viscount sent T'ang Keaou and Ts'ae Kew-keu with a message to the marquis Hwuy of Tang, saying, "All unworthy I am, and in my ambitious desires I have encountered a great enemy. I acknowledge my offence; but if Ts'oo do not conquer, it will be your lordship's disgrace. I venture to depend on your powerful influence to complete the victory of my army." While sending this message, he ordered Pwan Tang, with 40 of the chariots of reserve, to follow the marquis of Tang, and to act on the left by following the 1st army [of Tsin]. Keu Pih, (Keoh Kih) said, "Shall we await their onset?" Ke of Suy replied, "The army of Ts'oo is in the flush of its might. If it now collect around us, we are sure to be destroyed. Our best plan is to gather in our troops, and retreat. We shall share the reproach of the other armies, but we shall save the lives of the people." He then placed his own troops in the rear of the retreating forces, and retired without being defeated.

The king, seeing his own chariots of the right, wished to continue the pursuit in one of them; but K'euh Tang stopped him, saying, "You began with this, and you must end with this." From this time in Ts oo the chariots of the left got the precedence.

[In the flight], a chariot belonging to Tsin sank in a rut, and could not proceed. A man of Ts'oo told its occupant to take out the frame for weapons. After this, it advanced a little, and then the horses wanted to turn. The same man advised to take out the large flag-staff, and lay it crosswise. When this was done, the carriage got out of the hole, when its occupant turned round and said to his helper, "We are not so accustomed to fly as the soldiers of your great State!"

'Chaou Chen gave his two best horses to assist his elder brother and his uncle, and was going back with the others, when he met the enemy, and was unable to escape them. He abandoned his chariot therefore, and ran into a wood. The great officer Fung was driving past with his two sons, and [catching sight of Chen], he told them not to look round. They did so, however, and said, "The old great officer Chaou is behind us." He was angry with them, and made them dismount, pointing to a tree, and saying, "Let me find your bodies there." He then gave the reins to Chaou Chen, who thus made his escape. The other. next day, found his sons' bodies at the spot which he had marked.

Heung Hoo-ke of Ts'oo took Ying of Che prisoner; and when [Ying's father], Chwang-tsze knew it, he returned to the battle-field with the soldiers of his own clan, Woo-tsze of Choo [Wei E] acting as his charioteer, and many soldiers of the 3d army following him. Whenever he drew out an arrow, though it seemed to be strong, he placed it in the quiver of Wootsze, till the latter was angry, and said, “Are you not looking for your son? And do you grudge your arrows? Will it be possible to exhaust the willows of the Tung marsh?" Chwang-tsze replied, "If I do not get some one's son, shall I be able to recover mine? I must not shoot an arrow that I cannot be sure of." He then shot the Leen-yin, Seang Laou, killed him, and took the body into the carriage. Another arrow hit the Kung-tsze Kuh-shin, whom he made prisoner; and these two trophies obtained, he returned to the army

of Tsin. When it was dusk, the army of Ts'00 encamped in Peih, while what remained of that of Tsin could not encamp anywhere, but kept crossing the Ho all the night, the noise of its movements never ceasing.

'On Ping-shin, the heavy waggons of Ts'00 were brought to Peih, and the viscount went on to Hang-yung. Pwan Tang said to him, 'Why should your lordship not signalize your triumph by making a mound, and collect in it the bodies of the Tsinites so as to form a grand monument? I have heard that succeessful battles should be shown to posterity, so that the prowess of them may not be forgotten." The viscount said, "You do not know what you are talking about. The character for 'prowess,' is formed by those for 'to stay' and 'a spear' and 戈) When king Woo had subdued Shang, he made the ode, which says (She, IV. i. [i.] VIII.), 'He has called in shields and spears; He has returned to their cases bows and

arrows.

I will seek true virtue,

And display it throughout the great land, That as king I may indeed preserve our appointment.'

He also made the Woo (t; She, IV.i. [ii.] X.), of which the last stanza says,

'So he firmly established his merit.' The 3d stanza says (see She, IV. i. [iii.] X. This is not now a part of the Woo song),

'We wish to develope the purposes [of king Wǎn],

And go to seek the settlement of the kingdom.'

The 6th stanza says (She, IV.i. [iii.] IX.),

'He gave repose to all the States,

And there ensued several years of plenty.' Thus military prowess is seen in the repression of cruelty, the calling in of the weapons of war, the preservation of the great appointment, the firm establishment of one's merit, the giving repose to the people, the harmonizing all [the States], and the enlargement of the general wealth; and king Woo took care by those stanzas that his posterity should not forget this. Now I have caused the bones of the soldiers of two States to lie bleaching on the earth:-an act of cruelty; I display my weapons of war to awe the States:-thus unable to call them in. Cruel and not calling in the weapons of war, how can I preserve the great appointment? And while still the State of Tsin remains, how can I firmly establish my merit? There are many things by which I oppose what the people desire, and how can they get repose from me? Without the practice of virtue. striving by force for supremacy among the States, how can I produce harmony among them? I have made my gain from the perils of others, and found my safety in their disorders;-these things are my glory, but what enlargement of the general wealth is there in them? Not one of the seven virtues belonging to military prowess attaches to me;-what have I to display to my posterity? Let us simply make here a temple for the tablets of my predecessors, and announce to

[Moreover], in ancient times, when the intelligent kings punished disrespectful and disobedient States, they took the greatest criminals among them, and buried them under a mound as the greatest punishment. Thus it was that grand monuments were made for the warning of the unruly and bad. But now when it is not certain to whom the guilt can positively be ascribed, and the people have all with the utmost loyalty died in fulfilling their ruler's commands, what grounds are there for rearing a grand monument?"

'After this the viscount offered sacrifice at the Ho, reared a temple for the tablets of his predecessors, announced to them the successful accomplishment of his enterprise, and returned to Ts'oo.

'At this time, Shih Che of Ch'ing entered the army of Ts'oo, and proposed to divide Ching into two States, and appoint the Kung-tsze Yushin over one of them. On Sin-wei, Ching put to death Puh-shuh (Yu-shin) and Tsze-fuh (Shih Che). The superior man may say that what the historiographer Yih remarked about not taking advantage of people's troubles was applicable to such parties. The ode says (She, II. v. ode X. 2),

In such distress of disorder and separation,
Whither can I betake myself?'

They betook themselves to those who would have taken advantage of the trouble and disorder!'

Par. 4. [The Chuen appends here:-1st, "The earl of Ching and the baron of Heu went to Ts'oo.' 2d, 'In autumn, the army of Tsin returned, and Hwan-tsze (Seun Lin-foo) requested that he might be put to death. The marquis was about to accede to the request, when Sze Ching-tsze [A member of the Sze clan. His Uh-chuh] said, “Do not do So. After the battle of Shing-puh [In the 28th year of duke He], the army of Tsin fed for 3 days on the grain [of the enemy], but there was still sorrow on the countenance of duke Wăn. His attendants said to him, "On an oc

nanie was

casion of such joy you are still sorrowful; would you be joyful in a time of sorrow?" The duke replied, "While Tih-shin is still alive, my sorrow cannot cease. A wild beast in the toils will still fight; how much more the chief minister of a State!" When Ts'oo put Tsze-yuh [Tih-shin] to death, the joy of the duke could then be seen by all. He said, "There is now none to embitter my peace." In fact [the death of Tih-shin] was a second victory to Tsin, and a second defeat to Ts'oo; and through the time of two rulers Ts'00 could not again show itself strong. Now Heaven has, it may be, given a great warning to Tsin; but if you now proceed to put to death

VOL V.

Ts'oo, will not Tsin be reduced for a long time to a state of weakness? Lin-foo's service of his ruler has been of this character, that, in an advance, his thought has been how to display his loyalty, and, when obliged to withdraw, his thought has been how to retrieve his errors;he is a bulwark to the altars of Tsin, and on what ground can you put him to death? His defeat is like an eclipse of the sun or moon; what injury does an eclipse do to those bodies ?" On this, the marquis of Tsin ordered Hwan-tsze to resume his office.']

They

Par. 5. Seaou,-see V. xxx. 6. Too observes that there was no Mow-yin day in the 12th month of this year. Mow-yin was the 9th day of the 11th month. The Chuen says:-'In winter the viscount of Ts'oo invaded Seaou, which Hwa Tsëaou of Sung, with a body of men from Ts'ae, endeavoured to relieve. The people and the Kung-tsze Ping. The king said, “Do of Seaou held as prisoners Heung-sëang E-leaou not put them to death, and I will retire." put them to death, however, which enraged the king, so that he laid siege to their city; when the people dispersed. Woo-shin, duke of Shin, said to the king, "Many of the soldiers are suffering from the cold;" on which the king went round all the host, comforting the soldiers and encouraging them, which made them feel as if they were clad in quilted garments. They then approached Seaou, when Seuen Woo-shay spoke Shuh-chen of Shin to him. Shuh-chen said, with the marshal Maou, and asked him to call "Have you any wheaten cakes made with leaven?" "No," said the other. "Have you any spirits made from the hill grass?" "No," was the reply again. What then will you do when your belly is pained with the fish from the river?" asked Shuh-chen. The other replied, "Look into a dry well, and save me out of it."

66

If you place a band of rushes on it," [said Shuhchen, "I will know it]. And when you hear the sound of weeping near the well, it will be I."

'Next day, the people of Seaou dispersed. Shul of Shin looked for the well, and there was the rush-band at it. He then wept, and brought out [his friend] Woo-she.'

Par. 6. The Kang-he editors observe that here for the first time we have the great officers of States covenanting together about the affairs of their States. Tsing-k'ew was in Wei, 70 le to the south-east of the present K'ae-chow, dep. Ta-ming, Chih-le. Tso-she says:-'Hwoh of Yuen (Seen Hwoh), Hwa Tsëaou of Sung, Tah gether at Tsing-kew, to the effect that they of Wei, and an officer of Ts'aou, covenanted towould compassionate States which were in distress, and punish those that were disaffected.' He adds, "The names of the ministers are not recorded, because they did not make their words good.'

Par. 7. Ch'in had taken the side of Ts'00, and was therefore a 'disaffected State,' against which the States mentioned in the preceding par. should have acted in common, whereas we have Wei going to its help.

The Chuen says:-In accordance with the covenant, Sung invaded Ch'in, but the people of Wei went to its help. K'ung Tah said, "Our former ruler had a treaty with Chin; if the great State [of Tsin] come to punish us [for helping it], I will die on account of the affair."

41

夫殺

將 歸討 丘 稷將焉。之 誰為 請加使 政而人晉 我而我師。弗 則認孔去衛 死大罪達日,

恃日, 清伐晉十

唯救齊齊

穀

宋蕭故師

可也。也。伐

XIII. 1

spring, an ariny of

4

Hwoh.

Par. 1. Kung-yang has Wei (衛) here instead of Keu; but the latter is no doubt the correct reading. Nowhere in the Ch'un Ts'ëw have we any account of hostilities between Ts'e and Wei, whereas from the 4th year of duke Sëuen there seems to have been a state of chronic hostility between Keu on the one part, and Loo and Ts'e on the other 「SeeIV.1;XI. 3]. Tso-she says that the reason for the invasion in the text was because Keu, depending on the protection of Tsin, would not do service to Ts'e. Par. 2. Tso-she says: --The viscount of Tsoo invaded Sung, because it had endeavoured to relieve Seaou. The superior man may say that, in [the account of] the covenant of Tsing-këw, Sung might have escaped [the disapprobation indicated by the suppression of the name of its minister].’

Par. 3. Here again Kung-yang has 蚬 for

Par.4. For 縠 Kuh-leang has 穀. Seen

又

Hwoh deserved to die, for the great defeat at Peih was mainly owing to his insubordination;

and he had since engaged in other nefarious plotting. The Chuen says: --‘In autumn, the Red Teih, at the invitation of Sëen Hwoh, invaded Tsin, and advanced as far as Ts'ing. In winter, Tsin, to avenge the defeat at Peih and this advance of the Teih to Ts'ing, laid the blame of both affairs on Seen Hwoh, and put him to death, exterminating also all the branches of his clan. The superior man may say that the maxim, “When evil comes on a man, it has been brought on by himself," found an illustration in Sëen Hwoh..

[The Chuen appends here:-In consequence of the covenant at Ts'ing-k'ew, Tsin sent to demand from Wei an account of its relieving Ch'in. The messenger would not go away, and said, "If the offence be not laid on some one, my mission will be followed up by an army of

attack." Kung Tah said, "If it will be of ad

vantage to the State, please lay the blame on me. The ground of criminating me lies in the

fact that from me proceeded the movement

which has excited the great State to demand reparation? I will die for this matter."]