Shing-puh [See the 28th year of duke He], where it triumphed through the wisdom of our duke and the cautious valour of his great officers, whose servant I am not fit to be." He then requested a force of 800 chariots, which was granted him. He himself commanded the army of the centre. Sze-sëeh [Fan Wăn-tsze; see the 2d Chuen appended to VII. xvii. 5], as assistant, had the command of the 1st army, and Lwan-shoo commanded the 3d; Han Keueh [Han Heen-tsze; see account of the battle of Peih in the Chuen on VII. xii. 3] being marshal of the host. And thus they proceeded to the relief of Loo and Wei. Tsang Seuen-shuh met the army and guided its march, while Ke Wan-tsze [Ke-sun Hăng-foo] joined it with the forces [of Loo].

'When the army came to the territory of Wei, Han Heen-tsze being about to behead a man, Këoh Heen-tsze hurried in his chariot to save the culprit; but before he arrived, the punishment was inflicted. Immediately he sent [the man's head] all round the host, saying to his charioteer, "I will thus share the reproach of the deed." The army followed that of Ts'e to Sin, and in the 6th month, on Jin-shin, it arrived at the foot of [mount] Mei-ke. There the marquis of Ts'e sent a challenge to fight, saying [to Këoh K'ih], "You have condescended to come to my poor State with the army of your ruler; I will see you to-morrow morning with our poor levies." The other replied, "Tsin is the brother of Loo and Wei. They came and told our ruler that your great State was venting its indignation, morning and evening, on their poor countries. He could not bear [to hear of their sufferings], and sent us, his ministers, to intercede for them with your great State, charging us that we should not remain with our host long in your territory. We can advance, but we cannot retreat. You need not trouble yourself to send [any further] message." The marquis said, "What they grant us is what I desire. If they had not granted it, I should have seen them all the same."

'Kaou Koo of Ts'e entered the army of Tsin, and with a stone struck down a man. He then took him, and, [leaving his own chariot], mounted that of the prisoner, tied a mulberry tree to it, and so exhibited himself round the entrenchments of Ts'e, crying out, "If any one wants valour, I will sell him what I have left to spare."

'On Kwei-yew, both the armies were drawn up in array at Gan. The charioteer of the marquis of Ts'e was Ping Hea, with Fung Ch'ow-foo as spearman on the right. Heae Chang was charioteer to Keoh K'ih, with Ching Kew-hwan as spearman on the right. The marquis said, "Let me exterminate those, and then I will take my breakfast." With this he galloped forward, without having his horses covered with mail. Keoh K'ih was wounded by an arrow, till the blood ran down to his shoes, but he never let the sound of the drum cease. [At last], he said, "I am in pain." Chang-how [Heae Chang. was his designation] said, "At the first encounter one arrow pierced my hand, and another my wrist. But I broke them and continued my driving, till the left wheel is of a deep purple, not daring to speak of the pain. Do you, Sir, bear yours." Hwan said, "From the first encounter, whenever we have come to difficult ground, I have got down and pushed the chariot along. You, Sir, have not known it because of your distress."

VOL V.

Chang-how said, "The eyes and ears of the army are on our flag and drum. It will advance or retire as our chariot does. While there is one man left to direct this chariot, we may achieve success. Why should you for your pain cause the failure of our ruler's great enterprize? When one dons his armour and takes his weapons, it is to go in the way of death; you are not in pain to death;-strive to combat with it." With this, he held the reins with his left hand, and with the right took the drumstick, and beat the drum. The trained horses urged on, unable to stop, followed by the army. The army of Ts'e received a great defeat; [and the marquis] was pursued thrice all round [the hill of] Hwa-foo

choo.

Ping

'Han Keueh had dreamt, [the night before], that Tsze-yu, [his father], said to him, "Avoid both the left and the right [of the chariot]." In consequence of this, he drove in the middle place, and pursued the marquis of Ts'e. Hea said, "Shoot the driver; he is a superior man." The marquis said, "Since you call him a superior man, it would be contrary to rule to shoot him." He shot therefore the man on the left, who fell down below the chariot, and then the man on the right, who died in it. [Just then], Ke Woo-chang, who had lost his own chariot, came up to Han Këueh, and asked that he would take him into his. He agreed to do so, but with his elbow moved him away first from the left and then from the right, and made him stand behind himself. [Soon after], he bent forward and adjusted the body of the spearman who had been on the right, [which gave an opportunity to] Fung Ch'ow-foo and the marquis to change places. When the fugitives had nearly reached the spring of Hwa, one of the outside horses was caught by a tree, and stopped. Ch'ow-foo, [some time before], had been lying in a sleeping carriage, when a snake made its appearance beneath him, which he struck with his elbow. It bit him, and though he had concealed the wound, he was now unable to push the carriage on, and the pursuers came up. Han Keueh went with a rope in his hand before the marquis's horses, bowed twice with his head to the ground, and then presented to him a cup, with a peih in it, saying, "My ruler sent us to intercede with you on behalf of Loo and Wei, charging us not to allow our army to enter deep into your lordship's territory. Unfortunately, I found myself thrown among the soldiers, and could not avoid my present position. I was afraid, moreover, that if I fled away so as to escape from it, I should disgrace both my own ruler and your lordship. And being now in the position of a soldier, I venture to tell you of my want of ability, and to undertake the office [of your charioteer], so supplying your present need." Ch'ow-foo then made the marquis descend from the chariot, and go to the spring of Hwa to fetch some water, when he was received into an attendant chariot by Ch'ing Chow-foo, Yuen Fei being the spearman on the right, and made his escape. Han Keueh presented Ch'ow-foo [as the marquis] to Keoh Heen-tsze, who, [on discovering the fraud], was about to put him to death. The prisoner cried out, "Henceforth no one will take upon himself in his room the danger to which his ruler is exposed. One such person there is here; and will you put him to death?" Këoh-tsze said, "This man did not

44

the site is not exactly determined. Chang Hëah says it was in the west of the pres. dis. of Lintsze, dept. Ts'ing-chow. Others find it in the dis. of Tsze-ch'uen, dep. Tse-nan. The Chuen says:-'In autumn, in the 7th month the army of Tsin approached the capital of Ts'e. Kwoh Tso made a covenant at Yuen-low, by which the people of Tsin were required to return to us the lands of Wăn-yang.'

[The Chuen adds here:-The duke [of Loo] met the army of Tsin at Shang-ming, and to each of its three commanders (Keoh Kih, Sze Seeh, and Lwan Shoo) he gave a carriage of leather, with the robes of a minister of three degrees. The marshal of the host, the superintendent of entrenchments, the master of the chariots, the master of the scouts, and the other great officers inferior to them, all received the robes of an officer of one degree.']

Par. 5. The Chuen says:- In the 8th month duke Wan of Sung died. He was the first [duke of Sung] to whom they gave an extravagant interment, using mortar made of [burnt] frogs [for the walls of the grave], with more than the usual number of [earthen] carriages and [straw] horses. For the first time men (? images of men) | were interred with the corpse. The number of articles prepared for such an occasion was augmented. The outer coffin was made with 4 pillars, and the inner one was ornamented above and on the sides. The superior man will say:-" Hwa Yuen and Yoh Keu did not act on this occasion as ministers ought to do. It is the part of ministers to control the restless movements and remove the errors of their ruler, striving to do so even at the risk of their lives. These two officers, while their ruler was alive, allowed him to take the way of error; and when he was dead, they acted as if they were increasing his extravagance. They abandoned their ruler to wickedness, having nothing about them of the proper character of ministers." Par. 6. The marquis of Wei must have died either during, or immediately after, his return from Ts'e. Kung-yang gives his name instead of

The Chuen says:-'In the 9th month, duke Muh of Wei died. The three generals of Tsin, on their way from the campaign [in Ts'e], went [to the capital of Wei] to offer their condolences, and wept outside the great gate [of the palace]. The officers of Wei met them there, and the women wept inside the gate. The same rule was observed when the generals were escorted away;-and this became the regular method of condolence when there was to be an interment [in Wei].'

[The Chuen appends here two long narratives:-1st, When Ts'oo punished the Head of the Hea family in Ch'in [See VII. xi. 5, and read the Chuen there and on ix. 13, x. 8] king Chwang wanted to take [his mother], Hea Ke, to his harem; but Woo-shin, duke of Shin, said to him, "Do not do so. You called out the States to punish a criminal. If you now take Hëa Ke to your harem, it will be through desire of her beauty. Such desire is lewdness, and lewdness is a great crime. One of the Books of Chow [Shoo, V. ix. 2] says, 'He illustrated virtue and carefully abstained from wickedness;'-it was thus that King Wăn made

Chow [what it became]. He illustrated his virtue; that is, he did his utmost to exalt it. He carefully abstained from wickedness;'that is, he did his utmost to put it away. If, having roused the States to this expedition, you go on to commit a great wickedness, that is not careful abstinence from it. Let your lordship well consider the matter." The king on this desisted from his purpose.

'Tsze-fan then wished to take her; but Wooshin said to him, "She is a woman of evil omen. She brought [her brother] Tsze-man, to an early death; proved the death of [her husband] Yushuh; occasioned the murder of the marquis Ling. the execution of [her son] Hea Nan, the expulsion of Kung and E, and the ruin of the State of Chin. What more inauspicious a woman could there be? Man's life is encompassed with difficulties;-is there any one who cannot [naturally] find death? There are many beautiful women in the world;-why must you have this one?" Tsze-fan on this [likewise] gave up his purpose.

The king then gave her to the Leen-yin, Seang Laou, who died at the battle of Peih [In the 12th year of duke Seuen], though his body had not been found. His son Hih-yaou then had a connection with her; but Woo-shin sent a message to her, saying, "Return [to Ching], and I will make you regularly my wife." He further brought it about that they should send from Ching to call her there, on the ground that the body [of her husband, Seang Laou] could be found, and that she must come and meet it. [Hea] Ke informed the king of this message, who asked Këuh Woo [Woo-shin] about it. Woo-shin replied, "The thing is true. The father of Che Ying [A prisoner in Ts'oo, since the battle of Peih] was a favourite with duke Ching [of Tsin], and is the youngest brother of Chung-hang Pih [Seun Lin-foo]. He has recently been made assistant-commander of the army of the centre, and is very friendly with Hwang Seuh of Ching. He is much attached to this son, and is sure, through Ching, to offer to restore our king's son [A prisoner, since the same battle, in Tsin] and the body of Sëang Laou in exchange for him. The people of Ching are afraid [of Tsin] in consequence of the battle of Peih, and anxious to conciliate its favour, so that they will agree to the wishes of Che Ying's father." [On hearing this], the king sent Hea Ke back to Ching, and as she was about to commence the journey, she said to those who were escorting her, "If I do not get the body [of my husband], I will not return here." [Thus she went to Ching, and by and by], Woo-shin made proposals of marriage with her to the earl of Ching, who accepted them.

'After the accession of king Kung [in Ts'oo] when he was arranging for the expedition to Yang-k ëaou [In the winter of this year], he sent K'euh Woo to go on a friendly mission to Ts'e, and to inform the marquis of the time of taking the field. Woo-shin took all his family along with him, and was met by Shin Shuh-kwei, who was going to Ying in the suite of his father. Shuh-kwei said to him, How strange! You have the anxiety of all the armies of the State on your mind, and yet you are as bright as if proceeding to an encounter among the mulberry trees. You ought to be stealing a marriage with some lady!" When Woo

shin got to Ch'ing, he sent his assistant in the mission back to Ts'oo with the presents [he had received for Ts'e], and proceeded to go elsewhere with Hea Ke. He had been minded to fly to Ts'e, but as its army had sustained the recent defeat, he said, "I will not live in a State which is not victorious," and fled to Tsin, where, by means of Këoh Che, he obtained an appointment, and was made commandant of Hing. Tsze-fan requested [the king of Ts'oo to present large offerings [to Tsin], and get him dismissed from its service; but the king said, "He has gone in the way in which he had planned for himself; but in the plans which he laid for my father he was loyal. Loyalty secures the stability of the altars, and may cover a multitude of offences. If he prove of advantage to it, moreover, would Tsin listen to our request, though it were made with large offerings? If he do not prove of service, Tsin will cast him off, without our having the trouble of seeking his dismissal."'

2d. When the army returned to Tsin, Fan Wăn-tsze [Sze Seeh; see the Chuen on p. 3] was the last [of the generals] to enter the capital. Woo-tsze, [his father], said to him, "Have you not made me wait for you?" He replied, "The army has done good service, and the people are meeting it with joy. If I had entered first, I should have attracted to myself their eyes and ears, and received the fame which belongs to the commander-in-chief. On this account I did not dare [to enter sooner]." Woo-tsze said, "I know by this that he will keep out of danger." 'Këoh Pih had an interview with the duke, who said to him, "The victory was due to you." He replied, "It was due to your lordship's instructions, and to the efforts of all your officers. No peculiar merit belonged to me." Fan Shuh [Fan Wan-tsze] had an interview, and the duke complimented him in the same way, when he replied, "I got my appointment through [Seun] Kang [the commander of the 1st army. Sze Seeh's was only a temporary appointment], and the dispositions were made by K'ih. No peculiar merit belonged to me." When Lwan Pih had an interview, the duke addressed him also in the same way, but he said, 'It was Seeh who instructed me, and the soldiers obeyed their orders. No peculiar merit belonged to me.']

Par. 7. See on V. xxxi. 1. T'sin had insisted on Ts'e's surrendering this territory to Loo; and Loo would seem to have now taken decisive measures to secure it.

Parr. 8,9,10. The Chuen says:-'Duke Seuen had sent to ask the friendship [and aid] of Ts'oo [See the Chuen after VII.xviii. 3 and 5], but in consequence of his death and that of king Chwang, Loo and Ts'oo had not become allied. When duke Ch'ing succeeded to the State, he accepted a covenant with Tsin, and joined that State in the invasion of Ts'e. [At the same time], the people of Wei had neglected to send any mission to Ts'oo, and had also accepted a covenant with Tsin, and followed it against Ts'e. Tsze-ch'ung, the chief minister of Ts'oo, therefore, made the expedition of Yang-k'ëaou for the relief of Ts'e. When he was about to raise the army for the service, he said, “Our ruler is young, and we are not equal to the great officers of a former day. We shall require a large force in order to succeed. The ode (She, III. i. ode I. 3) says,

'Numerous was the array of officers,
And by them king Wăn enjoyed repose.'

If even king Wan employed a large force, much more must we do so! Moreover, our late ruler, duke Chwang, gave an order saying, "When our virtue is not sufficient to reach to distant regions, our best plan is to show kindness and compassion to our own people, and use them well.'

'On this, he instituted a grand census from house to house, remitted taxes, was kind to the old and widowed, gave help to the needy, and He then raised all the pardoned offenders. forces of the State. The king's own troops also Păng Ming drove the king's chariot, having duke King of Ts'ae on the left, and duke Ling of Heu on the right. These two princes were both young, and they were capped, notwithstanding, for the occasion.

went.

'In winter the army of Ts'oo made an incursion into Wei, and then into our territory, where it encamped at Shuh. The duke wished to send Tsang-sun [Seuen-shuh] to it, but he declined, saying, "[The army of] Ts'oo has come far, and been long on the way. It is sure to withdraw, and I do not dare to receive the fame of effecting such a service." Ts'oo then advanced to Yang-k'eaou, and Măng-sun [Măng Heen-tsze, called also Chung-sun Meeh] begged leave to go and bribe it [to retreat]. He took with him 100 mechanics, 100 female embroiderers, and as many weavers, with [the duke's son] Kung-hăng, as a hostage, and with them requested a covenant, when Ts'oo agreed to make peace.

'In the 11th month, the duke, with king [Muh's] son, Ying-ts'e of Ts'oo, the marquis of Ts'ae, the baron of Heu, Yueh, great officer of the right, of Ts'in, Hwa Yuen, of Sung, Kungsun Ning of Ch'in, Sun Leang-foo of Wei, the Kung-tsze K'eu-tsih of Ch'ing, and a great officer, of Ts'e, made a covenant at Shuh.'

Tso-she adds:-"The names of the ministers

of the different States are not given in the text, because this was an imperfect covenant. It may be called so, because they were at this time afraid of Tsin, and made the covenant with Ts'oo by stealth. The marquis of Ts'ae and the baron of Heu are not mentioned, because they had occupied the carriage of [the viscount of] Ts'oo, and might be said to have lost their rank. The superior man will say, "His rank is what a man must be careful of! When once the rulers of Ts'ae and Heu had failed to assert their rank, they were not numbered with the princes of the States;-how much greater would be the consequence to men of inferior station! What the ode (She, III. ii. ode V. 4) says,

'Not being idle in their stations, They secure the repose of the people,' may be applied to a case like this."'

Shuh was a place belonging to Loo,—in the west of the dis. of T'ae-gan, dep. of the same name. The K'ang-he editors observe that the

4in p. 9 before is the first time that any scion of the House of Ts'oo is thus designated; that the precedence given to Ts'oo and Ts'in in p. 10 shows the power of those States; and that Tso-she is right in the reason which he assigns for the absence of Ta'ae and Heu in the enumeration.