III. Mëen. 有父。古土初瓞緜 家。陶公沮生。民緜 未復亶漆。自之瓜 1 In long trains ever increasing grow the gourds. When [our] people first sprang, From the country about the Ts'eu and the Ts'eih, The ancient duke T'an-foo, Made for them kiln-like huts and caves, Ere they had yet any houses. Ode 3. Metaphorical and narrative. THE SMALL BEGINNINGS AND SUBSEQUENT GROWTH OF THE HOUSE OF CHOW. ITS REMOVAL FROM PIN UNDER T'AN-FOO, AND SETTLEMENT IN CHOW, DOWN TO THE TIME OF KING WAN. The gradual rise of the House of Chow has been adverted to in the notes on the title of Part I. T'an-foo, it is there stated, removed with his tribe from Pin to the plain of Chow, in B.C. 1,325; and we have here an eloquent account of his labours in founding the new settlement. Duke Lew, to whom is ascribed the previous settlement of the tribe in Pin, in B. C. 1,796, is celebrated in the second Book of this Part; but what we read of T'an-foo, in the 1st stanza of the ode before us, is hardly reconcileable with the accounts of his distant predecessor, nor with the sketch of life in Pin, which forms the theme of I.xv.I. It is not history which we have of the early days of the tribe in Pin, but legends, and legends dressed up by the writer or the writers of the odes, carrying back into anti quity the state of things which was existing around them in their own day. St. 1. L. 1 is metaphorical, designed, evidently, to give us the idea of the growth of Chow from a very small beginning. Choo says that large gourds are called kwa, and small ones tëeh, from which Williams explains the two characters to gether as 'large and small melons, met. posterity. But 瓞(i.9.瓜, with句 on the right) is the gourd near its root, where it begins, very small as compared with the, when it has grown and extended, with a vast developement of its tendrils and leaves. So had the House of Chow grown and increased, small at first, and ever becoming larger. Këang Ping-chang says, 緜緜之瓜本方初生之瓞 making it clear that he did not understand kwa and tech as two different plants, but as one, in the early and developed stage of its growth. - as in I. vi. VII. The line is metaphorical really, though Maou makes it allusive, as introductory to the whole of the stanzas. It is so introductory; but it is itself metaphorical. 緜 Ll. 2-6 certainly give us the idea of the tribe of Chow coming first into notice in the time of T'an-foo, in the country about the two rivers mentioned, and living there in habitations of the most primitive description. This is irreconcileable with the accounts which we have of it under duke Lew nearly five centuries earlier; nor will the student think that the difficulty is lightened by Wang Gan-shih, who says, "The State of Chow [this can only be understood of the tribe, which afterwards settled in Chow] had nearly become extinct. Subsequently it occupied the country about the Ts'eu and the Ts'eih, and began to revive, so that the people are here spoken of as first originating there.' The Ts'eu and the Ts'eih were two rivers in the territory of Pin, and are not to be confounded with those of the same name in the Shoo, III. i. Pt. i. 75. We need not enter into the various discussions about them. 自土沮漆~ E★AEZÉ, from the time 自居於沮漆之旁, of their dwelling on the banks of the Ts'eu and Ts'eih.' -, 'the ancient duke;' 亶父 is to be taken as the name. The personage was the grandfather of king Wăn, and appears as 'king T'ae' in the list of the kings of the Chow family. He is here called 'duke,' as the ordinary designation of the prince of a State after his death. is a kiln for making pottery;' used here for to make in the shape of a kiln.' is explained in the dict. by, raising up earth above the surface of the ground,' and is said to be, in this sense, interchangeable with that which covers or overshadows.' These kiln-like huts and caves were the dwellings in which the tribe of Chow lived in the 13th century before our era. They were left open, it is said, at the top, for the purpose of light. together =regularly constructed houses. Came in the morning, galloping his horses, Along the banks of the western rivers, To the foot of [mount] K'e; And there, he and the lady Këang Came, and together looked out for a site on which to settle. 3 The plain of Chow looked beautiful and rich, With its violets and sowthistles [sweet] as dumplings. 4 He encouraged the people and settled them; St. 2 commemorates the removal of Tian-foo from Pin to the plain of Chow. Of the circumstances in which the removal took place Mencius has given us a graphic account, very much to the honour of the ancient duke;-see Men. I. Pt. ii. XV. 1.-' came;' i. e., came from Pin.率=循, ‘along,' 'following the course of’滸= 水厓,‘banks.' The ‘western waters' are probably the Ts'eu and Ts'eih. Mount K'e, called also 'Pillar of the sky,' is 10 le north east from K'e-shan dis. city, dep. Fungts'ëang. The prince's wife was a Këang; she is commonly spoken of as Tae-keang 姜发 –as commonly, 'there' 聿is merely the particle.胥=相, together.) The term indicates that T'ae-këang was capable of advising her husband, a worthy prede of being rich and beautiful.’ denotes sweet The soil in the plain of Chow was so rich, that vegetables, elsewhere very inferior, grew in it so as to be like those cakes. The 茶 we have met with repeatedly as the sowthistle. About the I am not sure. Choo calls it the 烏頭 or crow's head;' but more modern critics all will have it to be the violet; and as such it is figured in the Japanese plates. The roots of this yield an emetical substance; but I have never read of their being eaten. Attracted by the appearance of the plain, Tan-foo proceeded to consult and divine about making his settlement here. Ac cording to Mencius, his people had followed him in crowds from Pin 契 is used here for an instrument which was employed in scorching or firing the tortoise shell;' to scorch.' I cannot but it is bet tell why 我 is used before cessor of Tae-jin and Tae-sze. 宇宅, 'the site for a settlement;' the term has a preg- ter to neglect it in translating. The nant meaning here,-'to look out for such a site.' is understood by Choo of T'an-foo thus report in 1.5 St. 3. The plain of Chow lay south from ing the result of his consultations and divina mount Ke.撫撫肥美貌 the app. tions. I have taken it rather differently. 作 直。 召乃自理 理。延 召執西 廼 ti. 縮 蛋 版其徒司事。但萱廼 俾空。 東。 廼疆 載。 則 立乃 周畝。廼 He divided the ground into larger tracts and smaller portions; He dug the ditches; he defined the acres; From the west to the east, There was nothing which he did not take in hand. 5 He called his superintendent of works; He called his minister of instruction; And charged them with the building of the houses. With the line they made everything straight; They bound the frame-boards tight, so that they should rise regularly. Uprose the ancestral temple in its solemn grandeur. 1.6 has still T'an-foo for its subject. universally.' 'all round.' cannot be trans lated. Choo expresses the whole line very well as 一靡事不為 St. 4 speaks of the general arrangements made by T'an-foo for the occupancy of the plain of Chow. We cannot translate the which occurs so frequently. Accordingly' would convey its force more nearly than any other term I can think of. Choo defines by, = ='to assign the place or quarter of residence.' The left and the right,' i.e., the east and the west, would be determined with reference to the site which had been fixed on for the town, that was to be the capital or residence of the chief himself. L. 3,—see on II. vi. VI. i. has been taken variously. K'ung Ying-tah adopted Ch'ing's view, that the word —‡ ‡, ‘to assign the times of ploughing and other agricultural operations;' Choo takes it as -used so that the walls were made perpendicular 'dispersed the people all over the country.' Neither of these interpretations commends itself. Much better is another which Choo mentions, and which I have followed; ζ±*M, ‘dug the ditches, large and small,' i.e., made all the arrangements for the irrigation of the fields, which the peculiar system of husbandry and the division of the land required.畝is to be taken verbally, Stt. 5,6, and 7 all describe the processes and progress in erecting the buildings of the new settlement, and especially with reference to the residence or palace of T'an-foo himself. These processes took place under the direction of a superintendent of works and a minister of instruction; but I do not not believe that T'an-foo had at this time two officers at all corresponding to those who bore these names subsequently, when the Chow dynasty was consolidated, and whose functions are described in the Shoo and the Chow Le. The string or plummet was and square. The building frames were firmly bound together (-), and raised as lower board in the frame being removed and the space enclosed by them was completed, the placed above. The same process was continued, tier exactly above tier, till the walls were carried to the required elevation. This is the meaning assigned to # 承也言以索束板 投土築 訖則升下而上以相承載), though it is getting more out of the, which simply signifies 'to contain' the earth, than the term can well convey. The intimation in the 4th line is interesting. The first building taken 6 Crowds brought the earth in baskets; They threw it with shouts into the frames; They beat it with responsive blows; They pared the walls repeatedly, and they sounded strong. So that the roll of the great drum did not overpower [the noise 7 They set up the gate of the enceinte; And the gate of the enceinte stood high. They set up the court gate; And the court gate stood grand. They reared the great altar [to the Spirits of the land], in hand and completed was the ancestral tem- the frames in baskets(盛土於器); with reference to the palaces of T'an-foo's descendants when they had become sovereigns of the kingdom. The residence now reared was but a small structure apparently, consisting only of two buildings, an outer and an inner, leading to which were two gates. Subsequently the royal palace consisted of seven buildings, two more than those which constituted the palaces of the princes of the States. Belonging to it were two gates called the 臯門 and the 應門, which the princes could not boast of; and these names are here given to the gates of T'an-foo's ; residence. 皇門-王之郭門, and 應門-主之正門朝門 -as in the translation. 有伉=高貌 high pounding of the earth;' and 登登 the blows looking; 將將一嚴正, severe and exact.. of one long pestle answering to another. When the wall was thus reared, they pared or scraped 冡土=大社,‘the grand altar to the it, till it was clear of all protuberances and made Spirits of the land.' See the note on the Shoo, III. i. Pt.i.35. 戎醜 =大衆, great and universal,' meaning all great undertakings, and smooth (削屢), and then it gave a sound, ‘all together. L.6. see on II.vi.IV.3. The such as required the cooperation of all the These were preceded by a solemn sacrifice at the grand altar. As Choo says, drum was beaten to stimulate the workers;起大事,動大眾,必有事乎社 active, that the sound of it was almost drowned was almost drowned | 而後出謂之宜 Tan-foo would raise but so many were they, and so cheerful and in the noise which they themselves made. St.7 relates to the building of the palace and grand altar; but they are described, unfortunately, an altar, appropriate to his own circumstances; but it is here thus grandly described with reference to the royal position of his descendants. 奏。先有王虞喙混拔不肆 予疏蹶芮矣夷 矣。隕 白子附厥臂 駝 有白予生。厥 矣。道 問 ̧厥 禦有 子成。 維兗柞 慍。 梅奔有日文 其械亦 矣。械 8 Thus though he could not prevent the rage [of his foes], He did not let fall his own fame. The oaks and the yih were [gradually] thinned, And roads for travelling were opened. The hordes of the Keun disappeared, Startled and panting. 9 [The chiefs of] Joo and Juy were brought to an agreement, By king Wan's stimulating their natural virtue. Then, I inay say, some came to him, previously not knowinghim; And some, drawn by his rapid successes; And some, by his defence [of the weak] from insult. St. 8. Ll. 1, 2 are taken of T'an-foo in his so we must take-and roads were 'opened' relations to the wild hordes, which, as described by Mencius, obliged him to withdraw with his tribe, from Pin. He could not prevent them from showing their barbarous dispositions, but amid all his trouble from them, and subsequently, he showed his own great qualities. 肆 is de fined in the Urh-ya by故, ‘therefore;’ and by 故今, which I do not know what to make of. Choo explains it by adding that 'it carries on the discourse from what precedes.' Here it= (兌一通,cto be made passable'). On this the barbarians, here called the Keun hordes,' could no longer keep their ground. 脫 is de hurrying on rapidly; and here = fled away rapidly. L. 6 represents the barbarians flying with open mouth(喙=口). Choo defines the term by ‘to pant.’ fined in the Shwoh-wăn as 'the app. of a horse , St.9 brings us to king Wán, and the States, one after another, coming to him to hail him as their leader. Joo and Juy were two States on ‘thus although' 殄=色,=‘to disarm' 慍 一怒‘anger’問 we have met with before, the east of the Ho; but their positions cannot be sufficiently defined. 質 is explained by 成 -in the sense of, 'fame.' L1.3–6 describe the gradual clearing of the and by平;質厥成 decided their country, and bring us down to the times of T'an foo's son and grandson,-the kings Ke and Wăn. strife and made peace.' The story of their case, as related by Sze-ma Tsëen, Löw Hëang, and 柞 has occurred already,一an oak and thorny. others, is this:–Their chiefs had a quarrel The yih is by some said to be the same tree; but it appears to be different, and is called, in the Urh-ya, the white juy (白桉), a thorny, about certain fields, or a strip of territory, to which each of them laid claim. Unable to come to an agreement, they went to lay the matter shrubby tree, growing to the height of 5 or 6 before the lord of Chow; and as soon as they enfeet, and bearing a red fruit, like an ear-pendant, tered his territory, they saw the ploughers readiand eatable.' The country had been all overgrown with these, affording shelter to the wildly yielding the furrow, and travellers yielding tribes; but gradually the trees were 'thinned' the path to one another, while men and women |