. Matthæus Blastares. Greg. Acindynus. John Cantacuzenus. Nicephorus Greg. Duns Scotus. Andrew of Newcastle. Francis Mayron. Durand of St. Portian. Nicolas de Lyra. John Bacon. William Occam. Nicolas Trivet. Andrew Horne. Richard Bury. Walter Burley. Richard Hampole. Robert Holkot. Thomas Bradwardine, archbishop of Canterbury. John Wickliffe. Thomas Stubbs. John de Burgo. William Wolfort. The last thirteen all English authors. Peter Aureolus. John Bassolis. Bernard Guido. Alvarus Pelagius. Theophanes, bishop of Nice. Philo theus. Antonius Andreas. Herveus Natalis. Thomas of Strasburg. Raynerius of Pisa. John of Fri bourg. Pope Clement VI. Thomas Joysius. John of Naples. Albert of Padua. Michael Cesenas. Gregory Palamas. Andronicus. Peter of Duisburg. Ludolf Saxon. Cardinal Caietan. James of Viterbo. Cardinal Balde. George of Rimini. The popes Benedict XI. and XII. Gui of Perpignan. Nicolas Cabasilas, archbishop of Thessalonica. Richard, bishop of Armagh. Demetrius Cydonius. Petranch. Peter Berchorius. John Cyparissotes. Nicolas Oresme. Philip Ribot. Nilus Rhodius. Maximus Plan. John Taulerus. Greg. Palamas. Nic. Eymericus. John Rusbroch. Manuel Caleca. Catharine of Sienna. St. Bridget. Gerard of Zutphen. Pierre Ailli. Francis Zabarella. Marsigli of Padua, who wrote against the papal jurisdiction. Philippe de Mazieres. Jordan of Quedinburg. Barth. Albizi of Pisa, author of the famous book of the Conformities of St. Francis with Jesus Christ. Fabri, bishop of Chartres. Michael Anglianus. Raymond Jordan. Jac. de Theramo. Manuel Chrysoloras. Cardinal Francis Zabarella with many others, too numerous to mention.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

Waldenses. Palamites, Hesychasts, and Quietists, three different names for one sect. Spiritua. Fran ciscans. Ceccus Asculanus, who was burned at Florence by the Inquisition for making some experiments in mechanics that appeared miraculous to the vulgar. Beghards, and Beguines. As to the Cellites or Lol. lards, they cannot be deemed heretics. The followers of John Wickliffe deserve an eminent place, with their leader, in the list of Reformers. Nicolas of Calabria. Martin Gonsalvo. Bartold de Rorbach. The Dancers.

REMARKABLE EVENTS, AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

Frui less attempts made to renew the crusades. Christianity encouraged in Tartary and China: but loses ground towards the end of this century. The Lithuanians and Jagello, their prince, converted to the Christian faith in the year 1386. Many of the Jews are compelled to receive the Gospel. Philosophy and Grecian literature are cultivated with zeal in this century. The disputes between the Realists and Nomi. nalists revive. Philip the Fair, king of France, opposes with spirit the tyrannic pretensions of the pope to a temporal jurisdiction over kings and princes, and demands a general council to depose Boniface VIII. whom he accuses of heresy, simony, and several enormities. The papal authority declines. The resi dence of the popes removed to Avignon. The universities of Avignon, Perugia, Orleans, Angers, Flo rence, Cahors, Heidelberg, Prague, Perpignan, Cologne, Pavia, Cracow, Vienna, Orange, Sienna, Erfort, Geneva, founded. The rise of the great western schism, which destroyed the unity of the Latin church, and placed at its head two rival popes. John Wickliffe opposes the monks, whose licentiousness and igaorance were scandalous, and recommends the study of the Holy Scriptures. A warm contest arises among the Franciscans about the poverty of Christ and his Apostles. Another between the Scotists and Tho mists, about the doctrines of their respective chiefs. Pope Clement V. orders the Jubilee which Boniface had appointed to be held in every hundredth year to be celebrated twice within that period. The Knights Templars are seized and imprisoned; the greatest part of them put to death, and their order suppressed. The Golden Bull, containing rules for the election of an emperor of Germany, and a precise account of the dignity and privileges of the electors, is issued by Charles IV. Clement VI. adds the country of Avig. non to the papal territories. The emperor Henry VII. dies, and is supposed by some authors to have been poisoned by a consecrated wafer, which he received at the sacrament, from the hands of Bernard Politian, a Dominican monk. This account is denied by authors of good credit. The matter, however, is still undecided. Gunpowder is invented by Schwartz, a monk. The mariner's compass is invented by John Gioia, or as others allege, by Flavio. The city of Rhodes is taken from the Saracens, in the year 1309, by the Knights Hospitalers, subsequently called the Knights of Malta. Timour extends his conquests in the East. The Bible is translated into French by the order of Charles V. The festival of the holy lance and nails that pierced Jesus Christ instituted by Clement V.-Such was this pontiff's arrogance, that once, while he was dining, he ordered Dandolo, the Venetian ambassador, to be chained under the table like a dog. The beginning of the Swiss Cantons. The emperor Louis of Bavaria, Philip the Fair, king of France, Edward II., king of England, who opposed the tyranny of the popes, may be looked upon as wit nesses to the truth and preparers of the Reformation. To these we may add Duraud, Gerson, Olivus, who called the pope Anti-christ, and Wickliffe, who rejected transubstantiation, the sacrifice of the mass, the adoration of the host, purgatory, meritorious satisfactions by penance, auricular confession, the celibacy of the clergy, papal excommunications, the worship of images, of the Virgin and relics. The order of the Garter is instituted in England by Edward III.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Dante, the principal restorer of philosophy and letters, and also one of the most sublime poets of modern times. Petrarca. Boccaccio. Chaucer. Matthew of Westminster. Nicolas Trivet. Nicephorus Grego ras, a compiler of the Byzantine History. Theodore Metochita. Guillaume de Nangis, historian. Henry Stero, historian. Dinus Mugellanus. Evrard, historian. Hayton, an Armenian historian. Albertina Mussato. Oderic de Forli. Leopold, bishop of Bamberg. Peter of Duisburg, an historian Albert of

Strasburg, an historian. Balaam of Calabria, master of Petrarch. Joinville. Peter de Apono, physician and astronomer. Marsigli of Padua, a famous lawyer. John Andre, an eminent jurist. Leontius Pilato one of the restorers of learning. Gentiles de Foligno. Ismael Abulfeda, an Arabian prince. Peter of Ferrara. Arnold of Villa-Nova. William Grisant, an English mathematician. Homodi of Milan. Alber gotti of Arezzo. Philip of Leyden. Baldus de Ubaldis. Froissart, a French historian.

CENTURY XV.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Emanuel II., 1425. John VI. Palæologus, 1448. Constantine Palæolo gus, so far down as the year 1453, when Constantinople was taken by Mohammed II. Emperors of the West:-Rupert or Robert, 1410. Jodocus not acknowledged. Sigismund, 1437. Albert II. of Austria, 1439. Frederic III., 1493. Maximilian I. Kings of Spain, i. e. of Leon and Castile:-Henry III., 1406. John II., 1454. Henry IV., 1474. Ferdinand, in right of Isabella. Kings of France:-Charles VI. Charles VII., 1461. Louis XI., 1483. Charles VIII., 1498. Louis XII. Kings of England:-Henry VI., 1413. Henry V. 1423. Henry VI. dethroned in 1461. Edward IV., 1483. Edward V., 1483. Richard III., 1485. Henry VIII. Kings of Scotland:-Robert III., 1406. James I., 1437. James II., 1460. James III., 1488. James IV. Sovereigns of Sweden and Denmark:-Margaret, 1412. Eric IX. deposed in 1438. Christopher III., 1448. Charles Canutson, 1471. An interregnum until the year 1483. John. Kings of Poland:Uladislaus, Jag., 1434. Uladislaus, king of Hungary, 1444. An interregnum of three years. Casimir IV., 1492. John Albert. Kings of Portugal:-John I., 1433. Edward, 1438. Alphonso V., 1481. John II., 1495. Emmanuel the Great. Ottoman Emperors:-Ba-yezid, taken prisoner by Timour in 1402. Solyman, 1410. Mousa, 1413. Mohammed I., 1421. Morad II., 1451. Mohammed II. who takes Constantinople in 1453, and dies in 1481. Bayezid II. Czars, or Emperors of Russia:-There reigns, in the chronology of these princes, an uncommon degree of confusion, suitable to the barbarism of that nation. In the year 1732, they began to publish, at Petersburg, a series of their sovereigns, beginning with duke Ruric, who is supposed to have reigned in the ninth century. From that time downward, all is darkness and perplexity, until we come to the reign of John Basilowitz I. who, in the fifteenth century, shook off the yoke of the Tartars, and assumed first the title of Czar, after having conquered the kingdom of Casan. We therefore begin with this prince, and shall follow the chronology observed by the authors of the Modern Universal History, in their History of Russia. The reader may, however, consult the Tablettes Chronologiques de 'Histoire Universelle of Lenglet, who places this prince in the 16th century.* John Basilowitz.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Boniface IX., 1404. Innocent VII., 1406. Gregory XII. deposed, 1409. Alexander V., 1410. John XXII. deposed, 1417. Martin V., 1431. Eugenius IV., 1447. A schism.-The council of Basil depose Eugenius, and elect Amadeus, first duke of Savoy, who assumes the title of Felix V. Eugenius, however, triumphs in the issue. Nicolas V., 1455. Calistus III., 1458. Pius II., 1464. Paul II., 1471. Sixtus IV., 1484. In nocent VIII., 1492. Alexander VI.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Thomas Arundel, 1413. H. Chichele, 1443. John Stafford, 1452. John Kemp, 1453. Thomas Bouchier 1486. J. Morton, 1500.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

John Huss. Jerome of Prague. Paulus Anglicus. John Gerson. Herman de Petra. Theod. de Niem. bishop of Cambray. Tho. Valdensis. Pope Alexander V. John Capreolus. Peter de Ancharano. Nicelas de Clemangis. Theod. Urias. Alphons. Tostat. John, patriarch of Antioch. Mark of Ephesus Cardinal Bessarion. G. Scholarius. G. Gemistus. John de Turrecremata. George of Trapezond. John Capistran. Laurentius Valla. John of Segovia. Franc. de la Place. Reginald, bishop of St. Asaph. Antoninus, archbishop of Florence. Nicolas de Cusa, bishop of Brixen, and cardinal. Thomas a Kempis. Anton. de Rosellis. Rickel. Ducas. Bened. de Accolis. Guill. d'Aoupelande. James Paradise, an English Carthusian. Eneas Sylvius Picolomini, or pope. Pius II. Lorenzo Justiniani. John Gobelin. Alphonso de Spina. Greg. of Heimburg. Theod. Lelio. Henry of Gorcum. I. Ant. Campanus. Alex. de Imola. Henry Harphius. J. Perez. P. de Natalibus. B. Platina. P. Niger. John de Wesalia. Hermol. Barbarus. Michael of Milan. Stephen Brulefer. Cardinal Andr. du St. Sixte. Savanarola. Marsilius Ficinus. John Tritheme. Picus, or Pico of Mirandula. Ant. de Lebrixa. Boussard. J. Reuchlin, otherwise called Capnio. Jovianus Pontanus. Nicolas Simonis. Claude de Seyssel. Simeon of Thessalonica. Gobelin Persona. Henry of Hesse. George Fhranza. Vincent Ferrieres. Julianus Cæsarinus. Nich. Tudeschus. Raymond de Sabunde, or Sebeyde. Catharine of Bologna. Gregorius Melissen. Marcus Eugenius. Sylvester Syropul. Ambrose, general of the Camaldolites. George Codinus. Onuphr. Panvinius. Gabriel Biel. John Nauclerus. John Nieder.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

The Waldenses. The Wickliffites. The White Brethren. The men of understanding, who were headed by Ægidius Cantar, and William of Hildernissen. Picard, an Adamite. The following deserve rather the denomination of Reformers than Heretics, viz. John Huss, Jerome of Prague. Branches of the Hussites, the Calixtines. Orebites. Orphans. Taborites. Bohemian Brethren; also John Petit. John Wellus. Peter Osma. Matth. Grabon.

*He died in that century, but flourished c'efly in the fifteenth. -EDIT. VOL. II.-56