The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human FeelingUniversity of California Press, 1983 - 307 עמודים In private life, we try to induce or suppress love, envy, and anger through deep acting or "emotion work," just as we manage our outer expressions of feeling through surface acting. In trying to bridge a gap between what we feel and what we "ought" to feel, we take guidance from "feeling rules" about what is owing to others in a given situation. Based on our private mutual understandings of feeling rules, we make a "gift exchange" of acts of emotion management. We bow to each other not simply from the waist, but from the heart. But what occurs when emotion work, feeling rules, and the gift of exchange are introduced into the public world of work? In search of the answer, Arlie Hochschild closely examines two groups of public-contact workers: flight attendants and bill collectors. The flight attendant’s job is to deliver a service and create further demand for it, to enhance the status of the customer and be "nicer than natural." The bill collector’s job is to collect on the service, and if necessary, to deflate the status of the customer by being "nastier than natural." Between these extremes, roughly one-third of American men and one-half of American women hold jobs that call for substantial emotional labor. In many of these jobs, they are trained to accept feeling rules and techniques of emotion management that serve the company’s commercial purpose. Just as we have seldom recognized or understood emotional labor, we have not appreciated it cost to those who do it for a living. Like a physical laborer who becomes estranged from what he or she makes, an emotional laborer, such as a flight attendant, can become estranged not only from her own expressions of feeling (her smile is not "her" smile), but also from what she actually feels (her managed friendliness). This estrangement, though a valuable defense against stress, is also an important occupational hazard, because it is through our feelings that we are connected with those around us. On the basis of this book, Hochschild was featured in Key Sociological Thinkers, edited by Rob Stones. This book was also the winner of the Charles Cooley Award in 1983, awarded by the American Sociological Association and received an honorable mention for the C. Wright Mills Award. |
תוכן
Feeling as Clue | 24 |
Feeling Rules | 56 |
From Private to Commercial | 89 |
Jobs and Emotional | 137 |
Gender Status and Feeling | 162 |
The Search for Authenticity | 185 |
From Darwin to Goffman | 201 |
B Naming Feeling | 223 |
Positional and Personal Control Systems | 242 |
Bibliography | 267 |
297 | |
מונחים וביטויים נפוצים
actor affect American anger angry anxiety asked become behavior bill collector child culture Darwin debtor deep acting Delta Airlines deskilled display emotion management emotional labor Erving Goffman estranged example exchange expect experience expression feeling rules female flight attendants focus Freud friends Gail Sheehy gestures girl Goffman grief human idea illusion individual inner interactional Journal less male flight manage feeling marriage ment Method acting middle-class Neil Smelser Noble Savage occupations offer organismic parents passengers percent person plane Press professional Psychoanalysis psychological R. D. Laing recruit Recurrent Training relation role sense sexual signal function simply sincere situation smile social social engineering Sociology sometimes speed-up spontaneous stage Stanislavski status surface acting talk theorists theory things thought tion tional transmutation woman women workers Wright Mills York