喪天不赫有節何國不憂 亂方平赫實彼用旣敢心 弘薦謂師其南不卒戲如 多瘥何。尹猗。山。監。斬。談。惔。 A fire burns in their grieving hearts; They do not dare to speak of you even in jest. The kingdom is verging to extinction; How is it that you do not consider the state of things? 2 Lofty is that southern hill, And vigorously grows the vegetation on it! Heaven is continually redoubling its afflictions; The rhymes are in st. 1,,, cat. 13; 來來 cat. 1, t. 1; Bry, cat. 17;, cat. 4, t. 2: in 3, 蒸 雄*,兢崩肱升, cat.6: in 4. 魚旟鱼,旟, cat. 5,t.1;年,秦, cat. 12, t. 1. Ode 7. Allusive and narrative. A LAMENTATION OVER THE MISERABLE STATE OF THE KINGDOM, DENOUNCING THE INJUSTICE AND CARELESSNESS OF THE GRAND-MASTER YIN AS THE CAUSE OF IT, AND BLAMING ALSO THE CON ་་ DUCT OF THE KING. This piece, and all that follow to the end of the Part, are assigned, by the old interpreters, to the reign of king Yew (K., B. C. 780-770), though the evidence for such a fixing of their date is far from sufficient, excepting in regard to four or five of them. Yew was son to king Seuen, but was worse than his father in the days of his decline, and resembled him in none of the higher qualities which ennobled the earlier period of his reign. His comparatively short reign ended in his violent death, and immediately after there took place the removal of the royal residence to the eastern capital,-the great event in the history of the Chow dynasty. St. 1. The southern hill is the same as that in V. 1. describes its appearance as 'lofty;' and, the app. of the masses of rocks on it. What that mountain, with its frowning rocks, was among other hills, that the grand-master Yin was among other men, in the estimation of the writer. was the clan name of a great family in the royal domain, members of which, through successive reigns, were charged with the highest functions of the minister, against whom this ode is directed, was -the mind distressed, as if scorched by fire.' The people dared not speak even in jest of the minister's doings, but the writer does not hesitate freely to expose them, and even gives his name in st.10., in the end.', 'to be cut down,'-, 'to be extinguished.' We must take 1.7 as speaking of what would be the issue of the state of things, and 旣=‘since.’監 = 視‘to see'*to observe.' L.8 is addressed to the minister; and to the king, as Yen Ts'an interprets it. St. 2. Choo acknowledges that he does not understand 1.2. Acc. to the view which I have followed, by is intended the vegetation on the hill,−its ‘fruit (草木山之實 也)'and其猗猗猗, in I. v.1.1. The energy of nature appeared everywhere on the hill; there was no partiality in it, as in the administration of the minister. 謂何=如 ;-see Wang Yin-che on = now, as in I. iii. XIII. 1; but not for the first time, so that it still,' 'ever,' as in i. VI. 3. 'to continue,' 'to redouble.' 3 The Grand-master Yin Is the foundation of our Chow, And the balance of the State is in his hands. He should be keeping together the four quarters [of the kingdom]; He should be aiding the Son of Heaven, So as to preserve the people from going astray. O unpitying great Heaven, It is not right he should reduce us all to such misery! 4 Doing nothing hiinself personally, The people have no confidence in him. By making no inquiry, and no trial of their services, He should not deal deceitfully with superior men. ‘sickness.’The term is used of epidemics. 嘉 has also the signification of ‘a potter's wheel;" 言善言, good words,' words expressive but ‘balance' suits the connection better. of pleasure and satisfaction. L.8 is addressed | 一持, ‘to grasp,' to hold together. reproachfully to the minister, unmoved by the 輔 to assist. 弔=恤‘to pity' I have prevailing troubles.熸 is here一會,‘have.' 痛‘to be painful;’but that It also means meaning, though adopted by Yen Ts'an, is not so suitable in this place. K'ang-shing construes 僭=會, but he makes the concluding嗟: exclamation of the writer, Alas!’ St.3. 尹氏-like 季氏, in Ana. III.i. 氐=本‘the root,' or 'the foundation,' mean ing that the fortunes of the House of Chow depended or rested on the minister Yin. 平,‘even,’or‘that which makes even' an followed Yen Ts'an in taking 1.7 as an appeal to Heaven. Choo makes it 'unpitied by Heaven.' Yen, however, seems to be wrong in his construction of the last line. He understands 我師 of the minister, our Grand-master," who, filling his office as he did, filled it to worse than no purpose (空). I cannot follow him here. 空一篇, ‘to exhaust,' 'to reduce to extremity.’師=衆, 'all' St. 4. The interpretation of this st. mainly depends on the meaning we attach to 1. 4. Choo It| takes 君子 there of the king (指王); Yen 亞無 By dismissing them on the requirement of justice, Mean men would not be endangering [the common weal]; And his mean relatives Would not be in offices of importance. 5 Great Heaven, unjust, Is sending down these exhausting disorders. Great Heaven, unkind, Is sending down these great miseries. Let superior men come [into office], And that would bring rest to the people's hearts. Let superior men do justly, And the animosities and angers would disappear. 6 O unpitying, great Heaven, There is no end to the disorder! Ts'an of superior men, officers who really deserved | L1. 7, 8 tell us who his employes were, and what the name. Maou agrees with Choo as to the particular phrase; but his construction of the whole st. is hopelessly involved and obscure. Yen Ts'an appears to be right. #stands in opposition to 小人 in 1. 6. The whole st. condemns the minister for his own idle occupation of his office, and delegating his duties to his relatives, mean creatures, unworthy of trust. L.1 describes the minister's personal inattention are synonymous), and 1.2 its natural consequence. Ll. 3, 4 describe his to business (躬 and 親 neglect of good officers. 問 and仕 must be would be the consequence of decisive dealing with them. 瑣瑣,‘fragmentary,’‘emall looking." "The father of a son-in-law is called 姻; two sons-in-law call each other 亞;姻 亞‘relatives by affinity.’撫=厚, ‘thick," 'substantial.'-'to be employed in a substantial-remunerative-office.' St. 5 first attributes the misfortunes of the kingdom to Heaven, and then shows how the employment of proper men would remedy them. 傭=均‘fair,'‘just' =亂, disorders.. The dictionary explains it by litigations," closely allied in meaning; and 仕=‘to employ | ‘wranglings;' but its meaning must be more in office,'- --as in 1. 8. Ll. 5, 6 tell how he should dismiss his mean employes. 式 is the initial particle. 夷一平, general; corresponding to in 1.4. 屆一至, ‘to come to’闋一息‘to rest.’違=遠 to be far away, 'to be just,' and IE, 'to stop,' 'to have St. 6. L. 2.定一止,‘to stop' 'to end.” done with (廢退):殆一危‘to endanger|L.3= 3=月月益甚 ,-as in the translation. 夷 瞻 【自 夷瞻 駕 憂定。 天旣茂四彼為 懲其心覆怨其正 昊天不平 我王不 懌爾方四 政。女 如 蹙 牡。卒 我相 不 相相蹙四 爾靡 定. 式月斯生 俾民不 憂心如醒 誰秉國成不 不寧。 誰生 矣矛所項姓。國 矣。騁。頜。 With every month it continues to grow, So that the people have no repose. I am as if intoxicated with the grief of my heart. Who holds the ordering of the kingdom? Not attending himself to the government, The issue is toil and pain to the people. 7 I yoke my four steeds, My four steeds, long-necked. I look to the four quarters [of the kingdom]; Distress is everywhere; there is nowhere I can drive to. 8 Now your evil is rampant, And I see your spears. Again you are pacified and friendly, As if you were pledging one another. 9 From great Heaven is the injustice, And our king has no repose. [Yet] he will not correct his heart, And goes on to resent endeavours to rectify him. 式 and斯 are the particles. L.5. 醒酒|place of quiet, but no such place was to be 病‘disease induced by spirits,'='to be in- found.蹙蹙,the app. of being drawn back, toxicated, stupified, by drinking.' The answer and small,'='to be in distress.’騁‘to drive to 1. 6 would be, 'The Grand-master Yin.’成 swiftly; here='to go. is best translated by a general term. Some make it here 本, 'the pacification.’ St. 8 sets forth the uncertain humour of the 'creatures,' to whose misconduct the troubles of St. 7 is intended graphically to set forth the the time were owing. 夷 and懌 disorder prevailing all through the States of the kingdom. The writer would fain go to some VOL. IV. are synony mous, or nearly so,-to be pacified,' 'to be | pleased. 40 萬以爾式王以作家 邦。畜心。訛。究誦。 10 1, Këa-foo, have made this song, To lay bare the king's disorders. If you would but change your heart, And nourish the myriad Štates!— 哀憂 憂我心我 念我獨 亦孔之將 民之訛 我心憂傷 痒。心,京。 5.將。 相 1 In the first month [of summer] the hoar-frost abounds, And my heart is wounded with sorrow. The false calumnies of the people Also wax greater and greater. I think how I stand alone, And the sorrow of my heart grows intense. Alas! through my anxious cares, My hidden sorrow goes on to make me ill. St. 9. Choo gives an active meaning both to 平and 正 一‘Yin is unjust, as if Heaven made him so, and therefore we read 昊天 不平...; and still he does not correct his heart, but resents the efforts of the men who would rectify him?” I agree with him in taking 1.3 of the minister, and not, as Yen Ts'an, of the king. 师, cat. 15,t. 1: in4.親信 cat. 12, t. 1 ; 仕子,已殆仕ent.1,t.2: in5,傭. 訕ent.9;惠屆闋oat. 15,t.3; 夷違,b, t.lyin 6,定生酲成, 政,姓,cat,11: in7,領(prop. cat,12), b. in 8, 矛*醇, cat. 3, t 1: in 9, 平,寜, B3, St. 10. Here at last the king is openly ad-E, cat. 11: in 10, dressed. The writer, in the conclusion, fearlessly discloses his name, and intimates that there was one more guilty even than the guilty minister. A Këa-foo from the royal court is twice mentioned in the Ch'un Ts'ëw, in the time of duke Hwan, as coming on messages to Loo. He would be a son or grandson of the writer of this ode. 誦=歌‘to sing,’‘a song’究 cat. 9. Ode. 8. Narrative, allusive and metaphorical. KINGDOM AND THE RUIN COMING ON IT, ALL -'to examine to the utmost,' 'to lay bare.' unless, indeed, we ought to translate there in the 訛 =化 ‘to transform' 'to change. past tense, which is not likely. The piece is long, and, I confess, wearisome, not being suffi− ciently specific. There is a good deal of diffi culty, and consequently of difference among The rhymes are in st. 1, 巖瞻*惔, 談斬監, cat. 8: in 2, 猗,何多 猗,何 嘉嗟 cat.17: in 3. 師氐維毗迷ges in it. the critics, in the interpretation of many passa多, |