SPECIMENS OF THE COMMENTARIES OF KUNG-YANG AND 隱公,元年,一章。元年春王正月。 The first year of duke Yin, par. 1. It was the [duke's] first year, the spring, the king's first month. 何言乎王正月大一統也。以讓桓也。 公何以不言卽位成公意 讓桓正乎,日,不正。 也。 何成乎公之意。公將平國 而反之桓。 春秋成人之美不成人之 惡隱不正而成之何也。將 以惡桓也。 曷為反之桓桓幼而貴隱 其桓何也。隱將讓而桓 長而卑,其為尊卑也微國人 弒之則桓惡矣桓弒而隱 莫知,隱長又賢諸大夫友隱 讓則隱善矣。 而立之隱於是焉而辭立,善則其不正焉何也春秋 則未知桓之將必得立也,且貫義而不貴惠信道而不信 如桓立,則恐諸大夫不能 幼君也,故凡隱之立為桓 立也。 隱長又賢,何以不宜立。立 適以長不以賢立子以貴 不以長。 桓何以貴。母貴也。 孝子揚之美不揚 之惡先君之欲與桓,非正 也,邪也,雖然勝其邪心, 以與隱矣,己探先君之志, 而遂以與桓,則是成 之惡 也,兄弟天倫也,為子受之 必,為諸侯受之君,己廢天倫 而忘君以行小惠,小道也, 母貴則子何以貴子以母 若隱者可謂輕千乘之國, 貴,母以子貴。 蹈道則未也。 What is meant by (the king)? It means king Wăn. Why does [the text] first give "king," and then "first month?" [To show that] it was the king's first month. Why does it [so] mention the king's first month ? To magnify the union of the kingdom [under the dynasty of Chow]. Why is it not said that the duke came to the [vacant] seat? To give full expression to the duke's mind. In what way does it give full expression to the duke's mind? The duke intended to bring the State to order, and then restore it to Hwan. What is meant by restoring it to Hwan? Hwan was younger, but nobler [than the duke by birth]; Yin was grown up, but lower [than Hwan by birth]. The difference between them in these respects, however, was small, and the people of the State did not know [their father's intention about the succession]. Yin being grown up and a man of worth, the great officers insisted on his being made marquis. If he had refused to be made so, he did not know for certain that Hwan would be raised to the dignity; and supposing that he were raised to it, he was afraid that the great officers might not give their assistance to so young a ruler. Therefore the whole transaction of Yin's elevation was with a view [in his mind] to the elevation of Hwan. But since Yin was grown up and a man of worth, why was it not proper that he should be made marquis? Among the sons of the wife proper, the succession devolved on the eldest, and not on the worthiest and ablest. Among a ruler's sons by other ladies of his harem, the succession devolved on the noblest, and not on the eldest. In what respect was Hwan nobler [in rank] than Yin? His mother was of higher position [than Yin's mother]. Though the mother was nobler, why should the son be [also] nobler? A sou The Chuen of Kuh-lëang says:—'Although there was nothing to be recorded [under the first month], it was necessary to specify it; its being the commencement [of the rule] required this attention to be paid to it. Why is it not said that the duke came to the [vacant] seat? To give full expression to the duke's mind. In what way does this give full expression to the duke's mind? It tells that Yin did not himself care to be duke. What is meant by saying that he did not himself care to be duke? That he intended to resign the marquisate to Hwan. Was it correct in him [to wish] to resign it to Hwan? It was not correct. The Ch'un Ts'ëw gives full expression to men's excellent qualities, but does not do so to their evil;-why should it give such expression to [the intention of] Yin which was not correct? With a view to show detestation of Hwan. How does that detestation of Hwan appear? Yin intended to resign in his favour, and yet Hwan murdered him;-showing Hwan's wickedness. Hwan murdered him, and yet Yin would have resigned in his favour;-showing Yin's goodness. If Yin was thus good, why do you say that he was not correct? In the Ch'un Ts'ëw, what is righteous is held to be noble, and not what is [merely] kind. It would lead forward in the [straight] path, and not in the crooked. A filial son tries to display the excellent qualities of his father, and not the evil ones. The father was not correct, but perverse, in seeking to give the State to Hwan. Notwithstanding, he overcame this perversity of mind, and the State was given [at last] to Yin; but Yin had fathomed the purpose of their father, and thereon would have given the State to Hwan;-carrying out their father's wickedness. That there should be elder brother and younger brother is in the order of Heaven. A man receives his sonship from his father; and a feudal prince receives his rank from the king. To disannul the order of Heaven, and forget his ruler and father in order to do a small kindness, is what is called walking in a small path. Looking at Yin, we was held to share in the nobility of his | may say that he could make light of a mother; and a mother shared in the State of a thousand chariots, but could [subsequent] nobility of her son.' not tread the way that is right.' 桓公十有一年四章宋人執 鄭祭仲。 The eleventh year of duke Hwan, par.4. The people of Sung seized Chae Chung of Ch'ing. 公羊傳日祭仲者何鄭相 也。 穀梁傳日,宋人者,宋公也。 其日人何也。貶之也。 何以不名。賢也。 The Chuen of Kuh-lëang says:— ·人 [people] here means the duke of Sung. Why is he designated (the people, To condemn him.’ 何賢乎祭仲以為知權也 其爲知權奈何。古者鄭國處 于留,先鄭伯有善於鄶公者, 通乎夫人以取其國,而遷鄭 or one of the people)? 焉,而野留。莊公死已葬祭 仲將往省于留塗出於宋 宋人執之謂之曰,為我出忽 而立突祭仲不從其言,則 君必死,國必亡,從其言,則君 可以生易死,國可以存易亡, 則突可以故出,而忽可以 反是不可得則病然後 鄭國古人之有權者,祭仲 之權是也。 權者何。權者反於經然後 有善者也,權之所設,舍死亡 無所設,行權有道,自貶損以 行權不害人以行權殺人 以自生亡人以自存君子 不為也。 The Chuen of Kung-yang says: 'Who was Chae Chung? The chief minister of Ch'ing. Why is he not mentioned by his name? Because of his worth. What worthiness was there in Chac Chung He is to be considered as knowing how to act according to circumstances. In what way did he know to act according to circumstances? Anciently the capital of Ch'ing was in Lew. A former earl of Ch'ing was on friendly terms with the duke of Kwei; and having an intrigue with his wife, he took the capital of Kwei, transferred that of Ch'ing to it, aud left Lew to become a wilderness. After the death of duke Chwang, Chae Chung was going to inspect the state of Lew; and as his road lay through Sung, the people of that State seized him, and said, "Drive out Hwuh (Chwang's eldest son, who was now earl of Ching) for us, and raise Tuh (Hwuh's brother) to the earldom." If Chae Chung did not do as they required, his ruler must die, and the State perish. If he did as they required, his ruler would exchange death for life, and the State be preserved instead of perishing. Then by and by, [by his gradual management], Tuh might be sent forth as before, and Hwuh might return as before. If these things could not be secured, he would have to suffer [under the imputation of evil conduct], but yet there would be the State of Ch'ing. When the ancients acted according to the exigency of circumstances, they acted in the way in which Chae Chung now did. What is meant by acting according to the exigency of circumstances? It is acting contrary to the ordinary course of what is right, yet so that good shall result. Such a course is not to be adopted apart from the imminent danger of death or ruin. There is a way to regulate the pursuing of it. A man may adopt it when the censure and loss will fall on himself, but not to the injury of another. A superior man will not slay another to save himself, nor ruin another to preserve himself.' 十有五年一章。春二月天王 使家父來求車。 The fifteenth year, par.1. In spring, in the second month, the king [by] Heaven's [grace] sent Kea Foo to Loo to ask for carriages. 公羊傅日,何以書.譏。 The Chuen of Kung-yang says:-- Censure of what? The kings did not ask for anything. To ask for carriages was contrary to propriety. 穀梁傳日,古者諸侯時獻 于天子以其國之所有,故 有辭讓而無徵求,求車,非禮 也,求金,甚矣。 The Chuen of Kuh-lëang says: -'Anciently the feudal princes at the [proper] times presented to the son of Heaven their offerings of the things which they had in their States. He might thus decline, but he did not demand or ask for, [anything]. To ask for carriages was contrary to propriety; to ask for money was still more so. 莊公,四年,四章.侯大去其國, The fourth year of duke Chwang, par.4. The marquis of Ke made a grand leaving of his State. 公羊傳日,大去者何滅也。 孰滅之。齊滅之。 穀梁傳日,大去者,不遺一 人之辭也,言民之從者,四 曷為不言齊滅之為襄公 年而後畢也,侯賢而齊 諱也,春秋為賢者諱。 侯滅之,不言滅而日大去其 何賢乎襄公,復讐也。 國者,不使小人加乎君子。 何讐爾。遠祖也,哀公 平 周,侯譖之,以襄公之為於 此焉者,事祖禰之心盡矣。 盡者何襄公將復讐乎, 卜之日,師喪分焉,寡人死 之,不為不吉也。 遠祖者幾世乎九世矣。 The Chuen of Kuh-lëang says: 一 “Made a grand leaving " is as much as to say that [the marquis] did not leave a man behind him. It tells us that the did not cease to follow him till all people were gone in the space of four years. The marquis of Ke was a worthy prince, and the marquis of Ts'e extinguished his State. The text does not say so, but that he made a grand leaving of it, there 九世猶可以復讐乎。雖百 by not allowing [the injurions action of] 世可也。 家亦可乎。日,不可。 a small man towards a superior man to appear. |