depends the preservation or the ruin of a country;-and you have been seeking to do away with them. Your scheme is a delusion, and there could be no greater offence than to lead the States astray by it. And not content with having escaped punishment, you have sought for reward!" With this he cut the document in pieces and cast it away, while Seuh submitted, and made no further claim to the grant which had been assigned to him.

So ended the first attempt which was made in the world to put an end to war on principles of expediency and by political arrangements. It was a delusion and proved a failure; but there must have been a deep and wide-spread feeling of the miseries which it was intended to remove, to secure for it its temporary acceptance. Though a delusion it was, it was a brilliant one. Though Seuh was a dreamer, I have thought that his name should have prominent mention given to it. More than two thousand years have elapsed since his time; Christianity, calling to universal 'peace on earth,' has come into the field; and under its auspices nations unheard of, it may be said unborn, in the era of the Ch'un Ts'ëw, have attained a wondrous growth, with appliances of science and a development commerce, which were then all-unknown:-and is it still a delusion to hope for arrangements which will obviate the necessity of a recurrence to 'the last resort,' the appeal to the force of arms?

6. Of the wild tribes which infested the territory of China proper during the Ch'un Ts'ew period, and surrounded it on every side, it is impossible to give an entirely satisfactory account. After we have gathered up the information supplied by Confucius and The rude tribes in China and around it. the Commentary of Tso, there occur questions connected with them to which we do not find any reply.

In the Shoo V. ii., at the final struggle of king Woo with the last king of Shang, we find 'the Yung, the Shuh, the Keang, the Maou, the Wei, the Loo, the P'ăng, and the Puh,' eight tribes from the southwest, having their seats mostly in the present provinces of Sze-ch'uen and Hoo-pih, all assisting the former. As most of them appear during the Ch'un-Ts'ew period, occupying the same locations, the probability is, that, when Shang was subdued, they received their share of the spoils, and returned to their fastnesses. Some honours and titles may have been conferred, besides, on their chiefs by Woo, but it does not appear that they acknowledged any allegiance to the House of Chow. If they did, we may be sure it was nothing more than nominal.

The wild tribes are generally divided into four classes, called by different names, according to their situation relative to the Middle

States. There were the Jung, or hordes of the west; the Teih,2 or hordes of the north; the E,3 or hordes of the east; and the Man, or hordes of the south. These designations are in the main correct, yet we find Jung tribes widely diffused, and not confined to the west only. When we bring together the hints and statements of the Text and the Commentary, the knowledge obtained concerning the four classes may be brought within small compass.

First, of the Jung. Seven divisions of these are indicated.

[i.] At the beginning of the period, we find tribes in the neighbourhood of Loo, which are simply called Jung, and whose seat was in the present district of Ts'aou, department Ts'aou-chow. Yin is introduced twice in his 2d year covenanting with them. In his 7th year, we find them making captive an earl of Fan, on his return from Loo to the royal court, and carrying him off with them to their own settlements. Duke Hwan covenants with them in his 2d year. Duke Chwang in his 18th year pursues them across the Tse river; and in his 20th year they are invaded by a force from Ts'e. In his 24th year they make an inroad into the State of Ts'aou, and compel a Ke, who may have been the earl of it, to flee to Ch'in, The duke appears in his 26th year conducting an expedition against them; and after that we hear nothing more about them. We may suppose that they were then finally subdued, and lost their individuality among the population of Loo.

[ii] There were the 'Northern Jung,' the 'Hill Jung,' and the 'Woo-chungs,' who are referred to the present Tsun-hwa Chow in Chih-le. Tso mentions an incursion which they made in the 9th year of duke Yin into Ch'ing, when they sustained a great defeat, chiefly because they fought on foot, and had no chariots like the States of Chow. According to him, moreover, they invaded Ts'e in the 6th year of Hwan, and were again defeated through the assistance of Ch'ing. In the 30th year of Chwang, they reduced the State of Yen to great distress, and Ts'e directed an expedition against them, which brought away great spoil. In the 10th year of He, the marquis of Ts'e and the baron of Heu appear engaged in an invasion of them; and we hear no more of them till the 4th year of Seang, when Kea-foo, viscount of Woo-chung (according to Too, the capital of the Hill Jung), presents a number of tiger and leopard skins to Tsin, begging that that State would be in harmony with the 3夷 4 蠻· 5北戎 6山戎 7無終

1 * 2 *. 戎 2狄 8 遵化州

Jung. In a discussion at the court of Tsin on the advances thus made, one of its ministers argued for a conciliatory policy on five grounds, the first of which was that these tribes were continually changing their residence, and were fond of selling their lands for goods, so that they might be acquired without the trouble and risks of war. Lastly, in the first year of duke Ch'aou, an officer of Tsin inflicts a great defeat on the Woo-chungs and the various tribes of the Teih; after which we have no further mention of the Hill Jung, the Northern Jung, or the Woo-chungs. They, no doubt, disappeared among the multitudes of Tsin.

[iii] There were the 'Jung of Luh-hwăn,' who had also the names of the 'Jung of the surname Yun,'10 the 'Little Jung,'11 the 'Keang Jung,'12 the Yin Jung,'13 and the 'Jung of Kew-chow.'14 These had originally dwelt in the far west, in the territory which now forms Suh Chow15 in Kan-suh, which they called Luh-hwan; but in the 22d year of duke He, Tsin and Ts'in united in removing them to E-ch'uen, or the present district of Sung,16 in the department of Ho-nan. In Chwang's 28th year they are called the Little Jung, and it appears that the mother of duke Hwuy of Tsin belonged to their tribe. In the 33d year of He, they give, as the Keang Jung, important help to Tsin in a great defeat which it inflicted on the troops of Ts'in in the valley of Heaou. In the 3d year of Seuen, Ts'oo invaded them, and they seem to have coquetted subsequently both with Ts'oo and Tsin, which led to the final extinction of their independence by the latter power in the 17th year of Ch'aou. In his 7th year a body of them appears as the Yin Jung, under the command of an officer of Tsin, and mention is made of how they had troubled the Royal Domain, and the Ke States generally, since their removal from their original seat. In the Chuen on Ch'aou, xxii. 8, another body of them is called the Jung of Kew-chow, and the same branch of them is mentioned as late as the 4th year of Gae. [iv.] There were the Jung of Yang-k'eu, Ts'euen-kaou, and about the E and the Loh,'17 who had their seats about those two rivers, in the present district of Loh-yang, and perhaps other parts of the department of Ho-nan. Yang-k'eu and Ts'euen-kaou are taken to be the names of their principal settlements or towns. Thus these tribes infested the Royal Domain, and they were at one time

very troublesome to the capital itself. In the 11th year of duke He, on the invitation of the king's brother Tae, they attacked it with all their strength, entered the royal city, and burned one of its gates. Tsin and Ts'in came to the help of the king, and obliged the Jung to make peace with him; but in the following year the services of the marquis of Ts'e, who was then the presiding prince among the States, were required for the same purpose, and in He's 16th year he was obliged to call out the forces of all the States to occupy the Domain, and keep the Jung in check. In the 8th year of Wăn, an officer of Loo, having gone to the west to meet a minister of Tsin, took the opportunity to make a covenant with these Jung, who, it is supposed, were them meditating an attack on Loo. Only once again do we meet with them. In the 6th year of duke Ching they are associated with other tribes, and with the forces of Tsin, Wei, and Ch'ing, in an incursion into Sung. By this time they had probably settled down in the Domain as subjects of Chow.

[v.] There were the 'Man,'18 called also the Jung Man '19 to distinguish them from the Man of the south, and the 'Maou Jung, '20 whose seats were in the present Joo-chow,21 Ho-nan. The Jung who are mentioned in the Chuen after VI. xvii. 5 as having been surprised by Kan Ch'uh of Chow, when they were drinking spirits, belonged to these; and in the first year of Ch'ing the royal army received a severe defeat from them. The Mans are enumerated among the other tribes in the expedition against Sung in the 6th year of Ch'ing, as mentioned above. In the 5th year of Seang we find the king sending a member of the royal House to the court of Tsin with a complaint against them. In the 16th year of Ch'aou, Ts'oo appears in the field, inveigles Kea, viscount of the Man, into its power, and puts him to death; then establishes its superiority over all their territory, and appoints Kea's son as viscount in his room. Thenceforth this branch of the Jung appears to have been subject to Ts'oo. They rebelled against it in the 4th year of duke Gae; and when their viscount Ch'ih was driven to take refuge in Tsin, that State gave him up to Ts'oo;—a proceeding which is justly deemed to have been disgraceful to it.

[vi.] There were the Dog Jung, '22 whose original seat was in the present department of Fung-ts'ëang, Shen-se. Many critics identify them with the Hëen-yun of the She in II. i. VII. and other odes, though Choo He says that these belonged to the Teih. 19 戎蠻 20 茅戎 21 汝州 22 犬戎

18 蠻氏

In B.C. 770 they made common cause with the marquis of Shin, and joined him in his measures against king Yew. Then, contrary to the wishes of the marquis, they gave the reins to their own greed of plunder, spoiled the capital,—the old capital of Fung, and put the king to death. Tsin and Ts'in came to the relief of the court, and drove the Jung away; but some branches of them appear to have maintained themselves in the more eastern regions which they had found so attractive. In the 2d year of Min, the duke of Kwoh defeated them near the junction of the Wei with the Ho, and again, in the second year of He, at a place in the present district of Wăn, hëang, Shen Chow, 23 Shan-se. This is the last we hear of them. Their original territory, no doubt, fell to the lot of Ts'in, but any portion of the tribe, which had settled on the east of the Ho, would be absorbed by Tsin.

[vii] There were the 'Le Jung, '24 who occupied in the present district of Lin-t'ung, department Se-gan, According to the Chuen on III, xxviii. 1, duke Hëen of Tsin invaded their territory, the chief of which, who had the title of baron, gave him his daughter in marriage. She was the Le Ke whose union with Heen was the occasion of so much confusion and misery in Tsin. That State, soon after, put an end to the independent existence of the tribe.

The above are all the tribes of the Jung mentioned in the Ch'un Tsew and in Tso, excepting the Loo Jung, of whom I shall have to speak when we come to the Man of the South. Neither the sage nor his commentator had occasion to bring forward any others, for only these made their appearance in connexion with the States of China during the Ch'un-Ts'ew period. There were, however, many more tribes, which constituted, properly speaking, the Jung of the west, by the absorption of which it was that Ts'in reached such an eminence of power.

Second, of the Teih. Sze-ma Ts'een and Too Yu, the latter led away probably by Sze-ma, place some tribes of these on the west of the Ho; but so far as the evidence of Confucius and Tso-she goes, they are all to be sought on the east of that river, and appear extending from it, along the north of the different States, as far as the present Shan-tung. Up to the time of duke Seuen, we read in the text only of the Teih, but subsequently there appear two great divisions of them, the 'Red Teih, '25 and the White Teih.'26 Then the Red Teih are no more mentioned after the third year of duke

23 險州闓鄉縣

24 驪戎 25 赤伯 26 白伯