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CENTURY VIII.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Justinian II., 711. Philippicus, 713. Anastasius II., 714. Theodosius III., 716. Leo III. Isaur, 741. Constantine V. Copron, 775. Leo IV., 780. Constantine VI. Porphyr, 797. Irene. Kings of the Visigoths in Spain:-Egica, 701. Vitiza, 710. Roderic, the last king of the Goths, 713. Kings of Leon and the Asturias:-Pelagius, 737. Favila, 739. Alphonso, 757. Froila, 768 Aurelio, 774. Silo, 783. Mauregato, 789. Veremond, 791. Alphonso II. Kings of France:-Childebert III., 711. Dagobert III., 715. Chilperic II., 720. Theodoric IV., 736. Interregnum, from the year 737 to 743, during which time Carloman and Pepin, sons of Charles Martel, govern without the regal title. Childeric III. dethroned in 750. The last king of the first race. Second race:-Pepin, 768. Charlemagne. England:-The Heptarchy. Kings of the Lombards in Italy:-Luitpert, 704. Ragombert, 704. Aripert, 712. Ansprand, 712. Luitprand, 744. Rachis, 750. Aistulphus, 756. Desiderius, 773. The kingdom of the Lombards, which subsisted during the space of 206 years, was overturned by Charlemagne, who, having defeated Desiderius, caused himself to be crowned king of the Lombards, in the year 774. Exarchs of Ravenna:-Theophylact, 710. Jo. Procopius, 712. Paul, 729. Eutychius, 752. The Exarchate subsisted during the space of 185 years. It ended in the reign of Aistulphus, king of the Lombards, who reduced Ravenna, and added it to his dominions. But this prince was obliged by Pepin, king of France, to surrender the Exarchate, with all its territories, castles, &c. to be for ever held by Stephen III. and his successors in the see of Rome. This is the true foundation of the temporal grandeur of the popes.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

John VI., 705. John VII., 707. Sisinius, 708. Constantine, 714. Gregory II., 731. Gregory III., 741. Zachary, 752. Stephen II., 752. Stephen III., 757. Paul, 767. A schism between Paul and Theophylact. Stephen IV., 772. A schism between Constantine, Philip, and Stephen IV. Adrian, 797. Leo III.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Brithwald, 731. Tatwin, 734. Nothelm, 741. Cuthbert, 758. Bregwin, 762. Lambert, 790. Athe ard.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS

Venerable Bede. John Damascenus. The anonymous author of a Book entitled, Ordo Romanus de Divinis Officiis, published in the Bibl. Patr. Charlemagne: see the Capitularia, published by Baluze at Paris, in 1677, and the Codex Carolinus, published at Ingolstadt, in 1634, by Gretzer. Ambrosius Authpertus. The popes Gregory I. Gregory II. and Adrian. Paul the Lombard. Paulinus, bishop of Aquileia. Alcuin, a native of England, and one of the principal instruments employed by Charlemagne for the resto ration of learning. He is considered by M. Du-Pin as the person that first introduced polite literature into France; and it is to him that the universities of Paris, Tours, Soissons, &c. owe their origin. Felix, archbishop of Ravenna. Germanus, bishop of Constantinople. The unknown author of a book entitled, Liber Diurnus Pontificum Romanorum. Egbert, Archbishop of York. Bartholomew, a monk of Edessa, who refuted the Koran. Boniface, archbishop of Mentz, commonly called the Apostle of Germany. Anastasius, abbot in Palestine. Theophanes Aldhelm, bishop of Sherborne, under the heptarchy, and nephew to Ina, king of the West Saxons.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

The Eutychians, Monothelites, and Jacobites, continue to propagate their doctrines. The Paulo-Johan. nists, who were so called from their leaders Paul and John, and embraced the pernicious errors of Valentine and Manes. The Agonoclites, a wrong headed set of people who prayed dancing. Adelbert. Felix, bishop of Urgel. Elipand, bishop of Toledo. Leo, the Isaurian, who destroyed the images in the churches, and was the chief of the Iconoclastes; and Clement, who preferred the decisions of Scripture to the decrees of councils; are reputed heretics by the church of Rome. Virgilius was also accused of heresy, by pope Zacharry, because he was a good mathematician, and believed the existence of Antipodes. Those who promoted the worship of images and relics in this century deserve much more justly the denomination of Heretics.

REMARKABLE EVENTS, AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

Rapid progrs of the Saracens in Asia and Africa. The subversion of the kingdom of the Lombards and of the exarchate of Ravenna, the latter of which is granted to the see of Rome, by Pepin, king of France. Charlemagne adds to the grant of Pepin several provinces, though the titles and acts of this grant have no been produced by the Roman Catholic historians. The ceremony of kissing the pope's toe introduced. The Saxons, with Witekind, their monarch, converted to Christianity. The Christians persecuted by the Saracens, who massacred five hundred monks in the abbey of Lerins. The Saracens take possession of Spain. Controversy between the Greek and Latin churches, concerning the Holy Ghost's proceeding from the Son. The Germans converted by Boniface. The Gospel propagated in Hyrcania and Tartary. The right of election to the see of Rome conferred upon Charlemagne and his successors by pope Adrian, in a council of bishops assembled at Rome. The worship of images authorised by the second council of Nis

in the year 787, which is improperly called the seventh general council. The reading of the epistles and gospels introduced into the service of the church. Solitary or private masses instituted. Churches built in honour of saints. Masses for the dead. Willebrod sent to convert the Frisons; he was the first bishop of Utrecht.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Alcuin-see page 432. Bede. Fredegarius. John Damascenus. George Syncellus. Virgilius.

CENTURY IX.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Irene, 802. Nicephorus, 811. Stauratius, 811. Michael Curopolites, 813. Leo Armen., 820. Michael Balb., 829. Theophilus, 842. Michael III., 867. Basil I. Macedo, 886. Leo VI. Philos. Emperors of the West:-The western empire was restored in the year 800, in favour of Charle. magne, who died in 814. Louis, the Debonnaire, 840. Lothaire, 855. Louis II., 875. Charles II. suramed the Bald, 877. Louis III., 879. Carloman, 880. Charles III. deposed, 887. After the death of his prince, (who was the last king of France that was emperor) Germany and Italy were entirely separated from the French monarchy. Arnolph, 899. Louis IV. Kings of Spain, i. e. of Leon and the Asturias:-Alphonso the Chaste, 824. Ramiro, 851. Ordogno, 862. Alphonso III. Kings of France:-Charlemagne, 814. Louis the Debonnaire, 840. Charles the Bald, 877. Louis III., 879. Carloman, 884. Charles III., 888. Eudes, 889. Charles the Simple. Kings of England:-The Heptarchy finished by the union of the seven kingdoms under the government of Egbert. Egbert, 836. Ethelwolf, 857. Ethelbald, 860. Ethelbert, 866. Ethelred I., 871. Alfred the Great, 901. Kings of Scotland:-The history of Scotland is divided into four great periods. The first, which commences with Fergus I. 330 years before Christ, and contains a series of 68 kings, ending with Alpinus, in the year 823, is looked upon as entirely fabulous. We shall therefore begin this chronological list with the second period, which commences with Kenneth II. Kenneth II., 854. Donald V., 858. Constantine II., 874. Ethus, 875. Gregory, 893. Donald VI. Kings of Sweden:-The_origin of this kingdom is covered with uncertainty and fables. Some historians reckon 36 kings before Biorno III., but it is with this prince that chronologers generally begin their series. Biorno III., 824. Brantamond, 827. Sivard, 842. Heroth, 856. Charles VI., 868. Biorno IV., 883. Ingo, or Ingeld, 891.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Leo III., 816. Stephen V., 817. Paschal I., 824. Eugenius II., 827. A schism between Eugenius II. and Zizinnus. Valentine, 827. Gregory IV., 844. Sergius II., 847. Leo IV., 855. Pope Joan Bened. III., 858. A schism between Benedict and Anastasius. Nicolas I., 867. Adrian II., 872. John VIII., 882. Marimus I., 884. Adrian III., 885. Formosus, 897. A schism between him and Sergius. Boniface VI., 897. Stephen VII., 901. A schism between Stephen VII. John IX. Romanus I. and II. and Theodore III.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Athelard, 806. Wulfred, 830. Theogild, 230. Celnoth, 871. Ethelred, 889. Plegmund.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Nicephorus, patriarch of Constantinople. Amalarius, bishop of Treves. Theodore Studita. Agobard, archbishop of Lyons. Eginhard. Claudius. Clement, bishop of Turin. Jonas, bishop of Orleans. Fre tulph, bishop of Lysieux. Moses Barcepha. Phocius, patriarch of Constantinople. Theod. Abucara. Petrus Siculus. Nicetas David. Rabanus Maurus, archbishop of Mentz. Hilduin. Servatus Lupus. Drepanius Florus. Druthmar. Godeschalcus. Paschasius Radbert, the chief of the Transubstantiarians. Bertram or Ratram of Corby, who refuted the monstrous errors of Radbert, and was at the head of those who denied the corporal presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Haymo, bishop of Halberstadt. Walafridus Strabo. Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims. John Scot Erigena. Ansegisus. Florus, the deacon. Prudens, bishop of Troyes. Remy of Lyons. Nicolas. Adrian. John VIII. Pope. Anastasius, Bibl. Auxilius. Theodulph, bishop of Orleans. Smaragdus. Aldric, bishop of Mans. Ado of Vienna. Isidore Mercator, author of the False Decretals. Jesse, bishop of Amiens. Dungale. Halitgaire, bishop of Cambray. Amulo, archbishop of Lyons. Vandalbert. Angelome. Epiphanes, archbishop of Constantia, in the island of Cyprus. Regino! Abbo. William, the librarian. Pope Formosus. Pope Stephen. Metho dus, who invented the Sclavonian characters, and made a translation of the Bible for the Bulgarians, which was used by the Russians. Alfred the Great, king of England, composed a Saxon Paraphrase on the Ecclesiastical History of Bede, a Saxon Version of Orosius, and a Saxon Psalter. The emperor Basil Maced. The emperor Leo, surnamed the Wise.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

Paulicians, a branch of the Manicheans. Iconoclastes. Iconolatræ, or image worshippers. Prædestina: rians. Adoptians. Transubstantiarians. Clement, bishop of Turin, who followed the sentiments of Felix of Urgel.

VOL. II.-55

REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

The conversion of the Swedes, Danes, Saxons, Huns, Bohemians, Moravians, Sclavonians, Russians, In dians, and Bulgarians: by the last a controversy is occasioned between the Greek and Latin churches. The rise of transubstantiation and the sacrifice of the mass. The cause of Christianity suffers in the east under the Saracens, and in Europe under the Normans. The power of the pope increases; that of the bishops diminishes; and the emperors are divested of their ecclesiastical authority. The Decretals are forged, by which the popes extended the limits of their jurisdiction and authority. The fictitious relics of St. Mark, St. James, and St. Bartholomew, are imposed upon the credulity of the people. Monks and abbots now first employed in civil affairs, and called to the courts of princes. The festival of All-Saints is added, in this century, to the Latin calendar by Gregory IV. though some authors of note place this institution in the seventh century, and attribute it to Boniface IV. The superstitious festival of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, instituted by the council of Mentz, and confirmed by pope Nicolas I. and afterwards by Leo X. The trial by cold water introduced by pope Eugenius II. though Le Brun, in his Histoire des Pratiques Superstitieses, endeavours to prove this ridiculous invention more ancient. The emperor Louis II. is obliged by the arrogant pontiff Nicolas I. to perform the functions of a groom, and hold the bridle of this pope's horse, while his pretended holiness was dismounting. The first Legends or Lives of the Saints appear in this century. The Apostles' Creed is sung in the churches.-Organs, bells, and vocal music, are in. troduced in many places.-Festivals multiplied. The order of St. Andrew, or the Knights of the Thistle in Scotland. Michael I. emperor of the East, abdicates the throne, and retires into a monastery, with his wife and six children. Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, excommunicates the pope. The canonization of saints introduced by Pope Leo II. The university of Oxford founded by Alfred. The sciences are cultivated among the Saracens, and, particularly encouraged by the khalif Al-Mamoun. Theophilus, from his abhorrence of images, banishes the painters out of the Eastern Empire. Harold, king of Denmark, is lethroned by his subjects, on account of his attachment to Christianity. The university of Paris founded.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Photius. Smaragdud. Eginhard. Rabanus Maurus. Abbon. Herempert. Leon. Sergius. Methodius. Walafridus Strabo. John Scot Erigena. Alfred the Great, king of England. His Saxon version of Oro sius was never published. Abon-Nabas, an Arabian poet. The khalif Al-Mamoun, an eminent mathematician and astronomer. N. B. Haroun, the father of this prince, sent to Charlemagne a striking clock, with springs and wheels, which was the first ever seen in France, and shows that, at this period, the arts were more cultivated in Asia than in Europe. Albategni, the mathematician. Albumasar, or Abou. Mashar, the Arabian astronomer.

CENTURY X.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Leo, the philosopher, 911. Alexander, 912. Constantine VII. surnamed Porphyrogenitus, 959. Romanus Lecapenus took advantage of the youth of this prince, and seized the imperial throne, but was deposed by his son Stephen, and died in 948. Romanus, first or second son to Constantine VII., 963. Nicephorus Phoc., 970. John Zimisces, 975. Basil III. Constantine VIII. Emperors of the West:-Louis IV., 912. Conrad I., 919. Henry I. surnamed the Fowler, 936. Otho I., 9. Otho II., 983. Otho III. Kings of Spain, i. e. Leon and Asturias:-Alphonso III. surnamed the Great, abdicates the crown in the year 910. Garcias, 913. Ordogno II., 923. Froila II., 924. Alphonso IV., 931. Ramiro II., 950. Ordogno III., 955. Ordogno IV., 956. Sanchez, the Fat, 967. Ramiro III., 982. Bermudo, called, by some, Veremond II., 999. Alphonso V. Kings of France:-Charles the Simple, 929. Ralph usurps the throne. Louis d'Outremer, 954. Lothaire II., 986. Louis the Idler, the last king of the line of Charlemagne, 987. Third Race: Hugh Capet, 996. Robert. Kings of England:-. D.-Edward, 925. Athelstan, 941. Edmund, 946. Edred, 955. Edwy, 959. Edgar, 975. Edward the Martyr, 979. Ethelred II. Kings of Scotland:-Donald VI., 903. Constantine III., 943. Malcolm I., 958. Indulf, 967. Duff, 972. Cullen, 976. Kenneth III., 994. Constantine IV., 995. Grime. Kings of Sweden:-Ingeld II. 907. Eric VI., 926. Eric VII., 940. Eric VIII., 980. Olaus II. the Tributary. The beginnings of the Danish monarchy are so fabulous that we shall begin with Haroid, who died in 980. Sweyn. Poland:-Micislaus the first Christian duke, dies 999.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

John IX., 905. A schism between John IX. and Sergius. Benedict IV., 906. Leo V., 906. A schism be tween Leo V. and Christopher. Christopher, 907. A schism between Christopher and Sergius. Sergius III., 910. Anastasius III., 912. Lando, 913. John X., 928. Leo, VI., 929. Stephen VIII., 931. John XI., 936. Leo VII., 939. Stephen IX., 943. Marinus II., 946. Agapetus II., 955. John XII., 964. A schism between John XII. and Leo. Leo VIII., 964. Benedict V., 965. John XIII., 972. Domnus II., 972. Benedict VI., 975. Boniface VII., 984. Benedict VII., 984. John XIV., 985. John XV., 985. John XVI., 996. Gregory V., 999. A schism between John and Gregory V. Sylvester II.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Plegmund, 917. Athelm, 924. Wolfhelm, 934. Odo, 959. Dunstan, 988. Ethelgar, 989. Siricius, 994 Aluric, or Alfric.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Simeon Metaphrastes. Leontius of Byzantium. Odo of Clugni. Ratherius, bishop of Verona and Liege. Hippolytus, the Theban. Odo, archbishop of Canterbury. Eutychius, patriarch of Alexandria. Said, patriarch of Alexandria. Flodoard. Joseph Genesius Atto, bishop of Verceil. Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury. Luitprand, abbot of Fleury. Notger, bishop of Liege. Suidas. Roswida, a poetess. Edgar, king of England. Elfridus. Heriger. Olympiodorus. Ecumenius. Odilo. Burchard. Valerius of Astorga in Spain. His Lives of the Fathers, very different from those that are published, are still in MS. in the library of Toledo. John Malela. Constantine Porphyrogenitus. John of Capua. Nicholas, patriarch of Constantinople. Gregory of Cæsarea. Epiphanes. Severus. Alfric, archbishop of Canterbury Pope Gerbert. Oswald. Sisinius. Hubald. Luitprand.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

No new heresies were invented during this century. That of the Anthropomorphites was revived, and the greatest part of the others were continued. Thus we find Nestorians, Eutychians, Paulicians, ArmeBians, Anthropomorphites, and Manichæans. making a noise in this century.

REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

Irruption of the Huns into Germany, and of the Normans into France. The Danes invade England. The Moors enter Spain. The Hungarians, and several northern nations, are converted to Christianity. The pirate Rollo is made duke of Normandy, and embraces the Christian faith. The Polanders are converted to Christianity under Micislaus, in the year 965. The Christian religion is established in Moscovy, Denmark, and Norway. The plan of the holy war is formed in this century, by pope Sylvester II. The baptism of bells; the festival in remembrance of departed souls; the institution of the Rosary; and a multitude of superstitious rites, shocking to common sense, and an insult upon true religion, are introduced in this century. Fire-ordeal introduced. The Turks and Saracens united. The Danish war continues to convulse England. Feudal tenures begin to take place in France. The influence and power of the monks increase greatly in England. The kingdom of Italy is united by Otho to the German empire. Pope Boniface VII. is deposed and banished for his crimes. Arithmetical figures are brought from Arabia into Europe by the Saracens. The empire of Germany is rendered elective by Otho III.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

This century, by way of eminence, is styled the age of barbarism and ignorance. The greatest part of the ecclesiastical and theological authors mentioned above, were mean, ignorant, and trivial writers, and wrote upon mean and trivial subjects. At the head of the learned men of this age we must place Gerbert, otherwise known by the papal denomination of Sylvester II. This learned pontiff endeavoured to revive the drooping sciences; and the effects of his zeal were visible in this, but still more in the follow ing century. Suidas. Geber, an Arabian chemist, celebrated by the learned Boerhaave. Constantine Porphyrogen. Mohammed Ebn Jaber Al-Batani, an Arabian astronomer. Razi, a celebrated Arabian chemist and physician. Leontius, one of the Byzantine historians. Joseph Genesius.

CENTURY XI.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Basil III., 1025. Constantine VIII., 1028. Romanus II. Argyr., 1034 Michael IV. Paphl., 1041. Michael V. Calaphates, 1051. Constantine IX. Monomach, 1054. Theodora 1056. Michael VI. Strat., 1057. Isaac I. Comn. 1059. Constantine X. Ducas, 1067. Romanus III. Dio genes, 1071. Nicephorus II. Botoniates, 1081. Alexis I. Comnen. Emperors of the West:-Otho III., 1002 Henry II., 1024. Conrad II., 1039. Henry III., 1056. Henry IV. Kings of Spain, i. e. of Leon and the Asturias:-Alphonso V., 1027. Vermond III., 1037. Kings of Leon and Castile united:-Ferdinand I. sur named the Great, 1065. Sancho II., 1073. Alphonso VI. Kings of France:-Robert, 1031. Henry I., 1060 Philip I. Kings of England:-Ethelred II., 1016. Edmond Ironside, 1017. Canute the Great, king of Denmark, 1035. Harold Harefoot, 1039. Hardicanute, 1041. Edward the Confessor, 1066. Harold, 1066 Norman line:-William the Conqueror, 1087. William Rufus, 1100. Kings of Scotland:-Grime, 1003 Malcolm II., 1033. Donald VII. by some called Duncan, 1040. Macbeth, 1057. Malcolm III., 1093. Donald VIII. dethroned, 1094. Duncan II., 1096. Donald again, 1097. Kings of Sweden:-Olaus II., 1019. Asmund, 1035. Asmundslem, 1041. Hakon, 1059. Stenchil, 1061. Ingo III., 1064. Alstan, 1080. Philip. Kings of Denmark:-Sweyn, 1014. Canute the Great, king of England, 1035. Hardicanute, 1041. Mag. nus, 1048. Sweyn II., 1074. Harold, 1076. St. Canute, 1085. Olaus, 1093. Eric II. Kings of Poland:Boleslaus, first king, 1025. Micislaus, 1034. Interregnum. Casimir, 1058. Boleslaus II., 1081. Uladis. aus. Kings of Jerusalem:-Godfrey, chosen king in 1099, dies in 1100. Baldwin I.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Sylvester II., 1003. John XVII., 1003. schism between Gregory and Benedict. Johns and Benedict. Gregory VI., 1046.

Sergius IV., 1012. Benedict VIII., 1024. A Benedict IX., 1044. A schism between the two Damasus II., 1049 Leo IX., 1054. Victor

John XVIII., 1009.
John XIX., 1033.
Clement II.. 1048.

II., 1057. Stephen X., 1059. Benedict X., 1059. Nicolas II., 1061. A schism between Nicolas and Be nedict. Alexander II., 1073. A schism between Alexander and Cadalous. Gregory VII., 1086. A schism between Gregory and Guy, bishop of Ravenna. Victor III., 1088. Urban II., 1099.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Aluric or Alfric, 1006. Elphegus, massacred by the Danes in 1012. Livingus, 1020. Agelnoth, 1038. Eadsius, 1050. Robert Gemeticensis, 1052. Stigand, deposed in 1070. Lanfranc, 1089. Anselm.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Dithmar, bishop of Mersburg. Leo the Grammarian. Aimon. Fulpert, bishop of Chartres. Adelboa, bishop of Utrecht. Alexis, patriarch of Constantinople. Berno, of Augsburg. Ademar. The Brunos. Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury. Theophanes Cerameus. Nilus Doxopatrius. Michael Psellus. Michael Cerularius. Simeon the Younger. Theophylact, a Bulgarian. Cardinal Humbert. Petrus Damianus. Marianus Scotus. Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury. Ivo, bishop of Chartres. Hildebert, arch. bishop of Tours. Pope Gregory VII. Gerhard. Hugh of Breteuil. Berthold. Hermannus Contract. Peter, patriarch of Antioch. Glaber Radulphus. Deoduinus, bishop of Liege. Adelman. Nicetas Pectoratus. Leo of Bulgaria. Guitmund. Manasses, archbishop of Rheims. John, patriarch of Antioch. Sigefrid. Samon of Gaza. Samuel of Morocco, a converted Jew. John Xiphilin. Lambert. Adam of Bremen. John Curopalata. Benno of Ravenna. Nicholas of Methrone. Philip the Solitary. Othlon of Fulda. Tangmar. Guido Aretino. Eugesippus. A famous, but anonymous work, called Micrologus, appeared in this century. Dominic of Grado. Alberic. Osborn, a monk of Canterbury.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

Berenger, famous for his opposition to the monstrous doctrine of transubstantiation Roscelin, a Tritheite. A sect of French Manichæans, condemned in the council of Orleans.

REMARKABLE EVENTS AND RELIGIOUS RITES.

The Crusades are carried on with all the enormities that usually attend a blind, extravagant, and innu man zeal. Godfrey of Bouillon takes possession of Jerusalem in the year 1099. A contest between the emperors and popes, in which the latter discover a most arrogant and despotic spirit. The dignity of cardinal is first instituted in this century. The Moors are driven by degrees from several parts of Spain; hence arose the division of that country into so many little kingdoms. Matilda, daughter of Boniface, duke of Tuscany, leaves all her possessions to the church of Rome, in consequence of her passionate at tachment to Hildebrand, otherwise known by the papal name of Gregory VII. with whom she lived in a li centious commerce. Sicily, Castile, Poland, and Hungary, are erected into kingdoms. The kingdom of Burgundy and Arles is transferred to the emperor Conrad II. by Rondolph king of Burgundy. Several of the popes are looked upon as magicians, as in these times of darkness, learning, and more especially philosophy and mathematics, were considered as magic. Investitures introduced in this century. Papal tyranny is nobly opposed by the emperors Henry I. II. and III. by William I. king of England, and other monarchs of that nation, by Philip, king of France, and by the British and German churches. Baptism is performed by triple immersion. The Sabbath Fasts introduced by Gregory VII. The Cistercian, Carthusian, and Whipping Orders, with many others, are founded in this century. The emperor Henry IV. goes barefooted to the insolent pontiff Gregory VII. at Canusium, and does homage to this spiritual tyrant in the most ignominious manner. The same emperor, however, besieges Rome soon after, and makes a noble stand against the pontiff. Domesday-book is compiled from a survey of all the estates in England. Jerusalem is taken by the Crusaders.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Leo, the Grammarian. Adelbord. Michael Psellus. Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury. Guido Aretr no, inventor of musical notes. Wippo. John Scylitzes. Avicenna, or Ebn Sina, an Arabian philosopher. Stephen, the first Christian king of Hungary. Alphes, a Jew. Josippon, or the false Josephus. Ferdou⚫ si à Persian Poet. Roscellin. John the philosopher. John Curopalata, one of the Byzantine historians

CENTURY XII.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Alexis I. Comnen., 1118. John II. Comnen., 1143. Emanuel Comnen. 1180. Alexis II. Comnen., 1183. Andronicus Comnen., 1185. Isaac II. Ang., 1195. Alexis III. Empe rors of the West:-Henry IV., 1106. Henry V., 1125. Lothaire II., 1138. Conrad III., 1152. Frederic I. Burnamed Barbarossa, 1190. Henry VI., 1198. Philip. Kings of Spain, i. e. of Leon and Castile:—AI. phonso VI., 1109. Alphonso VII., 1134. Alphonso VIII. 1157. Sancho III., 1158. Ferdinand II., 1175. Alphonso IX. Kings of France:-Philip I., 1108. Louis VI., surnamed the Gross, 1137. Louis VII. surnamed the Young 1180. Philip Aug. Kings of England:-Henry I., 1135. Stephen, 1154. Henry II., 189. Richard I., 1199. John. Kings of Scotland:-Edgar, 1106. Alexander, 1124. David, 1153. Ma

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