The text says that the Teih entered Wei;' and the critics are divided on the amount of meaning in the term 'entered.' Fan Ning thinks it is equivalent to 'extinguished.' Sun Keoh thinks that, as we afterward find Wei mentioned in the Ch'un Ts'ëw, the Teih could not have taken possession of the territory. The Chuen shows that the entry of the Teih into the State, and their capture of its capital, were not followed by the extinction of the State. See what has been said about on I. ii. 2.

Par. 8. The Chuen says on this par.:-The earl of Ching hated Kaou K'ih, and sent him with an army to the borders of the Ho, where he remained stationed for a long time, without being recalled. The troops dispersed, and returned to their homes. K'aou Kih himself fled to Ch'in; and the people of Ching, with reference to the affair, made the Tsing Jin (The She, I. vii. ode V.). K'aou K'ih was an officer of Ch'ing, covetous and disrespectful to his ruler, who wanted to get rid of him, and took the method described in the Chuen to do so.

abandoned its army' i. e., sent it away to the borders, and then took no more thought about it.

:

[Here follow four narratives in the Chuen :Ist. The marquis of Tsin proposed sending his eldest son Shin-săng to invade the Kaou-loh tribe of the eastern hills [in Shan-se], when Le K'ih remonstrated, saying, "It is the business of the eldest son to bear the vessels of millet for the great sacrifices, and for those at the altars of the land and the grain, and also to inspect the provisions cooked for the ruler every morning and evening. On this account he is styled the 'great son.' When the ruler goes abroad, he guards the capital; and if another be appointed to guard it, he attends upon his father. When he attends upon him, he is called Soother of the host;' when he stays behind on guard, he is called Inspector of the State:'this is the ancient rule. But to lead the army and determine its movements and plans, issuing all commands to the troops: this is what the ruler and his chief minister have to provide for; it is not the business of the eldest son. The conduct of an army all depends on the definite commands which are given. If the son receive the commands of another, it is injurious to his majesty; if he determines himself the commands, he is unfilial. For this reason the ruler's proper son and heir ought not to have the command of the army. The ruler fails to employ the right man in devolving the command on him; and if, as commander, he lose the majesty which belongs to him, how can he afterwards be employed? Your servant, moreover, has heard that the Kaou-lohs will fight. Leave, I pray you, your son alone, and do not send him." The duke said, "I have many sons, and I do not yet know whom I shall appoint my successor." And on this K'ih withdrew, without making any reply. When he saw the duke's eldest son, the prince asked him whether he was to be disowned, and Kih replied, "Let the people know how you can preside over them; and teach them their duties in the army. Be only afraid of not reverently attending to these two things;-why should you be disowned? As a son, moreover,

'When his eldest son took the command of the army, the duke gave him a robe of two colours, and his golden semicircle to hang at his girdle. Hoo Tuh was his charioteer, and Seen Yew the spearman on his right. Leang Yu-tszeyang was charioteer to Han E [who led the 2d host], and Seen Tan-muh was the spearman on his right. The great officer Yang-sheh acted as adjutant.

'Seen Yew said, "It is only on this expedition that he has worn this parti-coloured robe, and carried this important symbol. Let him exert himself, and admit nothing evil in his own half of his person. With his present power, he ought to keep calamity far away. Giving himself no occasion for it, what has he to fear?' Hoo Tuh, however, sighed and said, "The time is the proof of the thing; the garment is the distinction of the person; the symbol is the manifestation of the feeling. Were there a real interest in the expedition, the order for it would have come earlier; the robe for his person would have been of one colour; and the proper feeling would have given the proper symbol for the girdle. This parti-coloured robe shows a wish to remove his person; this golden semicircle for the girdle shows the abandonment of kindly feeling. The robe thus indicating a wish for the removal of the person; the time shutting the prince up from success; the garment thin; the winter killing; the metal cold; and the symbol the imperfect circle:-what is there in these things to be trusted to? Although_the prince may wish to do his utmost, can the Teih be utterly destroyed?"

'Leang Yu-tsze-yang said, 'The commander of an army receives his commands in the ancestral temple, and the sacrificial flesh at the altar of the land. He should wear the ordinary dress also; and since the prince cannot do so, but has this parti-coloured robe, the nature of the duke's command may be hence understood. Than that the prince should die for being unfilial, it is better that he should make his escape.' Han E said, "The parti-coloured coat is strange and uncommon; the gold semicircle shows a wish that he should not return;though he do return, of what good will it be? The duke has his mind made up." Seen Tanmuh said, "Even a madman would have his doubts excited by this dress. The duke's command was, Destroy utterly the enemy, and then return; but can the enemy be utterly destroyed? Even if we should make an end of the enemy, there are calumniators in the court;— we had better abandon the expedition and go away." Hoo Tuh also wished to go; but the great officer Yang-sheh said, "This is wrong. If the prince disobey his father's command, he will be unfilial; if he abandon the business entrusted to him, he will be unfaithful. Although he knows the cold feeling of his father, he must not choose to do evil. Rather let him die in obedience."

to the queen; the favourites of the court made equal to the ministers of the government; the son of a concubine made equal to the legitimate son; and another great city made as large as the capital:-these are the foundation of disorder." But the duke of Chow would not listen to him, and so came to his unfortunate end. The root of disorder is already formed in Tsin. Can your succession to the State be made sure? Be filial, and seek the repose of the people;-lay your plans for this. It will be better than endangering your person, and accelerating the imputation to you of guilt."

2d. When Ching Fung [the mother of duke He. Fung was her surname, and Ching her hon. title] heard the oracles concerning Chingke, she honoured him [See the Chuen introduced after par. 5] and sought his guidance, entrusting

also her son to him. This was the reason why Ke secured the succession of duke He.'

3d. In the 1st year of He, duke Hwan of Ts'e removed the capital of Hing to E-e, and in his second established Wei in Ts'oo-k'ew. The people of Hing moved to their new seat as if they were going home, and the State of Wei forgot its ruin.'

4th. 'Duke Wăn of Wei, in garments of coarse linen and a cap of coarse silk, laboured to improve his resources; encouraged agriculture; promoted trade; treated the mechanics kindly; reverently sought the moral instruction of the people; stimulated them to learn; imposed nothing but what was right; and employed the able. The consequence was that while his leather carriages in his first year were only 30, in his last year they amounted to 300.']

元年春王正月

齊師宋師曹師次于聶比救那

夏六月邢遷于夷

四章

邢。

齊鮞宋師曹鮞城邢

秋七月戊辰夫人姜氏薨于夷齊人以歸

楚人伐鄭

八月公會齊侯宋公鄭伯曹伯邾人于檉

九月公敗邾師于偃

月壬午公子友帥師敗莒師于酈獲莒挐 十有二月丁巳夫人氏之喪至自齊

Par. 2. The after is the reading of Kung and Kuh. Tso-she has evidently a mistake. Nëeh-pih was a place in Hing, north-east from the pres. dis. city of Leaoushing, dep. Tung-ch'ang. The Teih had again invaded Hing, which applied to Ts'e for help, and accordingly we have the armies of Ts'e and other States here proceeding to its re

lief. The phrases, &c., imply that, while the relieving forces were considerable, they were under the command of great officers, and not of the princes of the States themselves. The critics are much divided in their opinion on the allies' halting in their march to relieve Hing, most of them condemning it as improper in the urgency of the case. We do not know the circumstances sufficiently, however, to judge whether it was a prudent measure merely, or an artful one,-to make their help more prized by Hing when given at last.

Par. 8. E-e (Kung,

-see on III. xxxii. 7. is here used intransitively. The removal is spoken of as if it had been Hing's own act. The Chuen says:-The princes were proceeding to relieve Hing, when the people dispersed, and fled to the allied armies, which then went on and drove out the Teih. They

collected all the furniture and other articles of the people, and brought them away, without the soldiers appropriating anything to themselves. In summer, Hing removed to E-e.'

Par. 4. The Chuen says:-The princes walled the city for Hing, thus relieving it in its distress. It was the rule for the president of the princes to relieve the distressed, to distribute to the necessitous in times of calamity, and to punish offending States.'

Kaou K'ang; Sung Dyn.) observes: -The marquis of Ts'e was dilatory at first in relieving Hing;-that was his fault. Finally he did succour it;-that was his merit. The sage does not conceal his fault on the ground of his merit, nor does he conceal his merit because of his fault;-this is royal law.'

Par. 5. The latter part of the Chuen on IV. ii. 5 has anticipated this par. The marquis of Ts'e, in his capacity of leader of the States, determined to execute justice on Gae Keang, notwithstanding his near relation to her, considering her too bad to be allowed to live. He therefore had her brought from Choo, whether she had fled from Loo, to E, somewhere in Ts'e, and there put her to death, or obliged her to strangle herself. The officer, who superintended the deed, took her body back to Ts'e;-so we

must understand 以歸 Kuh-lëang, and,

after him, Hoo Gan-kwoh, take the characters assent her back to Loo;'-contrary to their general usage, and specially to par. 10. The marquis of Ts'e did not hesitate to execute his own sister, whose wickedness was so atrocious; but the Classic conceals the nature of her death. Par. 6. Here for the 1st time we meet

ed with the name of the State, though, as Too seems to intimate, the name Ts'oo was about this time publicly assumed. Tso-she says that Tsoo attacked Ch'ing, 'because of its adherence to the alliance with Ts'e,' and that the meeting at Ch'ing was followed by a covenant at Loh

with a view to the relief of Ch'ing. [The Loh here in the Chuen may be, as Too says, an

other name for Ch'ing (), or it may be that the princes, after their conference at Ching, moved a little way off to another place, called Loh, and there covenanted.] Ching (in Kung-yang) was in Ch'ing, somewhere in the pres. Ch'in Chow, dep. K'ae-fung, Ho-nan.

Par. 8. Yen (Kung-yang,

was in Loo,移 in pres. dis. of Pe, dep. Yen-chow. We do not know what grounds of quarrel there were at this time between Loo and Choo; and as duke He and an officer of Choo had been in good fellowship at the meeting in Ch'ing the month before, this makes the entry the more strange. Tso-she says the defeat was inflicted on the guards of Heu-k'ew, who were about to return.' Too Yu explains this by supposing that Heukew was in Choo, and that Choo had stationed troops there, after sending Gae Keang to her death in Ts'e, intending that they should make an incursion into Loo. On finding, however, that Ts'e gave up the body of Gae Keang to Loo, and that the two States continued on good terms, Choo was afraid, and was proceeding to withdraw its troops, when duke He, having become aware of their original object, attacked and defeated them. A fatal objection to this explanation is, that Heu-k'ëw must be assigned to Loo, according to the analogy of all the passages in which the duke of Loo is said to have defeated the forces of another power in any place. The most likely account of the collision which I have met with, is one suggested by Wang Taou,-that when Ke-yëw fled with the prince Shin to Choo, on the murder of duke Min, they had made great promises to Choo, if that court would help them to regain Loo; and that Choo now, claiming the merit of their restoration and Shin's elevation to the marquisate, had sent a force to seize and keep possession of Heu-k'ëw, to enforce his demand that the promises should be made good. He caught only loss, however, by his greed.

Par. 9. Le (Kung, ; Kuh, belonged of Keu came seeking for bribes, but duke Hwan's to Loo. The Chuen says:-'In winter, an officer son, Yew, defeated his troops at Le, and took Neu, the younger brother of the viscount of Keu.' Tso-she adds that Neu was not a high minister [intending thus to account, by one of his canons, for the mention of the individual simply by his name], and that the whole par. is in commendation of Ke-yew for the capture of

Neu.

After this, the Chuen resumes, "The duke for this gave Ke-yëw the fields on the north of the Wăn, and Pe.'