the finest in the county; on the suppression of the monasteries, the materials were given for the repair of the town walls and gates. This Society, on their visit to Dover in 1883, will have remembered some of the ancient buildings which now form part of the Dover College property. The "restored" refectory, with the remains of a painting of the Last Supper at the east end, and the enriched doorway, after the pattern of the fine examples at Barfreston, St. Margaret's-at-Cliffe, will not have been forgotten by our members.

The seal of the priory (St. Martin dividing his cloak with the beggar) is too well known to describe, but is of interest as connected with this structure.

A fly-leaf at the beginning of the MS. contains a letter from John Parker (son of the Archbishop), dated 1598, addressed to Archbishop Whitgift, asking him to recover the MS. for the use of his successors, as it appears to have been useful in many claims of land that Dover Priory held with former archbishops.

Connected with this subject we can name the hospitals and Bede-houses, wherein St. John's Hospital, Canterbury, and Harbledown, are fully treated in the Lambeth archives.

In MSS. 1131, 1132, 1169 are transcripts of charters, deeds, etc., belonging to St. Nicholas, Harbledown, which was sometimes called Hospitale de bosco de Blean, for its site near the great forest of Blean, which extended far and wide in olden times.

Apart from dry chronicles which throw light on the government of this ancient house, Harbledown will ever live in history as we recall the array of pilgrims who passed that last stage on their way to the "Martyr's Shrine" at Canterbury, and of whom perhaps one of the most noted, Erasmus, with Colet, were met by one of the old almsmen, and assailed with a shower of holy water and asked to kiss the "shoe of St. Thomas".

The old lazar-house founded by Archbishop Lanfranc still remains, in part, near the Hospital, which was rebuilt in 1670 by Archbishop Sheldon. The statutes were revised by several of the archbishops, and all the records are carefully preserved in a strong chest at the Hospital.

Of the College or Hospital at Maidstone, founded by Archbishop Boniface in 1260 for the reception of poor travellers, and incorporated in 1395 by Archbishop Courteney with his new College of secular Priests, there are some documents here concerning its constitution. Of Cobham College, near Rochester, and of the lesser houses, there are particulars more or less exhaustive.

Of copies of" Cathedral Statutes", that of Canterbury, drawn up in 1634 (MS. 728), having the autograph of Charles I on the second page, is preserved here, and is of special interest. The value of lands, manors, and granges" in the county is comprised in many isolated papers, some copies and others original, chiefly of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Specially calling for notice is a document of the year 1647, entitled: “The Present Value and Improvements of all the Manors, Farms, Granges, Rents belonging to the Sees of Canterbury and Rochester."

In Thanet we find mention of several "granges" or monastic farms, attached to St. Augustine's, Canterbury ; and of these Salmeston and Calais granges are noted examples, as well as displaying picturesque features, being of flint and plaster work, with diaper and rosette ornament, fully described by the late Canon ScottRobertson in "Kentish Archæology" (1878), also briefly noted in my paper: A Forgotten Island", 1894.

The miscellaneous MSS. in which Kent is mentioned include several items of value, such as essays on the prerogatives of the Archbishops, orders and statutes of their households, dilapidations at Lambeth and Croydon, and other matters.

Under this clause, the name of the Rev. G. Lewis, vicar of Minster and Margate in 1736, and author of the History of Thanet, is conspicuous.

Mr. Lewis's Kentish Collections were presented by him to this library, and play no unimportant part in diocesan annals.

Some few heraldic manuscripts touch on Kent, especially No. 300, dated 1593, and being the "Arms in colors by the Lords, Knights and gentlemen of

Kent", and another MS. (No. 312), "Arms of towns and pedigrees of Kentish families by Lord Burleigh", whose genealogical notes are also well known in many of the British Museum volumes.

This slight "survey" of "Kent in the Lambeth archives" is but an outline of what a longer essay could have produced.

The printed catalogue of the MSS. compiled by the Rev. G. H. Todd in 1812 gives an idea of the strength of this branch of the collection, to which an increasing series of prints and drawings of Kentish buildings may also be mentioned.

The fact that several of the Archbishops had been Bishops of London, and their care for this famous collection, especially Dr. Bancroft, Laud, Juxon, Tenison, Howley and Tait, has added another link to the association which has always existed between London and Canterbury. To this may be added the name of Bishop Gibson (London), who was Librarian, and compiled an early catalogue of the printed books.

Searches are being more and more made into parish. and county history, by the recent aid of the Historical MSS. Commission and State Papers. I trust that these

side-lights" of Kentish lore may be a fitting adjunct to those historical visits in the county which your Association has so happily linked with the attractions of Old London.

"OLD LONDON" IN PRE-ROMAN TIMES.

Its Italian and Greek Colonists; also in Caesar's time-his fording the Thames at Chelsea. Discovery of the beautiful Roman Pagan Temple at Westminster.

BY J. S. PHENÉ, LL.D., F.S.A., F.R. G.S., F.R.I.B.A.

(Continued from p. 102.)

T is a point of difficulty with many persons, even as to the great roads of commerce in Britain having been pre-Roman. But not only do many facts attest this, such as the corresponding pre-Roman roads in Gaul, which communicated with the ports opposite the ports of Britain, to supply which ports with merchandise, on either side of the Channel roads were necessary; but it is clear that the commerce supporting such fleets of ships as traded on the Rhine and the Seine, the Loire, and other rivers, must have been supplied by roads well made and well kept. That the traffic on the Rhine and the Rhône was one with Italy is proved from Caesar opening, through his lieutenant, Galba, the formidable toll-houses in the Alps, "through which the merchants trading with Rome had been accustomed to travel", as he states, "with great danger and under great imposts"; showing that roads lay entirely through Europe for the conveyance of valuable articles of commerce, paying great tolls, and that, therefore, such an emporium as the City on the Thames could not be excepted.

By this opening of the Alpine toll and custom-houses, FREE TRADE for British commerce was established with Rome by Caesar. At what period the slave trade between

Britain and Rome commenced is unknown. But it is a memorable fact that the later Christianisation of England, as distinct from Britain, arose through the exhibition of English slaves in the slave market at Rome.

The question as to whether such great highways existed in pre-Roman Britain would surely be proved if it could be shown that the still traceable side roads and junctions, which are found in communication with such main roads, existed in pre-Roman times; and this is proved by Caesar's own statement, made from his personal experience, when he describes what resulted after the battle at the ford on the Thames. In short, that the forces both of his own legions and those of Cassivellaunus used these roads. Thus, when the Roman soldiers marched on them, the British King withdrew his forces into the woods through which the roads ran, and when the Roman soldiers were, securing or destroying the crops and cattle in the cultivated parts, Cassivellaunus used to send out chariots from the woods by all the well-known roads and paths, and this so effectively, that the Roman foragers had to be withdrawn, and were prohibited from straying far from the roads on which they marched.

Here are described at once the highways for marching, the bye-ways communicating with such highways, and the -as we should express it-bridle-paths through the woods. That they were no impromptu ways, cut in the woods under pressure of the Roman invasion, is shown from the statement: "all the WELL-KNOWN roads and paths"-" omnibus viis notis semitisque."

This appears proof that such roads then existed, and after one more example of ancient Greek customs in pre-Roman Britain, the names connected with such roads may fairly be looked for in Greek words. From my own

surveys Ï am able to show that the great pre-Roman roads in this country, many of which I have defined in the maps now exhibited, can be followed by their lateral tumuli of native construction, to say nothing of the placenames along them.

While on the subject of Greek letters, it may be well to examine one of the points dwelt on by historians as evidence of the barbarity of the inhabitants of Britain.