Ch'ing, and the extinction of several tribes of them is recorded; but the White continued beyond the Ch'un-Ts'ëw period, and one tribe of them held its own till the time of the Warring States, when its chief took the title of king, and contended with the other combatants for the possession of all the dominions of Chow.

Of the Red Teih six tribes seem to be specified:-the 'Kaou-lohs of the eastern hills, '27 whose seat was the present district of Yuenk'euh, Keang Chow, Shan-se; the Tsëang-kaou-joo,28 whose seat is unknown; the 'Loos, '29 who have left their name in the district of Loo-shing, department Loo-gan, Shan-se; the 'Keahs, '30 who occupied in the present district of Ke-tsih, department Kwang-p'ing, Chih-le; the 'Lëw-yu,'31 in the present district of T'un-lëw, department Loo-gan above; and the "Toh-shin, '32 who were also somewhere in the same department.

Of the White Teih there were three tribes:-the 'Seen-yu,' or the 'Chung-shan,'33 in the present district of Ching-ting, department Ching-ting, Chih-le; the 'Fei,34 in Kaou-shing district of the same department; and the 'Koo,'35 in Tsin Chow, also in Ching-ting.

I will now give an outline of what is related about the Teih in the text and in Tso.

[i] While there is no intimation of any general distinction among their tribes.

They appear first in the 32d year of Chwang, invading the small State of Hing, which was by no means able to cope with them. Ts'e went in the first place to its rescue, but in the first year of He Hing removed its principal city to a situation where it would be more out of the way of the Teih, and the forces of Ts'e, Sung, and Ts'aou are introduced as fortifying the new capital.

About the same time the Teih attacked the more considerable State of Wei, and nearly annihilated it. In the 2d year of Min, they took its chief city, the inhabitants of which fled across the Ho. There only 730 people, men and women, could be got together again, and when to them were added the inhabitants of the two other chief towns of the State, the whole did not amount to more than 5,000 souls. This gives us a correct, but not an exalted idea, of the resources of many of the States of Chow in those days. Ts'e went to the help of Wei, as it had done in the case of Hing, gathered up the ruins of the State, and called out the other States to prepare a new capital for it.

27 東山皋落氏 28 廧答如 29 潞氏

33 鮮虞亦日中山

34 肥

30 甲氏
35 鼓

31

While the Teih were thus successful against Hing and Wei, they came into contact with the Power which was ultimately to destroy their independence. In the 2d year of Min, the marquis of Tsin sent his eldest son against the settlements of the Kaou-lohs. Other expeditions followed, and in the 7th year of He a general of that State inflicted a defeat on a portion of the Teih; but, when urged to follow up his victory, he said that he only wanted to frighten them, and would not accelerate a rising of all their tribes. The consequence was that in the following year we have the Teih retaliating by an invasion of Tsin.

In duke He's 10th year they penetrated into the Royal Domain, and overthrew the State of Wăn,36 the viscount of which fled to Wei. From that time, for several years, we find Wei, Ch'ing, and Tsin, one after another, suffering from their incursions. In He's 18th year Ts'e was in confusion in consequence of the death of duke Hwan, and the Teih went to succour the partizans of his younger sons; and two years after, Ts'e and they made a covenant in the capital of Hing. In the 24th year they invaded Ch'ing, which the king, who was then in great distress from the machinations of his brother Tae, took for some reason as an acceptable service to himself. He married a daughter of one of their chiefs, and made her his queen;—a position of which she soon proved herself unworthy.

In He's 31st year we find them again actively engaged against Wei, which was compelled to make another change of its capital. It was able, however, the year after, to make in its turn an incursion into their settlements, when they entered into a covenant with it, and left it unmolested till the 13th year of duke Wăn. Meanwhile they continued their incursions into Ts'e, and went on to attack Loo and Sung, notwithstanding a check which they received from Tsin in the last year of duke He. Loo also defeated them in the 12th year

of Wăn.

[ii] In the time of duke Seuen and subsequently, we read no more in the same way of the Teih, but of the Red and the White Teih. Of the latter we have an earlier mention in the Chuen, in the account of the battle of Ke, when Tsin defeated the Teih, as I have mentioned above. It is then said that a viscount of the White Teih was taken prisoner. From some hints which are found in Tso it appears that about this time jealousies began to spring up among

36

the Teihs themselves. The Red tribes were trying to assert a superiority which the White would not allow, and so they were left, unsupported, to cope with Tsin for which they were by no means a match.

That great State had now consolidated its resources, and it made short work of the Red Teih. They invaded it in Seuen's 4th and 7th years, and met with little opposition; Tsin purposely retiring before them to increase their arrogance. But in his 15th year an army entirely reduced the tribe of the Loos, and carried off their viscount Ying-urh; and next year another army similarly reduced the Këahs and the Lew-yu. In the 3d year of Ch'ing, Tsin and Wei joined in an invasion of the Tsëang-kaou-joo, with whom they dealt probably in the same way; for we have no further mention of the Red Teih. Wherever the Teih are mentioned after this, other circumstances show that the White Teih are meant.

[iii] The White Teih made a bolder resistance, nor was Tsin ever able to destroy the independence of the tribe of the Seen-yu.

In the 8th year of Seuen, we find the White Teih associated with Tsin in the invasion of Ts'in. They would seem to have broken off entirely from the Red Teih, and to have been willing to join with the State which was in deadly hostility with them. Three years after, the marquis of Tsin had a great meeting, at a place within their territories, with all their tribes.

The alliance thus formed between them and Tsin was not very lasting. In the 9th year of Ch'ing, they are confederate with Ts'in and Ts'oo in invading Tsin; but they took nothing by their fickleness, for Tsin inflicted a defeat upon them in Ch'ing's 12th year.

In Seang's 18th year, an embassy from them visited the court of Loo, for what purpose we cannot tell. Nor are they again mentioned in the sage's text, though the Chuen speaks frequently of them.

In Seang's 28th year, they appear, with the States which acknowledged the presidency of Ts'oo, visiting at the court of Tsin,-in accordance with the treaty of Sung. It would thus appear that they had gone over finally to the side of Ts'oo. They soon suffered for their course. In Ch'aou's first year, an army of Tsin, under Seun Woo, defeated them at Ta-loo. In his 12th year, the same. commander put an end to the independent existence of the Fei tribe, and carried away their viscount prisoner. So he dealt with the Koo tribe in Ch'aou's 15th year; but he subsequently restored its viscount, which seems to have encouraged them to revolt again, and in Ch'aou's 22d year, 'Seun Woo a second time extinguished Koo.'

The Seen-yu were not so easily disposed of. Tsin attacked this tribe in Ch'aou's 12th year, and in his 13th and 15th, but without any decisive success. In the 3d year of Ting the army of Tsin was defeated by it, but returned to the attack in the following year, assisted by a force from Wei. Soon after this, the great families of Tsin began contending among themselves, and no effective action could be taken against the Seen-yu. The tribe maintained its independence on into the period of the Warring States, and finally yielded to the kingdom of Chaou about the year B.C. 296.

Third, of the E. Confucius is reported, in the Analects, IX. xiii., as declaring that he would like to go and live among 'the nine E,' on which expression it is generally said that there were nine tribes of the E. There may have been so many originally, and Confucius may have used a phrase which had come down as descriptive of them from a former time. But we do not find nine tribes, nor even half that number, mentioned in the Ch'un Ts'ëw or in Tso's Commentary. I believe that the power of the E tribes had been broken, and that many of them had disappeared among the inhabitants of the eastern States, before the time under our notice. We have to do only with the 'E of the Hwae river,'37 of 'Këae,'38 of 'Lae,'39 and of 'Kin-mow.'40

[i.] The tribes of the Hwae were the only E whose power and numbers were considerable in the Ch'un-Ts'ëw period. The Chuen on V. xiii. 3 mentions that they were at that time distressing the State of K'e, so that they must have penetrated a long way north from the river about which lay their proper seats. From that time, for more than a hundred years, we do not again meet with them; but in the 4th year of duke Ch'aou, at the first meeting of the States called by Ts'oo, we find that the chiefs of these tribes were also present, and that they went on, immediately after, under the leading of Ts'oo, to invade Woo. One other reference to them is all that occurs;-under the 27th year of Ch'aou. Then, in the meeting at Hoo, Fan Heen-tsze of Tsin, when enumerating the dif ficulties in the way of restoring duke Ch'aou to Loo, says that the Head of the Ke family had succeeded in securing the adherence of the Hwae E. All these tribes fell in the end to the lot of Ts'oo. [ii] Keae was the name of a small tribe of the E,—in the present Këaou Chow, department of Lae-chow. In the 29th year of duke He, their chief comes twice to the court of Loo, when Tso tells a

ridiculous story about his interpreting the lowing of a cow. His visit, no doubt, had reference to an incursion which his tribe made the year after into Seaou, a dependency of Sung. Keae must have been absorbed either by Ts'e or by Loo.

[iii] Lae was in the present district of Hwang, department Tăng-chow, on the borders of Ts'e. Its original inhabitants appear to have been brought to comparative civilization, and been ruled by a viscount of the surname Keang, before the Ch'un-Ts'ëw period. We find Ts'e, however, in constant hostility with it from its first appearance in the 7th year of duke Seuen to its extinction in the 6th year of Seang.

[iv.] Kin-mow was the principal town of a small tribe of E,—in the present district of E-shwuy, department E-chow. Its capture by Loo is mentioned in the 9th year of duke Seuen, and afterwards it appears, in the Chuen on X. viii. 6, as the most eastern city belonging to the State.

Fourth, of the Man. We have not much information in the Ch'un Ts'ew or in Tso about the tribes of the south, and that for the same reason which I have mentioned as making our authorities almost silent about the Jung proper, or the hordes of the far west. Ts'oo kept the Man under its control, and lay between most of their tribes and the States of Chow, so that the two hardly came into contact or collision, and the historiographers of the States had little occasion to refer to what was taking place among the southern populations. What we find related about them will be given under the divisions of the 'Loo Jung,' the various tribes of the Man,'42 the 'many tribes of the Puh,'43 and the tribes of 'Pa.'44

[i] In the Chuen at the beginning of the 13th year of duke Hwan we have an account of a fruitless expedition from Ts'oo against the small State of Lo,45 Lo being assisted by an army of the Loo Jung. One of the names in king Woo's 'Speech at Muh,' which I have referred to, thus comes here before us. These Jung occupied what is now the district of Nan-chang, in the department of Seang-yang, Hoo-pih. Tso says that, though they were called Jung, they belonged to the Man of the south. Geographically, they must be classed with them. They must have been reduced to subjection by Ts'oo not long after the above expedition, and their chief settlement converted into the town of Leu;46 for in the Chuen on VI. xvi. 6,