XX. 1 In the [duke's] twentieth year, in spring, in the king's second month, [duke Hwan's] wife, the lady Këang, went to Keu. 2 In summer, there was a great disaster from fire in Ts'e. 3 In winter, a body of men from Ts'e smote the Jung. 4 Par. 1. See on the 4th par. of last year. [The Chuen here resumes the narrative in-| troduced after par. 4 of last year: This spring, the earl of Ch'ing attempted to harmonize the royal House, but without success; but he seized Chung-foo of Yen. In summer, he brought the king back with him, who took up his residence in Leih. In autumn, the king and the earl entered into Woo, from which they surprised Ch'ing-chow, brought away the valuable articles from it, and returned to Leih. In winter, king Chwang's son T'uy feasted the five great officers, when all the royal music and pantomimic dances were performed. The earl of Ch'ing heard of it, and said to Shuh of Kwoh, "This I have heard, that when sorrow or joy is unseasonable, calamity is sure to come. Now king Chwang's son T'uy is singing and dancing as if he were never tired; –it is being joyous over calamity. When the| minister of Crime executes the penalty of death, the ruler does not have his table fully spread ;how much less would he dare to be joyous over calamity! What calamity could be greater than to take violent possession of the king's throne? When one, in a time of calamity, forgets to be sorrowful, sorrow is sure to come to him. Why should we not restore the king?" The duke of Kwoh said, "It is what I desire to do."] Par. 2. See II.xiv.4. Kung-yang, indeed, says that 大災一大瘠, ‘great emaciation;" i. e., there was a great plague affecting people's health in Ts'e. But this meaning of not be applied to the other passages in the Classic where the term occurs. can Par. 4. Kuh-lëang has 我 instead of 戎 The two characters might easily be confounded; but the received reading is to be followed. Loo had been troubled with these Jung two years before;-the attack on them now by Ts'e was probably intended to conciliate Loo. The marquis of Ts'e had certainly been rather remiss in his position of pa. He ought not to have allowed Ch'ing to take the lead in supporting king Hwuy against the rebels in Chow. Twenty-first year. 夫秋鄭 夏春 人七伯 五 二十有一 美月突 月,正有 月、薨。戌、 氏戊卒。辛月。 年 入,城,胥左 虢五伯虎王享子虢鄭命1 守月效牢與王頹叔伯于 王。爵 冬 王 歸 于之子王與虢鄭尤以 于及自將弭, 酒為公亦原公西大門自同 王卒將伯之辟夫入,伐年, 后鄭宮王有日晷樂鄭殺門王春 關五北王夏 1章 XXI. 1 2 3 4 It was the [duke's] twenty-first year, the spring, the In summer, in the fifth month, on Sin-yëw, Tuh, earl of In autumn, in the seventh month, on Mow-seuh, [duke In winter, in the twelfth month, there was the burial of Par. 2. Continuing the Chuen after the 1st par. of last year, Tso-she says:-"In the duke's 21st year, accordingly, in spring, they [the earl of Ching and Shuh of Kwoh] pledged each other at Me; and in summer, they together attacked the royal city. The earl entered, along with the king, at the south gate, and Shuh of Kwoh entered at the northern, when they killed Tsze-t'uy and the five great officers. The earl of Ching feasted the king in the apartment on the west of the gateway with the representations of the penal code. There was a complete service of music, and the king gave him what had formerly been granted to duke Woo,-all the territory eastward from Hoo-laou. earl of Yuen said, "The earl of Ch'ing is following the bad example which he condemned in Tsze-tuy. He also will meet with calamity.” In the 5th month, duke Le of Ch'ing died.' On Tuh who here passes off the stage, Chang Hëah (張洽; a writer of the 13th cent.) says The ing the earldom, because they could not keep it, and the different style about Tuh is understood to indicate that, first and last, he was able to maintain himself. Here then was a man, a usurper and a fratricide, and the Ch'un Tsëw calls him ruler from his beginning to his end, and records moreover, however, how he died in his dignity :-it is in this way that it shows how mean men are permitted to get their wills, rebellious villains come to a good end, the royal laws have no course, and the world is thrown all into confusion!' Par. 3. The reader is not sorry to have done with Wăn-këang. [The last Chuen is here completed:-'The king made a progress of survey of the fief of Kwoh, when the duke made a palace for him in Pung. The king granted to Kwoh the territory of Ts'ëw-ts'euen. When the earl of Ch'ing feasted the king, the king had given him a queen's large girdle with the mirror in it. The duke of Kwoh now begged for something, and the king gave him a drinking cup. This was the first occasion of the hatred which the earl of Ch'ing [duke Wăn, son of Tuh] cherished against the king. In winter, the king returned from Kwoh.] -Tuh was only the son of duke Chwang by a concubine, yet after his father's death he snatched the earldom from Hwuh; and tho' driven out for a time by Chae Chung, he entered again into Leih, and in the end made himself master of the State. Thus it is that we Par. 4. Something had occurred to make have no statement of Hwuh, We, and E's hold. | the burial be delayed beyond the regular time. Twenty-second year. 冬鱭秋夏御陳文 公高七五寇人姜丑正十 葬月有 如 月,月。 齊盟丙 于申 幣。防及 我肆 小大年 君眚.春 于嶽 帛,光.坤國陳也,後初夜友高赦孫 齊則著天于土乎侯故將懿不朋位,其 其 地是也不 後天土之乎巽在筮 氏敢。使以不齊日, 于卜君為速閑來 亡物故美居風此之殺姜妻子工官于奔。十 也莫日具土也其遇 敬日,政教齊 成能其焉上乾,在觀 訓侯年, 在故故天異之而其其 以而 使者 得 異日日也國,否 妻成公死免敬 之不樂詩罪 日,繼 政,陳國利觀風 日之竝占禮酒告于仲 其在于光于身,觀仲 卿吉,以 以日翹弛 之耀代陳公有淫未往矣于奔 始也,風 以以者陳侯蔡嬀仁卜畏敢寬齊 大山行玉天也有者,出之也。其我辱政顓 XXII. 1 In his twenty-second year, in spring, in the king's first month, [the duke] pardoned [all] inadvertent offences however great. 2 On Kwei-ch'ow we buried our duchess, Wăn Këang. 3 The people of Ch'in put to death Yu-k'ow, son of their marquis. It was summer, the fifth month. 4 5 In autumn, in the seventh month, on Ping-shin, the duke made a covenant with Kaou He of Ts'e in Fang. 6 In winter, the duke went to Ts'e, and presented the marriage-offerings of silk. Par. 1. In the Shoo, II. i. 11, we read that it | done nothing more than was sanctioned by the was a rule with Shun, that critics should find such fault with him as they example of Shun. I do not know why the inadvertent offences, and those caused by mis- do. Kuh-lëang followed by Këa Kwei, thinks fortune, were to be pardoned,' and how far he the grace was done at this time, as some atone carried it, we learn from ii. 12, 宥過無大,ment for the wickedness of Wăn Këang, the You pardon inadvertent offences, however duke's mother, who was about to be buried ! great: Chwang, therefore, appears here to have For眚 Kung has 省 — see Ana, XVI. xiv. Ts'e]. In five generations they will be prosperous, and the highest ministers in Ts'e; in eight, Par. 2. 我小君 According to the rule laid down there 君 was the style for the wife of the prince of a State used by the people in speaking of her to the people of other States. takes the place of, as the entry here is in the annals of Loo itself. The marquis being styled duke after death, I have styled his wife duchess. Keang, we know, was her surname, as being of the House of Ts'e; Wan was the honorary title given to her on account of her beauty and accomplishments, no account being taken of her extraordinary wickedness. Par. 3. For Kung and Kuh read The real killer of Yu-k'ow was his father, 'duke Seuen,' the reason for the deed being unknown. It is supposed that the statement in the text is according to the form in which the announcement was made to Loo,-to conceal the nature of the affair. The Chuen says:-In spring, the people of Ch'in killed the marquis's eldest son, Yu-k'ow, on which the Kung-tsze Hwan and Chuen-sun fled to Ts'e, and the latter thence to Loo. The marquis of Ts'e wanted to make King-chung [the designation of the Kung-tsze Hwan] one of his high ministers, but he declined, saying, 'Your subject is here an exile. I am fortunate if I obtain your forgiveness, and enjoy the advantage of your indulgent government. That you pardon my want of practice in the lessons of instruction, and hold me guiltless of crime, and remove me from a life of toil:-this is your lordship's kindness. What I obtain is much,should I dare to disgrace a high position, and so accelerate the slanders of other officers? Let me die if I do not decline the honour you propose. The ode says [uis ode is not in the She], 'From that distant chariot, But I am afraid of my friends."" The marquis then made him superintendent of all the departments of labour. One day he was entertaining the marquis at his house, who became joyous over the spirits, and said, "Let us continue it with lights." But he refused, saying, "I divined about the day; but I have not divined about the night;-I dare not do it." The superior man will say, "In drinking there should be the complete observance of the rules; but not to carry it on to excess righteousness. Completely to observe the rules with his prince, and then not to allow him to go to excess, was truly virtuous." 6 was At an earlier time, the great officer E consulted the tortoise-shell about giving his daughter in marriage to King-chung. His wife sought the meaning of the indication, and said. "It is fortunate. The oracle is "The male and female phoenix fly Singing harmoniously with gem-like sounds." The posterity of this scion of the Kwei [surname of the House of Chin] will be nourished among the Keang [surname of the House of there will be none to compare with them for greatness." 'Duke Le of Ch'in was the son of a daughter In consequence, the of the House of Ts'ae. people of Ts'ae put to death Woo-foo [the same who is called To of Chin. See II. vi. 4, and note], and raised him to the marquisate. He begat King-chung, during whose boyhood there came one of the historiographers of Chow to see the marquis of Chin, having with him the Chow The marquis made him consult it by the milfoil on the future of the boy, when he found and then by the the diagram Kwan Yih. change of manipulation, the diagram P'ei [ "Here," he said, "is the deliverance;"-"We behold the light of the State. This is auspicious for one to be the king's guest. [See the Yih on the 4th line, counting from the bottom, of the diagram Kwan].' Shall this boy in his generation possess the State of Ch'in? or if he do not possess this State, does it mean that he shall possess another? Or is the thing foretold not of his own person, but of his descendants? The light is far off, and its brightness appears reflected from something else. K'wan [] represents the earth; Sun the top part of the diagram Kwan], wind; K'ëen -], heaven; Sun becoming K'ëen over earth [as in the diagram Pĕi], represents mountains, Thus the boy has all the treasures of mountains, and is shone on by the light of heaven :-he will dwell above the earth. Hence it is said, "We behold the light of the State. This is auspicious for him to be the king's guest." A king's guest fills the royal courtyard with the display of all the productions of his State, and the offerings of gems and silks, -all excellent things of heaven and earth; hence it is said-It is auspicious for him to be the king's guest.' But there is still that word-' behold,' and therefore I say the thing perhaps is to be hereafter. And the wind moves and appears upon the earth; therefore I say it is to be perhaps in another State. If it be in another State, it must be in that of the Këang;-for the Këang are the descendants of the Grand-mountain [Yaou's chief minister]. But the mountains stand up as it were the mates of heaven. There cannot be two things equally great; as Ch'in decays, this boy will flourish." When Chin received its first great blow [B. C. 533], Ch'in Hwan [the representative of the Kung-tsze Hwan in the 5th generation] had begun to be great in Tse. When it finally perished [B. C. 477], the officer Ch'ing was directing the government of that State.' [The descendants of the Kung-tsze Hwan became the T'een family (B), which gradually encroached on the authority of the House of Keang, and ended by superseding it in the possession of the State of Ts'e. The farrago of the Chuen is intended to show how all this was prognosticated beforehand. I call it a farrago, for it is no plainer in the original nor in the Manchu version, than it is in my translation.] Par. 4. In an entry like this, giving merely the season and a month of it, the month ought to be the first of the season. Such is the rule 皆指公也, ‘In all accounts of covenants, observed throughout the Ch'un Ts'ew, excepting where the agent of Loo is not specified, the duke is meant.’ in this passage. Many of the critics hold that 五 is a mistake for y ; but I prefer to think, with Sun Fuh and others, that the par. is imperfect, there remaining only the commencement of it, and that characters containing the account of some event have been lost. It is difficult to believe that some have held that Confucins purposely made the summer commence with the 5th month, to indicate his indignation at the marriage, which began to be gone about this year, of duke Chwang to the daughter of the man who murdered his father! Yet this is the view propounded by Ho Hëw. And the K'ang-he editors think it worthy of being pre-marriage had been arranged for by Wăn Keang served, and call special attention to it! 6 Par. 5. Fang,-see I. ix. 6. There were reasons for this covenant on both sides; and though Ts'e had attacked Loo in the end of the duke's 19th year, it had since then smitten the Jung to propitiate Loo. Kung-yang thinks that the * covenanter' on the part of Loo was ‘an inferior Par. 6. The presenting of silks was the fourth step in treaties of marriage, on the part of the intending husband;--it was called. But when the prince of a State was a party concerned, these gifts were to be sent by a great officer. For the marquis himself to go to Ts'e with them was 'contrary to rule,' which he violated in another respect,-arranging for his marriage so soon after his mother's death. There must have been reasons for his urgency which we do not know. The common belief is that this immediately after the young lady's birth, about 20 years before this, and that before her death she had insisted on Chwang's fulfilling the engagement immediately, without reference to that event, he having already delayed so long, unwilling to marry the daughter of his father's murderer. But he had not continued single all person (微者); but we must understand that time,–as we learn from the events of his 32d year. The marriage he now proceeded to 公 before 及. Chaou Kwang (趙匡)lays enter into was an evil one for him. The lady down a correct rule:-凡盟不目內,had been. was hardly better than her aunt, his mother, Twenty-third year. 十冬 秋**荆公夏祭司 有十丹叔及人至公叔十 有桓朝齊來自如 月,楹。 至自齊 公佰 會射 侯,卒。 月甲寅公會齊侯盟于扈 扈。 宮公侯聘齊齊聘 社。 穀。 |