Par, 4. Kuh-lëang has for . for. Acc. to Tso-she, is the character employed to denote the murder of the prince of a State by some one of another State, just as it indicates that the perpetrator was one of the prince's own subjects. Tsăng,-see V. xiv. 2. In V. xix. 4 we have an account of a terrible outrage by the people of Choo on a former prince of Tsăng. Wang K'ih-kwan (E) thinks that by in the text we should understand the, the viscount of Choo ;' but this seems inconsistent with the use of the character with the duke, whose elevation was due to [Kwei-foo's father], Sëang-chung. Wishing to remove the three clans descended from duke Hwan, and thereby increase the power of the ducal House, he consulted with the duke, and went on a friendly mission to Tsin, hoping to accomplish his object by means of the people of Tsin.' Par. 7. See on III. xxxii. 4. death of the duke, Ke Wan-tsze [Ke-sun HăngPar. 8. The Chuen says:-'In winter, on the foo] said in the court, "It was Chung who made us kill the son of the proper wife, and set up the son of another, so as to lose the great helper we might have calculated on." Seuen-shuh [Tsang Heu; son of Tsang Wan-chung, or Tsang-sun Shin in III.xxviii. 6], was angry, and said, "Why did you not deal with him at the time? What BA, however, may denote-'a party of offence is his son chargeable with? But if you men from Choo.' Par. 5. Here for the first time we have the death of one of the viscounts of Ts'oo recorded. His burial, however, is not mentioned, and there would have been a difficulty in recording it, as the deceased viscount must have then received the title which he claimed of 'king.' The Chuen says:-'In consequence of the death of king Chwang, the army [The help of which Loo had asked] did not come forth. Afterwards Loo availed itself of an army of Tsin [See VIII. ii. 2], in consequence of which Ts'oo had the meeting and covenant at Shuh (VIII. ii. 10].' Par. 6. The object of this visit is given in the Chuen :—‘Kung-sun Kwei-foo was a favourite wish to send their clan away, allow me to do it." Accordingly he drove the Tung-mun clan out of the State. Tsze-kea had then returned from Tsin as far as to Săng. He there cleared a space of ground, and raised a tent on it, where he delivered the account of his mission to his assistant, [that it might be transmitted to Loo]. Having done so, he took off his upper garment, bound his hair up with sackcloth, went to the place for it and wept, gave three leaps, and left the tent. He then fled to Ts'e. The style of the paragraph,-" Kwei-foo returned from Tsin," is commendatory of him.' For Kung and Kuh have. The place was in Loo. First year. 冬秋赤夏三無二元可 + 王棘。 我月 君公 宣師 公。位。 月。師 孫作 許丘 辛春 及甲。 葬正 成公 秋棘.聞為未勝國國伐晉瑕 單春 三將祥 戎 襄 I. 1 In his first year, in spring, in the king's first month, the 2 3 4 5 6 duke came to the [vacant] seat. In the second month, on Sin-yëw, we buried our ruler, duke Seuen. There was no ice. In the third month, the Kew and buff-coat ordinance was made. In summer, Tsang-sun Heu and the marquis of Tsin made a covenant in Ch'ih-keih. In autumn, the king's army was disgracefully defeated by the Maou-jung. 7 It was winter, the tenth month. ; see on TITLE OF THE BOOK.‘Duke Ch'ing.' Kew (or) is a territorial designation. He was marquis of Loo for 18 years, from B. C. Nine families occupied a tsing (#; 589-572. His name was Hih-kwang (Mencius, III. Pt. I. iii. 13); 4 tsing made a yih He was the son of duke Seuen by his wife, a (); 4 yih made a k'ëw; and 4 k'ëw made a tëen daughter of the House of Ts'e, and known as (H). A teen contained 8 square le. The adMuh Keang (). We have the account dition of a le on each side made a ch'ing of Seuen's marriage with her in the 1st year of the last Book, and Hih-kwang was, therefore, may be taken in the sense of ‘a probably about 17 years old at his father's death. The posthumous title Ch'ing denotes 'Tranquillizer of the people, and Establisher of government (安民立政日成): His first year synchronized with the 17th of king Ting (E); the 10th of King () of (1 Tsin ; the 9th of King (頃) of Ts'e; the 10th of Muh () of Wei; the 2d of King () of Ts'ae; the 15th of Sëang () of Ching; the 5th of Seuen () of Ts'aou; the 9th of Ching of Chin; the 47th of Hwan of Ke; the 21st of Wăn of Sung; the 15th of Hwan (†) of Ts'in; and the 1st of Shin, king Kung #), of Ts'oo. Par. 1. See on VI.i.1. Par. 2. This interment seems to have been regular;-five months after the duke's death. Par. 3. The 2d month of the Chow year was the 12th month of Hea's,-the last month of the natural winter. The season must have been one of unusual warmth, which is the reason why we have the record. [The Chuen appends here:-'In the spring, the marquis of Tsin sent Kea of Hea [See the Chuen introduced at VI. xiii. 1] to make peace between the Jung and the king; and duke Seang of Shen went to Tsin to express [the king's] acknowledgment of the service. Duke K'ang of Lew, however, wished to take advantage of the Jungs' being thrown off their guard and to attack them. Shuh-fuh said to him, "You will be violating the covenant, and doing despite to the great State;-you are sure to be defeated. To violate a covenant is inauspicious; buff-coat or coat of mail' 'a soldier clad in a buff-coat;' 'a company of soldiers.' Kung and Kuh both take in the first of these senses; and think that the ordinance required the people in the k'ëw all to make buffCoats, how many is not stated. But as Lew Ch'ang observes, if this were the meaning, the text should be 丘作甲 and not 作丘甲 Too Yu says:-'A kew or 16 tsing contributed 1 war-horse and 3 oxen; a tëen or 64 tsing contributed 1 war-chariot, 4 war-horses, 12 oxen, 3 mailed soldiers, and 72 footmen. The present ordinance levied the contribution of a teen from a këw.' We cannot suppose that the ordinance in the text was so extreme and oppressive. tween Tae-tsung of the Tang dynasty and his minister Le Tsing(), thought that whereas a k'ëw had formerly contributed 18 footmen, which formed 1 këah, the number was now increased to 25, the 4 k'ëw or the whole teen thus sending into the field 100 men along with its chariot. This view has been very generally followed; but recently, Wan Sze-ta (), of the period K'ang-he, suggested the view that the ordinance had respect simply to the mailed soldiers of the chariot contributed by a tëen, increasing their number from three,the charioteer, the archer on the left, and the spearman or lancer on the right-to four, and leaving the number of the footmen unchanged. Sometimes there were 4 men, however, in the chariot as we learn from the Chuen on the defeat of the Teih at Hëen, in the 11th year of duke Wăn; and this he thinks was made the rule at this time in prospect of hostilities with Ts'e. See Hoo Gan-kwoh, going on a conversation be the 學春秋隨筆 in the 皇清經 to do despite to the great State is unrighteous. 解卷五十七 Neither Spirits nor men will help you in such a course; and how can you expect to conquer?" The duke did not listen to the warning, but proceeded to invade the Maou Jung; and in the 3d month, on Kwei-we, he received a great defeat from the Seu-woo tribe.'] Par. 4. Tso-she says that this ordinance was made because of the [impending] difficulties with Ts'e; but of the nature of the ordinance he says nothing. Duke Seuen, in his 17th year, had attended the conference of Twan-taou, a principal object of which was the punishment of Ts'e, and had gone on to cultivate more than Loo had done for long the friendship of Tsin. Ta'e, it was understood, contemplated an invasion of Loo, and Loo passed the ordinance in the text to increase its means of defence. So far the critics are agreed; but even Maou acknowledges that the nature of the ordinance has not been satisfactorily ascertained. VOL V. Par. 5. Tsang-sun Heu,-see the Chuen on VII. xviii. 8. Ch'ih-keih was in Tsin; but its situation has not been more particularly determined. Tso-she says:-'[Loo] had heard that Ts'e was about to come forth with an army of Ts'oo, and in summer made this covenant with Tsin. Chaou Pang-fei supposes, what is very likely, that the confederation against Ts'e, of which we have the issue in par. 3 of next year, was now agreed upon. Par. 6. The Maou-jung (Kung and Kuh had their site in the south-east have of the pres. dis. of Ping-luh (), Këne Chow, Shan-se. The defeat here sustained by the king's troops is that mentioned in the Chuen after par. 3. Too Yu says it is recorded now, because it was only now, in the autumn, that it was announced to Loo. 43 Par. 7. [The Chuen relates here:' In win- | are striving for the presidency of covenants. ter, Tsang Seuen-shuh [Tsang-sun Heu] gave The army of Ts'e is sure to come [against us]; orders that the military levies should be made, and though the people of Tsin invade Ts'e, the walls all well repaired, and the instruments Tsoo will go to its relief:–thus both Ts'oo and of defence provided, saying, "Ts'e and Ts'oo Ts'e will together attack us. When we see our are in bonds of friendship, and we have lately difficulties and make preparation for them, they made a covenant with Tsin. Tsin and Tsoo | may be resolved." ] 取庚大師六師 夏二 汶寅月,七齊師月敗四年, 陽衞壬月師會癸績。月春 田。侯午齊敗晉西 丙齊 速宋侯績郤季 卒。 公 鮑 克 帥師會晉郤克衞孫良夫曹公子首及齊侯戰于 北 鄙。 左傅日二年春齊侯伐我北鄙圍龍頃公之嬖人盧蒲就魁門焉龍人囚之齊 侯日勿殺吾與而盟無入而封弗聽殺而脯諸城上齊侯親鼓士陵城三日取 龍遂南侵及巢丘 衛侯使孫艮夫石稷甯相向禽將使齊與齊師遇石子欲還孫子日不可以師 石成子日師敗矣子不少須衆懼盡子喪師徒何以復命皆不對又日子 孫桓子還于新築不入遂如晉乞師臧宣叔亦如晉乞師皆主郤獻子晉侯許 |