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In the year 1787, befides the above articles, the following were exported!

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The following remarks of a well informed citizen of Philadelphia, ar given as a proper illuftration of the foregoing accounts.

It is well known, that a confiderable part of the fouthern states have been in the habit of receiving their fupplies of foreign commodities througla this city; and that, of confequence, the tranfportation of thefe articles muft have formed a confiderable part of the commerce of this port. Many of these articles might be afcertained with accuracy; whilft the value and quantity of others could not, from their nature, be estimated, under our prefent export laws. But as the object here chiefly regards articles of American produce or manufacture, all others are excluded from the lift of exports for 1787. It will be fufficient to enumerate a few of the foreign articles, from which it will appear, that the obfervations on this head are ill founded. From Europe we import, among other articles, wines, brandy, geneva, falt, fruit, drugs, and dry goods of every kind; from the Welt-Indies, rum, fugar, coffee, cotton, and falt; and from the Eat-Indies, teas, fpices, china ware, and dry goods; all of which articles are again exported to other parts of this continent, and the Weft-Indies, to a very confiderable amount.

On a comparison of the exports of the laft year, with thofe of the former years in the foregoing table, it will appear, that many articles, of which a confiderable value is now exported, were either not shipped at all, or to a very fmall amount, in thofe years, whilft fome others are confiderably fhort of the quantity then exported. The first of thefe facts may be attributed to the great improvements recently made in the agriculture and manufactures of this ftate; whilft the latter is in many intances to be accounted for, from caufes rather beneficial than injurious to the profperity of this country.

Much of the provifions which were in the period antecedent to the late antett, fhipped to foreign markets, is now confumed by the numerous

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hands employed in manufacturing these articles of raw materials, which were formerly shipped to Europe, and returned to us in a manufactured ftate. Of these may be mentioned iron, leather, barley, tobacco, and furs, which we now manufacture into nails and fteel, fhoes, boots, and faddlery, porter and beer, fnuff and hats, in quantities more than fufficient for our own confumption: a confiderable quantity of these and other articles, formerly imported, are now manufactured by our own titizens, and form a refpectable part of our exports: among thefe may be enumerated, as the most important, beef, pork, butter, cheese, muftard, loaf fugar, chocolate, houfhold furniture, carriages, foap, candles, hair-powder, ftarch, paper, and pafteboard. Upon an examination of the exports, many valuable articles will be found not enumerated: this arifes from the fame caufe, which prevents afcertaining the amount of dry goods namely, the impoffibility of knowing either the value or contents of packages, which pay no duty or infpeétion; confequently are only entered in a general way, without any attention to their contents. Of goods under the laft defcription, the exportation is very great; being articles particularly demanded by the fouthern ftates, feveral of which receive their principal fupplies of these articles from this city; among them, the chief are, fhoes, boots, hats, gloves, printed books, and other stationary, faddlery, copper, tin and brass wares, and ship chandlery. Number of veffels entered at the Cuftom-house, Philadelphia, in the years 1786 and 1787.

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From the foregoing lift of articles exported from the state, it is eafy to fee that her manufactures and agriculture have been already advanced to a degree of improvement fuperior to any of her fifter ftates. The people called Quakers, and the Germans, have contributed their full proportions towards this improvement.

Since the introduction of the carding and fpinning machines,' fays a Philadelphian writer, it is found that jeans can be made fo as to underfell thofe imported from England, with the unavoidable charges of importation. Every public fpirited man may be fupplied with this article at THE FACTORY, where the fale is very rapid, and purchases have been made by every defcription of the citizens of Pennfylvania, by the citizens of the adjacent ftates, and by fome foreigners of diftinction.

• Another article calls for the attention of the friends of American manufactures, and of every frugal man-thread, cotton, and worsted hofiery. Several gentlemen have made a careful and impartial examination of the ftockings manufactured in this city, in German-town, in the

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town and county of Lancafter, Bethlehem, and Reading, and they find that the thread ftockings made in Pennsylvania, and fold generally at a dollar per pair, are of the fame fineness with imported ftockings which are fold at 8s. 4d. and 8s. 6d. They alfo find that mixed ftockings of thread and cotton, made in Pennfylvania, are fold lower in proportion compared with thofe of Great-Britain. Befides this difference in price, it is a well known fact that three pair of Pennsylvania made ftockings will wear longer than four pair of thofe imported. There are now, (1788) about 250 ftocking looms in the different parts of the city and ftate, each of which makes on a medium, one pair and a half of ftockings every day. Thefe, deducting Sundays, will amount to 117,375 pair per annum, which, at 7s. 6d. a pair, is £44015 12 6. The increase of wool and flax, the reduction of labor, provifions and rents, the cultivation of cotton in the fouthern ftates, and, above all, the use of machines to card, fpin, and twist cotton thread, will greatly promote this article, of which, at two pair to each perfon annually, the United States require a yearly supply of near fix millions of pairs-a capital domestic demand, certain, and steadily increafing with our population. The charges of importing hofiery, under the general impoft of five per cent. will be twenty-three per cent. exclufive of any profit to the importer or retailer. Should the adoption of the conftitution tempt any, either Americans or foreigners, to push manufactures here, this branch promifes great profit, and will no doubt be among the first that will engage their attention.

As many as two-thirds of the Pennsylvanians fubfift by agriculture. The articles they raise have been enumerated in the lift of exports.

A gentleman in the vicinity of Philadelphia, in the year 1788, planted one acre of carrots, which yielded him thirty tons-alfo an acre of pumpkins, which produced the fame quantity. He fows his carrots with a drill plough, and plants his pumpkins between the 1ft and 10th of June, With thefe carrots and pumpkins only, he yearly fats a number of the best beeves that are driven to Philadelphia market.

The produce of the country east of the Sufquehannah river is carried to Philadelphia in waggons drawn by horfes, except what is brought down the rivers in boats. The produce of the counties of York, Cumberland and Franklin, which is principally wheat, is generally carried to Baltimore in waggons. It is probable that Pennfylvania will continue to lofe the trade of thefe three produtive counties, till good roads are made to the Susquehannah, and two free ferries eftablished, one to Yorktown, and the other to Carlifle. Thefe inducements would probably turn the channel of the trade of these counties from Baltimore to Philadelphia. The produce of the counties west of the Allegany mountains is principally purchased as a supply for the troops ftationed in thofe parts, and for the numerous emigrants into the western country. Large herds of cattle are raised here with very little expence.

Curious Springs.] in the neighbourhood of Reading, is a spring about fourteen feet deep, and about ico feet fquare. A full mill ftream iffues from it. The waters are clear and full of fishes. From appearances it is probable that this fpring is the opening or outlet of a very confiderable river, which, a mile and an half or two miles above this place, finks into the earth, and is conveyed to this outlet in a fubterranean channel,

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In the northern parts of Pennsylvania there is a creek called Oil creek, which empties into the Allegany river. It ifles from a fpring, on the top of which floats an oil, fimilar to that called Barbadoes tar; and from which one man may gather feveral gallons in a day. The troops fent to guard the western poits, halted at this fpring, collected fome of the oil, and bathed their joints with it. This gave them great relief from the rheumatic complaints with which they were affected. The waters, of which the troops drank freely, operated as a gentle purge.

Remarkable caves.] There are three remarkable grottos or caves in this ftate; one near Carlisle, in Cumberland county; one in the township of Durham, in Bucks county; and the other at Swetara, in Lancafter county. Of the two former I have received no particular defcriptions. The latter is on the east bank of Swetara river, about two miles above its confluence with the Susquehannah. Its entrance is fpacious, and defcends fo much as that the furface of the river is rather higher than the bottom of the cave. The vault of this cave is of folid lime ftone rock, perhaps zo feet thick It contains feveral apartments, fome of them very high and fpacious. The water is inceffantly percolating through the roof, and falls in drops to the bottom of the cave. Thefe drops petrify as they fall, and have gradually formed folid pillars which appear as fupports to the roof. Thirty years ago there were ten fuch pillars, each fix inches in diameter, and fix feet high; all fo ranged that the place they enclofd refembled a fanctuary in a Roman church. No royal throne ever exhibited more grandeur than this luftes nature. The refemblances of feveral monuments are found indented in the walls on the fides of the cave, which appear like the tombs of departed heroes. Sufpended from the roof is the bell,' (which is nothing more than a ftone projected in an unufal form) fo called from the found that it occafions when ftruck, which is fimilar to that of a bell.

Some of the ftalactites are of a colour like fugar-candy, and others refemble loaf fugar; but their beauty is much defaced by the country people. The water, which percolates through the roof, fo much of it as is not petrified in its courfe, runs down the declivity, and is both pleafant and whole fome to drink. There are feveral holes in the bottom of the cave, defcending perpendicularly, perhaps into an abyfs below, which render it dangerous to walk without a light. At the end of the cave is a pretty brook, which, after a fhort courfe, lofes itfelf among the rocks. Beyond this brook is an outlet from the cave by a very narrow aperture. Through this the vapours continually pafs outwards with a strong current of air, and afcend, refembling, at night, the fmoak of a furnace. Part of thefe vapours and fegs appear, on afcending, to be cordenfed at the head of this great alembic, and the more volatile parts to be carried off, through the aperture communicating with the exterior air before mentioned, by the force of the air in its paffage *.

Antiquities.] On a high hill, near the Tyoga river, a little to the fouthward of the line which divides New York from Pennfylvania, are to be feen the remains of an ancient fortilleation. The form of it is circular, and it is encompatted with an entrenchment. From appearances it

Amer. Fiil. Tranf. Vel. II. P. 177

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