time multitudes left it. It is thought by some, that these poured themselves on Egypt, and were the shepherds mentioned by Manetho.

THE CITIES OF MOAB.

MOAB. 1. The son of Lot, was born about the same time as Isaac, in A. M. 2108. 2. The land called by his name, eastward of the Dead Sea, and about the river Arnon. The present name of this country is ElRabba.

ARNON. (Deut. ii. 24.) The principal river east of Jordan, and originally the boundary between the Moabites and the Ammonites; then between the Moabites and Amorites; and finally, between the Moabites and the tribe of Reuben. It is now called the Modjeb or Mujeb, and is about fifty miles long, emptying into the Dead Sea. The current in winter is full and rapid, but in summer the channel is nearly dry.

ABEL-SHITTIM, a town beyond Jordan, in the plain of Moab. Here 24,000 Israelites were destroyed in one day for falling into the sins of Moab. (Numb. xxv.) It was probably the mourning for this event that gave the name of Abel to the spot.

BETH-JESHIMOTH. (Josh. xiii. 20.) A city of the tribe of Reuben on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. It was formerly in possession of the Moabites, and after remaining in the tribe of Reuben until the Assyrian captivity, it fell back into the hands of the Moabites. (Ezek. xxv. 9.)

DIBON. (Josh. xiii. 17.) A city of Moab, a few miles north of the Arnon, now called Diban. It was built by the tribe of Gad, and hence called Dibongad. (Num. xxxiii. 45.) The same place is called Dimon. (Isa. xv. 9.) At a later day it returned again to Moab. (Isa. xv. 2.) In Neh. xi. 25, a Dibon in Judah is mentioned, which may be the same with Debir. (Josh. xiii. 26.) A place called Diban is mentioned by modern travellers as situated about three miles north of the Arnon, or Madjeb.

HORONAIM, a city of Moab, perhaps the same as Beth

horon. It is thought to be the city which is called by Ptolemy, Avara, and by Josephus, Orona.

JAHAZ. (Num. xxi. 23.) A city on the northern frontier of the Moabites, in the vicinity of which, Moses defeated the army of Sihon, on his refusal to permit him to pass through it peaceably. (Josh. xiii. 18.) It is called by Ptolemy, Ziza.

LUHITH, a city of Moab. (Isa. xv. 5.) Its name in Josephus and Ptolemy, is Lyssa.

MIZPEH. (1 Sam. xxii. 3.) A town of Moab, where David placed his father and mother during his reverses. MEDEBA, a city of Moab. (Numb. xxi. 30; Josh. xiii. 16.) It was destroyed about the days of Isaiah, and rebuilt some considerable time before the advent of our Lord.

The plains of MOAB, (Num. xxii. 1; xxxiii. 48-50,) were situated east of Jordan and the Dead Sea, on both sides of the Arnon. The country belonged principally to the Amorites, north of the Arnon, where the Israelites encamped before the passage of the Jordan. Afterwards it fell to the lot of Reuben. The inhabitants were called Moabites, and the country derived its name from Moab.

NIMRIM. (Isa. xv. 6.) A stream in the north part of Moab, near the village of Beth-nimrah, (Num. xxxii. 36,) the ruins of which now bear the name of Nimrein. KIR, a city of Moab. Isa. xv. 1.) The bulwark or principal fortress of Moab, called Kirharesheth, (Isa. xvi. 7.) Kerek, or Karak, [the modern name of the same place,] is found south of the Dead Sea. Many of the ruins of the ancient fortress are discernible; and a traveller, who was there in 1822, tells us that the population consisted of four hundred Turks, and one hundred and fifty nominal Christians.

KIRJATHAIM. (Josh. xiii. 19.) One of the oldest towns eastward of Jordan. It was once the possession of the Emims, and was then called Shaveh, or the plain of Kiriathaim, (Gen. xiv. 5,) and is afterwards spoken of as a city of Moab. (Jer. xlviii. 23.) There was a town of this name in Naphtali. (1 Chron. vi. 76.)

THE GRECIAN CITIES.

GREECE was first colonized by the Phoenicians and Egyptians the descendants of the Ethiopians. It was during the 18th dynasty of Egyptian kings, that the first colonization of Greece took place.

The aborigines of Greece, denominated Pelasgi, Heantes, &c. were extremely barbarous. They wandered in woods, without law or government, having but little intercourse with each other. They clothed themselves with skins of beasts; retreated for shelter to rocks and caverns; and lived on acorns, wild fruits, raw flesh, and even devoured the enemies they slew in battle. [Rollin.]

ARGOS. The arrival of Inachus in Greece from Phonicia, is connected with the foundation of the kingdom of Argos. This event took place B. C. 1857. Money was first made of gold and silver at Argos, B. C. 891.

Inachus is called the son of the Ocean, because he came to Greece by sea. By some he is said to have been the last of the Titans, a Phoenician colony who gave the Greeks the first notions of religion and civilization, and introduced the worship of their own gods, Saturn, Jupiter, Ceres, &c. &c.

The Phoenicians, the Canaanites in scripture, were a commercial people in the days of Abraham. In the time of the Hebrew judges, they had begun to colonize. Their first settlements were Cyprus and Rhodes; thence they passed over and peopled Greece, Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain, and framed likewise establishments on the western coast of Africa.

The city of Athens. (Acts xvii. 15.) The capital of Attica in Greece, situated on the Saronic Gulf, forty-six miles east of Corinth, three hundred south-west of Constantinople, and five miles from the coast.

The foundation of Athens by Anthony, or Cecrops, Egyptians, who conducted thither a colony from the Nile, is dated B. C. 1556. This event had an important connection with the subsequent refinement and literary distinction of Greece. Cecrops, after fixing down in Attica, attempted to civilize the wild and barbarous natives of that region. Constructing twelve small villages, which were afterwards connected with Athens, he

prevailed upon the wandering tribes to fix their residences in them. He enacted laws, and introduced the deities and religious worship of the Egyptians. This was the first step towards that civilization which rendered Athens the most distinguished city on the earth. It was distinguished not only for political importance and military power, but for the eloquence, literature, and refinement of its inhabitants. Paul visited it about A. D. 52, and found the people sunk in idolatry and idleness. He preached there, and took occasion to reprove their superstitions, for which he was summoned before the Areopagus.

THEBES. The foundation of the kingdom of Thebes, was laid by the celebrated Cadmus, a Phoenician. The government was monarchical and more despotic than in any other of the Grecian States. The introduction of letters by Cadmus into Greece about B. C. 1519, was a circumstance which contributed most materially to the rapid advances which the Greeks made in knowledge and civilization.

CORINTH. One of the richest cities of Greece, and capital of Achaia. Its commodious haven, and advantageous location, gave it a vast commerce, and immense wealth. During a war with Rome, L. Mummius burnt it to the ground, A. M. 3827. It was afterward re-built under the auspices of Julius Cæsar. It fell into the hands of the Turks, under Mahomet II. Paul preached here. (Acts xviii.) It is now called Corinto.

BYZANTIUM, [now Constantinople,] built by a colony of Athenians, 658 B. C.

THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

THIS empire was colonized by the Phoenicians and Egyptians. The foundation of Rome by Romulus, 752 years B. C., was connected with the rise and establishment of the most powerful empire that has ever existed. He was a wise, courageous and politic prince; and was but eighteen years old. The city was peopled by runaway slaves, and criminals; and at first had neither law, nor rulers, and but few women.

Romulus was the son of Rhea Silvia a vestal, and was, together with his twin brother, preserved in his infancy, in a remarkable manner. Being, by the death of his brother, at the age of eighteen years, left sole commander of a band of robbers, he began the foundation of what has since been called, "The Eternal City."

It took the name of its founder, and was built upon the Palatine Hill. The city was almost square and about a mile in circumference, containing 1000 houses, or more properly huts. Even the palace of Romulus was built of reeds and thatched with straw. Having become king, he introduced order and discipline, which gradually improved under Numa [a Sabine,] and several succeeding sovereigns. The circumstances in which this people were placed, naturally gave rise to continual animosities, which were commonly settled by battles, in which they were generally victorious. Romulus divided the people into three tribes; and each tribe into ten companies of a hundred men each, headed by a centurion. He divided the land into three parts; one for the support of government; another for the maintenance of religion-and the third portion was divided among the citizens-two acres each. The Romans sent to Athens for Solon's laws, 454 B. C. The first library was erected at Rome, of books brought from Macedonia, 168 B. C. [Rollin.]

GALATIA, a province of Asia Minor,. About 175 B. C. it was reduced to a Roman province. The gospel was planted here by Paul, who wrote an epistle to these churches. (Acts xvi.) Dejotarus, for whom Cicero interceded, in an oration still extant, was king of this country. About A. D. 266, it was overrun by the Goths; and afterward became a province of Turkey. It is now called Natolia.

APPII-FORUM, a place in the south-west of Italy, about fifty miles from Rome, where Paul was met by his Christian friends. (Acts xxviii. 15.) It is now called Fossa Nuova.

PUTEOLI, a city of Campania, in Italy; so called from its hot waters, or the multitude of its wells. Its ancient name was Delus Minor. It stood about eight miles from Naples, and was much frequented on account of its min