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Fronto. Maximus Tyrius. Taurus Calvisius. Apuleius. Artemidorus. Lucian. Numenes. Pausa. nias. Polyænus. Sextus Empiricus. Athenæus. Julius Pollux. Diogenes Laertius. Gallienus. Am. monius Saccas. Priscus. Cephalion. Aristides. Hermogenes, who at the age of seventeen published his Rhetoric; at twenty, his Book on Ideas; and, at twenty-five, is said to have forgotten all that he had learned. Justin Martyr. Theophylus of Antioch. Chrysorus. Marcus Antoninus. Harpocration. Athenagoras. Celsus, the philosopher. Julinus Solinus. Plotinus. Papinian.

CENTURY III.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Roman Emperors:-A. D.-Serverus, 211. Caracalla, 217. Geta, 212. Macrinus. 218. Heliogabalus, 222. Severus Alexander, 235. Maximin, 237. Gordian I. II., 237. Pupienus and Balbinus, 238. Gordian III., 244 Philip the Arabian, supposed to have been the first Christian emperor, 250. Decius, 252. Gallus and Volusianus, 253. Æmilianus, 253. Valerian, 259. Gallienus, 268. Claudius II., 270. Quintilius, 270. Aurelian, 275. Tacitus, 275. Florianus, 276. Probus, 282. Carus, 283. Carinus, 284. Numerianus, 284. Diocletian. Maximian.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Zephyrinus, 219. Callistus, 224. Urban, 231. Pontianus, 235. Anterus, 236. Fabianus, 251. Cornelius, 254. A contest between him and Novatian Lucius, 256. Stephen, 258. Sixtus II., 259. Dionysius, 270 Felix, 275. Eutychianus, 283. Caius Marcellinus, 296.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

The author of the Acts of Perpetua and Felicitas. Minutius Felix. Hippolytus. Ammonius. Julius Africanus. Origen. Cyprian. Novatian. Gregory Thaum. Dionysius of Alexandria. Pamphilus. Anatolius. Arnobius Africanus. Commodianus. Archelaus. Lucianus. Hesychius. Methodius. Theognostus. Malchion. Paul of Samosata. Stephen, R. Pont. Eusebius, a deacon of Alexandria. Diony sius, R. Pont. Basilides, Bishop of Pentapolis. Prudentius.

Victorinus.

HERETICS.

Adelphius. Aquilinus. Manes, the chief of the Manicheans. Hierax. Noetus. Sabellius. Beryllus. Paul of Samosata. Novatians. Patropassians. Arabians. Cathari. Valesians. Privatus. A schism between Stephen and Cyprian, concerning the re-baptizing of heretics.

REMARKABLE EVENTS, AND RELIGIOUS RITES AND INSTITUTIONS.

Sixth Persecution under Severus, in which Leonidas, Irenæus, Victor, bishop of Rome, Perpetua, Felicitas, and others, suffer martyrdom. Seventh Persecution (after one under Maximin) under Decius, in which Fabianus, the Roman pontiff, Babylas, Alexander, and others, suffer martyrdom. Eighth Persecution under Valerian, in which those more illustrious martyrs, Cyprian, Lucius, Stephen I. Sixtus I. and Laurentius, suffer for the faith. Ninth Persecution under Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Maximin, much more cruel than the preceding, and famous for the martyrdom of the Theban Legion, which however is a very dubious story. The Jewish Talmud and Targum composed in this century. The Jews are allowed to return into Palestine. Jewish schools erected at Babylon, Sora, and other places. Remarkable deaths of those who persecuted the Christians, related by Tertullian, Eusebius, and Lucius Cæcilius. Many illustrious men, and Roman senators, converted to Christianity. The origin of the monastic life derived from the austere manners of Paul the Theban, the first hermit. Diocletian assumes the name and honours due to Jupiter, and orders the people to worship him. Religious rites are greatly multiplied in this century; altars used; wax tapers employed. Public churches, called in Greek Kugaxa, built for the celebration of divine worship. The pagan mysteries injudiciously imitated in many respects by Christians. The tasting of milk and honey, previous to baptism, introduced. The person is anointed before and after that holy rite-receives a crown, and goes arrayed in white for some time after. The story of the seven sleepers of Ephesus, and the martyrdom of Ursula, and the 11,000 British Virgins, the principal fables invented in this century.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Ælius Maurus. Oppian, the Poet. Quintus Seren. Sammonicus. Julius Africanus. Acolus. Dio Cassius. Ulpian. Ephorus. Censorinus. C. Curius Fortunatus. Herodian. Nicagoras. Amelius. Gentilianus. Erennius. Dexippus. Cassius Longinus. Julius Capitolinus. Ælius Lampridius. Trebellius Pollio. Porphyry. Ælius Spartianus. Flavius Vopiscus. M. Aurel. Olymp. Nemesianus. Alexander, a Greek philosopher. Philostratus. Julius Paulus. Sextus Pomponius. Herennius. Modestinus Hermogenianus. Palladius Rutilius. Taurus Emilianus. Justin. Julius Calphurnius. Arnobius.

CENTURY IV.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Roman Emperor 3:-A. D.-Diocletian and Maximian abdicate the empire in the year 305. Galerius, 311. Constantius, 306. Constantine the Great, 337. His adversaries, Maximin, 313. Maxentius, 312. Licinius, 325. Constantine II., 338. Constantius, 361. Constans, 350. Julian, the Apostate, 363. Jovian, 364. Valentinian, 375. Valens, 378. Gratian, 383. Valentinian II., 392. Theodosius the Great, 395. The divisions of the Roman Empire into the Eastern and Western Empires. [The Visigoths settle in Gaul and Spain about the end of this century.] Athanaric, 382. Alaric.

Marcellinus, 304.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Marcellus, 309. Eusebius, 311. Melchiades, 313. Sylvester, 335. Mark, 336. Julius, 352. Liberius, 367. A schism between Liberius and Felix. Damasus, 384. A new schism between this pontiff and Ursinus. Siricius, 398.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Lactantius Firm. Lucius Cæcilius. Dorotheus, bishop of Tyre. Eusebius, bishop of Cæsarea. Con stantine the Great. Eustathius, bishop of Antioch. Commodianus. Alexander, bishop of Alexandria Juvencus. Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria. Antonius, who (with Paul the hermit) was the first institutor of the monastic life. Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra. Theodore, bishop of Heraclea. Julius, bishop of Rome. Jul. Firm. Maternus. Pachomius. Eusebius, bishop of Emessa. Serapion. Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem. Hilarius, bishop of Poictiers. Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari. Phœbadius, bishop of Agen. Eu nomius. Zeno, bishop of Verona. Titus, bishop of Bostra. Ďamacus, bishop of Rome. Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis. Optatus, bishop of Milevi. Pacianus. Marius Victorinus. Liberius, bishop of Rome. Ephraim the Syrian. Didymus of Alex. Basil, bishop of Cæsarea. Gregory, bishop of Nazianzum. Gre gory, bishop of Nyssa. Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium. Hegesippus. Apollinaris, Father and Son. Eusebius, bishop of Verceil. Diodore, bishop of Tarsus. Proba Falconia. The three Macarii. Ambrose. Terome. Ruffinus. Philastrius. Paulinus, bishop of Nola. Augustin. John Chrysostom.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

The Manichæans disguised under the denominations of Encratites, Apotactics, Saccophori, Hydropa rastates, and Solitaries. Arius and his followers, who were divided into Eunomians, Semiarians, Eusebians, Homoiousians, Acacians, and Psathyrians. Photinus, Apollinaris, Father and Son. Macedonius. The Anthropomorphites. Priscillian. Andæus. The Messalians, or Euchites. Collyridians. Eustathians. Coluthus. Helvidius. Bonosus. Vigilantius. Three schisms of the Meletians, and Luciferians, and Donatists.

REMARKABLE EVENTS, AND RELIGIOUS RITES AND INSTITUTIONS.

The Tenth Persecution continued. The Athanasians or Orthodox persecuted by Constantius, who was an Arian, and by Valens, who ordered 80 of their deputies, all ecclesiastics, to be put on board of a ship, to which fire was set as soon as it had cleared the coast. The Christians persecuted by Sapor. The supposed conversion of Constantine the Great, by a vision representing a fiery cross in the air. First General Council. It was held at Nice in 325. In it the opinions of Arius were condemned, and the popes declared merely equal in dignity to other Christian bishops. A second general council is held in the year 381, at Constantinople, in which the errors of Macedonius are condemned. Remarkable progress of the Christian religion among the Indians, Goths, Marcomanni, and Iberians. The famous donation of Constantine in favour of the Roman see-a mere fable. The miraculous defeat of Eugenius by Theodosius. Julian's attempt to invalidate the predictions of the prophets, by encouraging the Jews to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, defeated by an earthquake and fiery eruption. See the learned bishop Warburton's interesting and ingenious work, entitled Julian. Theodosius the Great is obliged by Ambrose, bishop of Milan, to as public penance for the slaughter of the Thessalonians. The Eucharist was, during this century, administered in some places to infants and persons deceased. Something like the doctrine of Transubstantiation is maintained, and the ceremony of the elevation used in the celebration of the Eucharist. The council of Elvira in Spain, held in the year 305, not only solemnly forbids the adoration of pictures or images, but even prohibits the use of them. The use of incense and of the censer, with several other superstitious rites, introduced.-The churches are considered as externally holy, the saints are invoked, images used, and the Cross worshipped. The clerical order augmented by new ranks of ecclesiastics, such as archdeacons. country bishops, archbishops, metropolitans, exarchs, &c.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Ælius Donatus. Servius. Helladius. Andronicus Nonius. Marcellus. Sext. Aurelius Victor. Max. imus of Smyrna, who is supposed to have taught the emperor Julian magic. Oribases. Eutropius. Liba nius. Ausonius. Pappus, the famous mathematician. Prudentius. Rufus Festus. Avienus. Themis tius. Flavius Vegetius. Hierocles. Julian. Ammianus Marcellinus. Symmachus. Lactantius. Jam blichus. Ælius Lampridius. Eusebius of Cæsarea. Jul. Firmicus Maternus. Chalcidius. Pomponius. Festus Quirtus Curtius. Macrobius.

CENTURY V.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the West:-A. D.-Honorius, 423. Valentinian III., 455. Maximus, 455. Avitus, 456. Ma Jorianus, 461. Severus, 465. Anthemius, 472. Olybrius, 472. Glycerius, deposed in 474. Julius Nepos, deposed in 475. Romulus Augustulus, who reigned till the 23d of August, when Odoacer took the title of king of Italy, and put an end to the western empire. Kings of Italy:-Odoacer, 493. Theodoric. Emperors of the East:-Arcadius, 408. Theodosius II., 450. Marcianus, 457. Leo I., 474. Leo II., 474. Zeno Isaur, 491. Anastasius. Gothic Kings of Spain:-Alaric, 411. Ataulphus, 415. Sigeric, 415. Vallia, 420. Theodoric, 451. Thorismond, 452. Theodoric II., 466. Euric, 484. Alaric II. Kings of France:-Pharamond, first king, 420. Clodion, 451. Meroveus, 456. Childeric, 481. Clovis I. The Kings of the Vandals in Africa, where they settled in the year 429. Genseric, 466. Huneric, 484. Gontamond, 496. Thrasamond. Kings of England: -Vortigern. Kingdom of Kent founded by Hengist the Saxon, in 457, and that of Sussex by Ella, in 499.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Anastasius, 402. Innocent, 417. Zosimus, 418. Boniface I., 423. A schism between this pope and Eu. lalius. Celestine I., 432. Sixtus III., 440. Leo the Great, 461. Hilarius, 467. Simplicius, 483. Felix III., 492. Gelasius, 496. Anastasius II., 498. Symmachus I. A schism between him and Laurentius

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Gaudentius, bishop of Bresse. Sulpicius Severus. Palladius. Heraclides. Innocentius. Polybius. Pe lagius. Coelestius. Theodore, bishop of Mopsuesta. Polychronius. Nonnus. Synesius. Isidore of Pe. lusium. Cyril of Alexandria. Orosius. Marius Mercator. Maximus, bishop of Turin. Theodoret. Cas sian. Peter Chrysologus. Hilarius. Philostorgius. Vincent of Lerins. Socrates. Sozomenes. Leo the Great. Prosper. Idacius Basil. Seleucus. Arnobius the Younger. Claudian Mamertus. Faustus Felix, the Roman pontiff. Vigilius Tapsensis, supposed by some learned men to have been the author of what is commonly called the Athanasian Creed. Victor the African. Gennadius. Zosimus. Prosper. Sidonius Apollinar. Æneas Gaza.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

Vigilantius. Pelagius, Cœlestius, Julian, authors of what is called the Pelagian Heresy. John Cassian Faustus. Gennadius, Vincent of Lerins, Semi-Pelagians. Nestorius. Theodoret. Theodore of Tarsus. Theodore of Mopsus. Nestorians. Eutyches. Dioscorus. The Acephali.-Monophysites.-Jacobites.Armenians.-Theopaschites.-Predestinarians.-Cœlicola. Peter, the Fuller. Xenaias.

REMARKABLE EVENTS.

Foundation of the French monarchy by Pharamond, or rather by Clovis. An earthquake swallows up several cities in Palestine. A third General Council held at Ephesus, at which Nestorius was deposed, in the year 431. A fourth General Council held at Chalcedon against Eutyches in the year 451. Progress of Christianity among the Franks and Germans. The conversion of the Irish to the Christian faith attempted in vain by Palladius, but effected by St. Patrick, whose original name was Succathus, who arrived in Ireland in the year 432. Terrible persecutions carried on against the Christians in Britain, by the Picts, Scots, and Anglo-Saxons,-in Spain, Gaul, and Africa, by the Vandals-in Italy and Pannonia, by the Visigothsin Africa, by the Donatists and Circumcellians-in Persia, by Isdegerdes-beside the particular persecu tions carried on alternately against the Arians and Athanasians. The extinction of the western empire. The Theodosian Code drawn up. The city of Venice founded by the inhabitants of the adjacent coast, who fled from the incursions of the Barbarians. Felix III. bishop of Rome (whom Bower and others look upon as the second pope of that name) is excommunicated, and his name struck out of the diptychs, or sacred registers, by Acacius, bishop of Constantinople. Many ridiculous fables are invented during this century; such as the story of the vial of oil, brought from heaven by a pigeon at the baptism of Clovis-the vision of Attila, &c.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Anienus. Martianus Capella. Claudian. Eunapius. Macrobius. Olympiodorus. Orosius. Peutinger. Rutilius Claudius. Numantianus. Servius Honoratus. Sidonius Apollinaris. Candidus, the Isaurian. Zosimus the historian. Idacius. Quintus, or Cointus. Priscus. Musæus. Proclus. Simplicius.

CENTURY VI.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Kings of Italy:-A. D.-Theodoric, 526. Athalaric, 534. Amalasuntha, 534. Theodatus, 536. Vitiges, 540. Idebald, 541. Totila, 553. Teias, 554. Emperors of the East:-Anastasius, 518. Justin I., 527. Justinian, 565. Justin II., 578. Tiberius II., 586. Mauritius. Gothic Kings of Spain:-Alaric, 507. Gesalric, 512. Amalaric, 531. Theudis, 548. Theodegesil, 548. Agila, 552. Athanagilda, 567. Leuva, 568. Leuvigild, 585. Recared. These princes were masters also of Narbonne and Aquitaine. Kings of Eng land:-The third Saxon kingdom is founded in England by Cerdic, in 519, and is called the kingdom of the West Saxons. The fourth, or that of the East Saxons, by Erchenwin, in 527. The fifth, that of Northumberland, by Ida, in 547. The sixth, that of the East Angles, by Uffa, in 573. The seventh, that of Mercia, by Crida, in 585. Thus was successively formed the Saxon Heptarchy. Kings of France:-Clovis I., 511. The kingdom is divided among his four sons, viz. Thierry, Metz, 534. Clodomir, Orleans, 534. Childebert, Paris, 558. Clotaire, Soisons, 562. A second division of the kingdom among the four sons of Clotaire I. viz. Cherebert, Paris, 566. Gontran, Orleans, 593. Chilperic, Soissons, 584. Sigebert, Metz, 575. Kings of the Vandals in Africa:-Thrasamond, 523. Hilderic, 530. Gilimer, defeated and taken prisoner by Belisarius, in the year 534. By this event Africa became again subject to the Emperors of the East. Kings of the Lombards, who entered Italy in the year 568. Alboinus, 571. Clephis, 573. Antharis, 590. Agilulph. Exarchs of Ravenna:-Lingonus. 583. Smaragdus, 588. Romanus, 598. Callinicus.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Symmachus, 514. Hormisdas, 523. John I., 526. Felix IV., 529. Boniface II., 531. A schism between Boniface and Dioscorus. John II., 535. Agapetus I., 536. Sylverius, 540. A schism between Sylverius and Vigilius. Vigilius, 555. Pelagius I., 558. John III., 572. Benedict I., 577. Pelagius II., 590. Gre gory I.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Cæsarius, bishop of Arles. Fulgentius, bishop of Ruspa. Boethius. Timothy of Constantinople. Emo dius. Severus. Cassiodorus. Procopius. Peter, the deacon. Maxentius, a Scythian monk. Dionysiu, the Little. Fulgentius Ferrandus. Marcellinus. Zachary, the schoolman. Hesychius. Facundus He. mian. Pope Vigilius. Rusticus, a Roman deacon. Junilius. Victor of Capua. Primasius. Jornandes Liberatus. Victor, the African. Venantius Fortunatus. Anastasius of Mount Sinai, afterwards bishop of Antioch. John, the schoolman. Cosmas. Gildas. Leander. John of Constantinople. Columbanus. Leontius Byzant. Leontius of Cyprus. Gregory the Great. Isidore of Seville. Lucius Carinus. Proclus Diadochus.

HERETICS.

Deuterius. Severus, leader of the Acephali. Themistius, chief of the Agnoites, who maintained that Christ was ignorant of the day of judgment. Barsanians, or Semidulites, who maintained that Christ had suffered only in appearance. Jacob Zanzale, the chief of the Jacobites, or Monophysites. John Philopomus, the chief of the Tritheites. Damianists. Origenists. Corrupticolæ. Acœmetæ. The Arians Westorians, Eutychians, and Pelagians, continued to raise troubles in the church.

REMARKABLE EVENTS.

Several nations converted to Christianity. The canon of the mass established by Gregory the Great The Benedictine Order founded. Forty Benedictine monks, with Augustine at their head, are sent into Britain by Gregory the Great, in the year 596; who convert Ethelbert, king of Kent, to the Christian faith The Ostrogothic kingdom is destroyed by Justinian, who becomes master of Italy. The Lombards invade Italy in the year 568, and erect a new kingdom at Ticinum. The Christians are persecuted in several places. The orthodox are oppressed by the emperor Anastasius, Thrasamond, king of the Vandals, Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, &c. Female convents are greatly multiplied in this century. Litanies introduced into the church of France. The Arians are driven out. Superstition of the Stylites introduced by Simeon, the head of that crazy sect, who spent his life on the top of a pillar, and foolishly imagined, that he would, by this trick, render himself agreeable to the Deity. The Romish writers say, he chose this lofty habitation (for the pillar was 36 cubits high) to avoid the multitude which crowded about him to see his miracles. The Christian æra is formed in this century by Dionysius the Little, who first began to reckon the course of time from the birth of Christ. The Justinian code, Pandect, Institutions, and Novels, collected and formed into a body. Antioch, that was destroyed by an earthquake, is rebuilt by Justinian. The fifth general council assembled at Constantinople in the year 553, under Justinian I. in which the Origenists and the Three Chapters were condemned.

LEARNED MEN, HISTORIANS, PHILOSOPHERS, AND POETS.

Justinian Boethius. Trebonian. Agathias, who continued the history composed by Procopius. Jornandes. Gregory of Tours. Marius, bishop of Avranches, an eminent historian. Menander, the historian. Stephen of Byzantium. Magn. Aurelius Cassiodorus. Dionysius the Little.

CENTURY VII.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Emperors of the East:-A. D.-Mauritius, 602. Phocas, 610. Heraclius, 641. Constantine III., 641. Heraclia. ALS, 642. Constans II., 668. Constantine IV., 685. Leontius, 698. Tiberius III., 703. Justinian II. Kings of the Goths in Spain:-Victeric. Gondemar. Sisebut, 621. Recared II., 621. Suinthila, 631. Sizenand, 636. Thintila, 640. Tulga, 642. Chindasuinthe, 649. Recesuinthe, 672. Vamba, 680. Ervige, 687. Egica. Kings of France:-Clotaire II., 628. Dagobert, 638. Sigebert II., 654. Clovis, 660. Clotaire III., 668. Childeric II., 673. Dagobert II., 679. Theodoric, 690. Clovis III., 695. Childebert III. The race of the weak kings begins with Theodoric III. and ends with Childeric III. England:-The Heptarchy. Kings of the Lombards in Italy:-Agilulph, 616. Adaloaldus, 626. Ariovaldus, 638. Rotharis, 653. Rodoald, 656. Aripert, 662. Gondipert, 662. Grimoald, 673. Garibald, 673. Bertharit, 689. Cunipert, 706. Exarchs of Ravenna:-Smaragdus, 610. John, 615. Eleutherius, 617. Isaac, 648. Theodore Calliopa, 649. Olym pius, 650. Theodore Calliopa II., 686. Theodore, 687. John. Plato, 702.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Boniface IV., 614.
Theodore I., 648.
Agatho I., 689.

regory I., 604. Sabinianus, 605. Boniface III., 606. Deodatus, 617. Boniface V., 625. Honorius I., 630. Severinus I., 639. John IV., 641. Martin I., 655. Eugenius I., 656. Vitalianus, 671. Adeodatus, 676. Domnus, 678. Leo II., 684. Benedict II., 685. John V., 686. Conon, 687. Sergius I., 701. A schism occasioned by the pretensions of Theodore and Paschal.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.

Augustine, first archbishop of Canterbury, was nominated to that high office in the year 597 by Gregory the Great, bishop of Rome, with the consent of Ethelbert, king of Kent: he died in the year 611, or, as some say, in 605. Laurence, 619. Melletus, 624. Justus, 634. Honorius, 653. Adeodatus, 664. Theodore, 690. Brithwald.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

John Philonus. John Malela. Hesychius of Jerusalem. Theophylact. Simocatta. Antiochus. Modestus. Cyrus of Alexandria. Jonas. Gallus. John Moschus. Andreas Damascenus. George Pisides. Eligius. The two Theodores. Paulus. The emperor Heraclius. Maximus Confucius. Theodore the monk. The emperor Constans II. Martin, bishop of Rome. Maurus of Ravenna. Anastasius, a monka Roman presb. Fructuosus. Peter, metropolitan of Nicomedia. Julian Pomerius. Agatho. John of Thessalonica. Cresconius. Ildefonsus. Marculph. John Climachus. Fortunatus Venant. Isidore of Seville, who composed Commentaries on the Historical Books of the Old Testament, and is acknowledged to have been the principal author of the famous Mosarabic Liturgy, which is the ancient Liturgy of Spain. Dorotheus. Sophronius, bishop of Jerusalem.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

The ancient heresies were still in vigour during this century; to these were added the sects of the Pauli cians and Monothelites.

REMARKABLE EVENTS.

An extraordinary progress is made in the conversion of the English. The archbishoprics of London and York are founded, with 12 bishoprics under the jurisdiction of each. The archbishopric of London is translated to Canterbury. The Gospel is propagated with success in Holland, Friseland and Germany. The schism, between the Greek and Latin churches, commences in this century. The rise of Mohammed, and the rapid progress of his religion, which is propagated by fire and sword. The Mohammedan æra, called the Hegira, commences with the year of Christ 622. The destruction of the Persian monarchy under the reign of Isdegerdes III. Boniface IV. receives from that odious tyrant Phocas (who was the great patron of the popes and the chief promoters of their grandeur) the famous Pantheon, which is converted into a church. Here Cybele was succeeded by the Virgin Mary, and the Pagan deities by Christian martyrs Idolatry still subsisted; but the objects of it were changed. Ina, king of the West Saxons, resigns his crown, and assumes the monastic habit in a convent at Rome. During the Heptarchy, many Saxon kings took the same religious turn. Pope Agatho discontinued the payment of the tribute which the see of Rome had been accustomed to pay the emperor at the election of its pontiff. The Sixth General council is held at Constantinople, under Constantine Pogonatus, against the Monothelites, in the year 680. The Seventh, which is looked upon by some as a kind of supplement to this, was held in the Trullus, under Justinian II. in the year 692, and is called Quinisextum.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

The author of the Alexandrian Chronicle. Isidore of Seville, who, beside his theological productions, composed a History of the Goths and Vandals, and a work entitled Etymologicon Scientiarum, in which he gives an account of the origin and nature of the different sciences. In this century commenced that long period of ignorance and darkness which remained until the light of the Reformation arose.

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