oaken hall hung round with the trophies of the chase, the tusked skull of the wild boar, the skin of the wolf, and the antlers of deer; at another time preaching in the midst of a village, and telling the simple people the story of the Cross. Many monasteries sprang up between Edinburgh and Ripon, and some in the Midlands. Forty years later, Aidan was sent to preach to the Northumbrians at Bamborough, and finally to Lindisfarne, where he became a bishop, lived to a good old age, and died universally respected. Four years after his death began a period of persecution against these early Christians, which lasted for a number of years. During this time they took up their abode in various fastnesses and natural strongholds, far from their cruel foes, and Ingleborough at such a time would be a veritable haven of rest. Who can tell but that the bones of St. Cuthbert himself may have been carried there during their years of pilgrimage? Tradition says they were carried into Lancashire, and then over the Yorkshire moors to Ripon, and in all their wanderings no safer place could be found than Ingleborough- When the rude Dane burn'd their pile, From sea to sea, from shore to shore, Seven years St. Cuthbert's corpse they bore. "This is the time, probably, the colony on Ingleborough built their rude huts or cells, and defended it with a mighty wall, which, after 1,000 years, is still to be seen in parts, and on the inside of it is the remains of what was once a deep moat or ditch. Nature seems to have fitted it for a stronghold. Water there is close to the summit, and fuel in plenty within a few yards; and from its flattened top the country, like a map, lay stretched before them, and they would thus be prepared for any emergencies. "The Romans may have also used it as a beacon hill, hence its name Ingle, or Fire-burrow, or Camp; but the remains are too rude; no Roman workmen ever fortified it, or at least no trace of any such appear. Those who lived there must have done so through dire necessity, not choice. "The situation, remains, and general character are entirely at one with the Culdee settlement on the Great Skellig. "There are eighteen horse-shoe or round foundations still to be seen, and more than five hundred yards of remains of a wall that once must have encircled the south, south-west, and south-east of the hill, The north would need very little, if any, encircling wall-nature has done its work too well for that. 'The Cross' at Ingleton, near the foot of Storrs' Common, may have been where the faithful Culdees met their flock and taught the living truth." "A. M. C." Australian Light on Britain in the Later Stone Period: Appendix.Glossary of Australian words used in the Rev. W. S. LACH-SZYRMA'S Paper, pp. 113-124. Borah, a large gathering of blacks, where the boys are initiated into the mysteries which make them young men. Bulgahnunnoo, bark-backed. Comebee, bag made of kangaroo skins. Comeboo, stone tomahawk. Dardurr, bark humpy, or shed. Doonburr, a grass seed. Durrie, bread made from grass seed. Goocea, warriors. Goonur, kangaroo rat. Gwaibillah, star-Mars. Meamei, girls. Midjee, a species of acacia. Mooroonumildah, having no eyes. Morilla, or Moorillah, pebbly ridges. Nullahnullah, a club, or heavy-headed weapon. Piggiebillah, ant-eater-a marsupial. Quatha, quandong; a red fruit like a round plum. Waywah, worn by men; a waistband made of opossum's sinews, with bunches. of strips of paddy melon skins hanging from it. Wirree, small piece of bark, canoe-shaped. Wurrunnah, man's name = standing. ᎬᎡᎡᎪᎢᎪ . P. 103, 1. 12 from bottom, for "On", read " An". P. 104, 1. 1 at top, for "was", read "are". P. 104, 1. 10 from top, for "Geriou", read "Kerion". THE JOURNAL OF THE British Archaeological Association. SEPTEMBER 1898. REPORT ON SEARCHES MADE AT THE PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE IN RESPECT OF THE TOWN OF CONWAY OR ABERCONWAY. BY T. B. FARRINGTON, ESQ., TOWN CLERK OF CONWAY. JONSIDERABLE searches have been made The first charter was granted by King Edward I to the Burgesses immediately after the Conquest of Wales, and it was confirmed by many subsequent kings down to Edward VI, in 1547, without any variations. It will therefore be sufficient, if the original charters are not extant, to obtain an office copy of the latter, unless it be thought desirable to have also a copy of the first charter, as furnishing the more reliable text. The charter of Edward I makes Aberconway a free borough, and grants it sundry liberties, thus exempting it from manorial jurisdiction, if any existed in Wales at that period; but the charter preserved one link with the 1898 14 Crown by providing that the Constable of the King's Castle of Conway, for the time being, should be mayor of the town and conservator of its liberties; many appointments of constables being among the records. The burgesses were, however, to have the privilege of electing two bailiffs as their own officers every year; and they had a serious dispute with a constable at a later date. There were also two coroners in the town according to the Ministers' accounts, and these officers rendered a separate account to the King. The King's castle seems to have superseded Prince Llewelyn's hall, which was soon afterwards ordered to be pulled down as being of no use. The Welsh Roll of 18 Edward I, 1290, contains a charter granting that the burgesses shall be free from toll. The only other royal charter is that of King Edward II, in 1316, which granted the town and the King's mills and lands to the burgesses "for ever" at the fee-farm rent of £33 6s. 8d. yearly; thus making them practically lords of the manor within their metes and bounds, and reserving nothing to the Crown except the castle. It is remarkable that the burgesses do not appear to have obtained a confirmation of this important charter from any of the subsequent kings; but their reply to the Quo Warranto of 44 Edward III, 1370, shows that they still claimed to hold their town at fee-farm under the charter; so they were evidently of opinion that a confirmation was not necessary, and it may be that the town is so held till the present day. A Roll of 47-49 Edward III, however, states that a larger sum than the rent reserved by the charter was due yearly from the town, but it is hard to understand how the fee-farm rent could have been raised in amount. Particulars of the town revenues before the charter are given in the Ministers' account of 31-33 Edward I; and it may be presumed that after the charter the burgesses received all the revenues which had previously accrued to the King, in consideration of their paying a fixed yearly rent; except such revenues as were collected by the coroners, and which were due to the King, not as lord of the manor, but as sovereign. In these grants to the town there is no mention of any lordship or manor in Conway, unless Llewelyn's hall may be considered to have been the head of one before the Conquest, and the castle afterwards. But no demesnes in Conway are ever specified as belonging to the castle. If there were any originally, they must have been identical with "the lands assigned to the borough" referred to in the reply to the Quo Warranto, the claim being allowed. In 1343, King Edward III created his son Edward Prince of Wales, and granted him the lordship of North Wales, and "the Lordship, Castle, and Town of Conway", with numerous liberties and royalties. In the reigns of Henry VI and Edward IV, we find, on the Parliament Rolls, several grants to successive Princes of Wales of the "Lordship, Town, and Castle of Conway, with the four Commotes of Issaph, Ughaph, Nantconway, and Cruthyn", in the county of Carnarvon. These commotes, with the castle, seem to have formed the lordship of Conway, as the commotes are not particularised in the brief description of the lordship given in 1343. It is not till the reign of James I that any mention is made of a manor, or rather "manors", so far as the present extracts can be relied on; but comparatively few of the records have actually been inspected. In that reign there were grants to Henry and Charles, successively Princes of Wales, of the lordships, manors, commotes, etc., of Cruthin, Nantconway, Issaph, Ughaph, Iscor, Uchor,1 etc., and of the "Lordships", castle, manor, and town, etc., of Conway, and also of the rents, farms, and .fee-farms of the same. 2 This description is rather loose, but it implies that the lordship was an honour, consisting of (1) the four commotes or manors, (2) the castle, and (3) the town or "manor" of Conway, which last, as we have seen, belonged by royal grant to the burgesses. And here again it 1 These last two, with others, do not appear to have been in the Lordship. 2 The King's "Manor or Town" of Dolwethelan, in the commote of Nantconway, is referred to in some Exchequer proceedings between party and party, in the time of James I. |
