lumn form a beautiful, perfect and complete

whole.

From the first formation of society, order in architecture may be traced; for when the rigour of the seasons compelled men to contrive some shelter from the inclemency of the weather, we read that they first planted trees on end, and then laid others across to support a covering. The bands, which connected these trees at top and bottom, are said to have given rise to the idea of the base and capital of pillars, and from this simple hint originally proceeded the more improved art of architecture.

The five orders are these, the Tuscan, the Doric, the lonic, the Corinthian, and the Composite. The Doric, the Ionic, and the Corinthian, are called Grecian, the other two are called Roman orders.

SECTION 1.-OF THE TUSCAN ORDER.

The Tuscan Order is characterised by its plain and robust appearance, and is, therefore, used only in works, where strength and plainness are wanted. It has been used with great effect and elegance, in that durable monument of ancient grandeur, the Trajan column at Rome. Indeed, general consent has established its proportions for such purposes beyond all others. It was invented in Tuscany, from whence it derives its name. Its column is seven diameters high, and its capi

tal, base and entablature, have but few moul dings.

SECTION 2.--OF THE DORIC ORDER.

The Doric is the most agreeable to nature, and most ancient. It was invented by the Dorians, a people of Greece, and has seldom any ornament on its base or capital, except mouldings, though the frieze is distinguished by triglyphs and metopes, and triglyphs compose the ornament of the frieze. Its column is eight diameters high. The composition of this pillar is both grand and noble, and is, therefore, principally used in warlike structures, where strength, and a noble, but rough simplicity is required.

SECTION 3.-OF THE IONIC ORDER.

The Ionic partakes of more delicacy than either of the former, and, therefore, as well as on account of its origin, is called Feminine, and not improperly supposed to have a matronic appearance. The first idea of its invention was given by the lonians, a people of Greece. Its column is nine diameters high; its capital is adorned with volutes, and its cornice has dentils or simple modillions; and history informs us, that the famous temple of Diana at Ephesus, was of this order.

SECTION 4.-OF THE CORINTHIAN ORDER.

The Corinthian possesses more delicacy, and ornament than any other order; the beauty and richness of the capital, and the delicacy of the pillar, render it the most suitable in those edifices, where magnificence and elegance are required. On this account, it is frequently used for the internal decoration of large state rooms, in which it has a chaste, though at the same time, superb appearance. It is deemed a master piece of art, and was invented at Corinth, by Calimachus; its column is ten diameters high; its capital is adorned with two rows of leaves, and eight volutes, which sustain the abacus. This order is principally used in stately and superb structures.

SECTION 5.-OF THE COMPOSITE Order.

The Composite or Compound Roman order, is derived from the other four orders, and we are indebted to the Romans for its invention, its column is ten diameters high, and is quartered round as the Tuscan and Doric. Its capital hath the volutes of the Ionic; the two rows of leaves of the Corinthian, and its cornice has dentils or simple modillions; this order is principally used in structures, where strength, elegance and beauty are displayed.

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CHAPTER XVI.

Jeptha's decisive battle over the Ephraimites.

Ir dates its origin, from the time that the Ephraimites crossed the river Jordan, in order that they might pick a quarrel with Jeptha the general of the Gileadites, because he had not called them out to partake of the rich spoils of the Ammonitish war, as their former leaders had done. The Ephraimites had long been a clamorous and turbulent people, but they, at length, came to extremities, threatening to destroy Jeptha and his house with fire. Jeptha tried all lenient means to pacify them; but finding his efforts unsuccessful, he gave them battle, and defeated them with great slaughter.

Jeptha, in order to secure himself from the like molestation in future, sent and guarded the passes of the river Jordan, which he knew they must cross in their return to their own country, with strict injunctions to his guards, that if any came that way and owned themselves Ephraimites, to kill them immediately; and if they said that they were not of that people, there was a test word put to them, which was to pronounce the word Shibboleth, which they, for want of an aspiration peculiar to their dialect, could not contrive to articulate; but called it Sibboleth, which small deviation discovered their country and

cost them their lives, so that there fell, or that day, in the field of battle, and on the banks of the Jordan, as holy writ informs us, forty and two thousand Ephraimites, and that test word was afterwards used among the Gileadites to distinguish friend from foe.

CHAPTER XVII.

Of the Working Tools of Free-Masons.

THE uses to which these tools are appropriated by operative masons, are well known; but from the manner, in which they are used in every ancient and regular lodge by speculative masons, it will be found, that lessons can be drawn from them of a moral and spiritual nature.

If we trace our order by the science, which gave it birth, without recurring to the creation, or to man, the chief subject of creation, we shall find it of great antiquity; but without contending for an higher origin, we refer it with confidence to the building of Solomon's temple.

The general history of this memorable building is well known. Consummate wisdom delineated the plan, and the craftsmen achieved the grand design. Under this knowledge, we cannot be surprised, that science and morality. went hand in hand. We are