of the next year refused to obey the king's order to surrender "the five members," its leaders, Hampden, Pym, Hollis, Haselrigg and Strode. Thus it brought on the Civil War, through which it continued in power, losing however many members upon the introduction of Presbyterianism, and nearly 100 Presbyterians in 1648 after its attempted compromise with the king, which aroused the anger of the Parliamentary army. The handful of members left composed the "Rump," which was non ally in power until dissolved in 1653 by Cromwell, after whose death it briefly reconvened in 1659 and 1660. See CROMWELL.

Long-tailed Duck. See OLD SQUAW.

Long Tom, (1) the name given a 42-pound gun captured by the British in 1798 from the French battleship Hoche. It was afterward purchased by the Americans and used in the attack on Haiti by the French in 1804, and remained idle till 1812, when it was placed on the General Armstrong. This vessel ran the British blockade at New Orleans 9 Sept. 1814, and put into the bay near Horta, Fayal, being disabled in an encounter with a British squadron. Here the gun was dismantled and remained till Colonel Reid, scn of the commander of the General Armstrong, had it brought back to New York 18 April 1893. (2) An apparatus for washing gold from the earth or gravel in which it is found. It consists of a wooden trough, from 12 to 25 feet long and about a foot wide. At its lower end it widens, and its floor there is of sheet-iron pierced with holes half an inch in diameter, under which is placed a flat box a couple of inches deep. A stream of water is kept running through it by means of a hose; the dirt is shoveled in, and stirred at the lower end, where the earth and gravel fall through the sieve into another box, where they are again sifted. The machine, like the "rocker," was cheap and wasteful; and both were soon displaced by the sluice.

Long'acre, James Barton, American engraver: b. Delaware County, Pa., II Aug. 1794; d. Philadelphia 1 Jan. 1869. He was apprenticed in Philadelphia, and in 1819-31 was employed in the illustration of many of the foremost American works then published. At first with James Herring, and later independently, he published the National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans' (1834-9), many of whose engravings were from sketches by himself. In 1844 he was appointed engraver to the United States mint, and from that time until his death designed all new coins. He also remodeled the coinage of Chile.

Lon'gan, a tree and its fruit. See LITCHI. Longard de Longgarde, Dorothea. See GERARD DOROTHEA.

Longchamps, lôn-shon, Paris, France, a celebrated racecourse on the southwest side of the Bois de Boulogne, where the race for the "Grand Prix" is run. Prior to its suppression in 1792, part of the site was occupied by the Convent of Longchamps, founded in 1260, a not too rigid retreat for ladies of the higher classes. It was a popular resort for carriage driving, especially during the week preceding Easter.

Longe, a local name (Vermont) for the lake trout (q.v.).

Longevity, lon-jěv'i-ti. The duration of life varies greatly in the same group of plants and animals, and great age in animals is by no means confined to the few higher vertebrates, such as the elephant, crocodile or parrot. Even so lowly an organism as the sea-anemone has been kept alive for 55 years. Low herbaceous annual plants in the temperate zone, have cospecies in the tropics which grow to be trees and are perennial. Not only are individuals of a species long-lived, but certain species and genera exhibit wonderful vitality and have persisted throughout many geological ages, such are Lingulella, Limulus, Ceratodus, and certain foraminifers which have persisted since the Silurian period.

Causes of Longevity. They have to do with the nature of the physical surroundings, and also depend on slow growth and late reproduction. Botanists find that great age in plants is dependent on slow growth, gradual propagation carried on late in life, on the solidity and hardness of the tissues, etc. Examples of great age in plants are the Sequoias or "big trees" of California, which are supposed to be over 3,000 years old; in fact, they are survivors of Tertiary times, since they occur in a fossil state in the polar regions in British Columbia and in Europe.

The longevity of certain species of animals has been attributed by Weismann to favorable environment, including temperature. He considers that the duration of life depends first upon the length of time which is required for the animal to mature, and upon the length of the period of fertility, the latter point being determined by external conditions. Undoubtedly another factor is heredity, since longevity is directly transmissible from parent to offspring, and great age runs in families.

As to longevity in the lower animals little is known. As a rule, they live but a few weeks, months, or years. The crayfish is said to attain an age of 20 years, and possibly the lobster may live to be as old as that. Lampreys preserved in Roman fish-ponds are said to have lived to be nearly 60. The crocodile, which never stops growing through life, lives 100 years. Pike and carp reach the age of 150 years. A gigantic salamander of Japan lived at least 52 years in confinement in Germany. As to the age of birds a writer in the British ornithological journal Ibis,' states that the following records of birds in captivity are authentic: raven 50, gray parrot 40 and 50, blue macaw 64, eagle-owls 53, and one was then still alive at 68 years. Certain aquatic birds are very long-lived, as a heron of 60, goose 80, mute swan 70. A goose still living in Rhode Island in 1903 is known to be 50 years of age. To what age in free nature these birds may reach is unknown. The elephant is known to live a century and the whale is supposed to be equally long-lived. The horse rarely reaches the age of 40, though according to Lawrence "Old Billy" of Manchester was known to have lived 59 years, and died at the age of 61, while Albertus, an old veterinarian, writes that he knew a soldier actually serving upon a horse which was 70 years of age.

Man sometimes reaches the age of 100 years, and in rare instances even exceeds that age; while heredity undoubtedly has most to do with great age, it may be promoted in those of medium height by quiet, regular habits, moderation in eating and abstention from or moderation in

the use of stimulants and tobacco. Women attain a greater age than men. To show that in man the mean duration of life may be extended by good sanitation and improvement in the general conditions of life, the mean duration of life in France has risen from 20 years at the close of the 18th century to 40 years. The United States census report for 1900 on deaths that occurred in 271 cities of 5,000 population or more shows that 18.6 persons died in 1900 out of every 1,000, whereas in 1890 the number who died in the same cities was 21 out of every 1,000. The average age at death in 1890 was 31.1 years; in 1900 it was 35.2 years. If these statistics be accurate the saving of human life that has been achieved in a decade is enormous. Consult: Weismann, 'Essays upon Heredity, etc.' (Oxford 1889); Lankester, 'On Comparative Longevity in Man and the Lower Animals' (London 1870); Lolaville, 'The Duration of Human Life,' in the 'Popular Science Monthly,' Vol. XX., November 1881.

Long'fellow, Ernest Wadsworth, American artist: b. Cambridge, Mass., 1845. He studied under Couture in Paris, and among paintings by him may be named: 'Italian Pines'; 'Misty Morning'; 'John and Priscilla'; 'Old Mill at Manchester'; and a portrait of his father, Henry W. Longfellow, the poet.

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, American poet; b. Portland, Maine, 27 Feb. 1807; d. Cambridge, Mass., 24 March 1882. He was the second son of Stephen Longfellow, lawyer and congressman, and Zilpah, daughter of Gen. Peleg Wadsworth-thus coming from excellent stock on both sides. He seems to have combined the best characteristics of both parents and to have passed an ideal kind of childhood in the beautiful seaport town. His disposition was gentle, sympathetic, and studious, and his education was such as to bring out his finest qualities. He was encouraged to read the best English poetry and early began to write verses on his own account, doubtless finding in the success of his favorite volume, Irving's 'Sketch-Book,' encouragement to believe that a bright future lay in store for American writers.

In 1822 he entered Bowdoin College, of which his father was a trustee. He continued to lead much the same wholesome life he had led at home, avoiding rough sports, showing a chivalrous regard for women, especially his mother, reading and writing poetry, and performing faithfully his academic duties. Some of his poems were published in The United States Literary Gazette, of Boston, and brought him in a tiny sum of money besides an amount of notice altogether out of proportion to their merits. He also gave much thought to the choice of a profession, and, rejecting the law and, despite his piety and attachment to his faith, the Unitarian ministry, he fixed his mind upon the calling of a man of letters. His father prudently did not altogether thwart him, and soon another but not alien calling offered itself. He stood so well in his class-of which Nathaniel Hawthorne (q.v.) was a memberthat the trustees proposed to him that he should go to Europe to fit himself to be the first incumbent of a chair of modern languages they had determined to establish. Their offer was

accepted, and after a few months of study at home he sailed for Havre, landing there on 15 June 1826.

His friend George Ticknor (q.v.) had advised him to get all he could from the systematized scholarship of Germany, but Ticknor was in advance of his fellow countrymen, and Longfellow wisely followed his own instinct to steep himself in the color and movement and romance of the old world's life and literature. He was not idle-for in France, Spain, Italy, and Germany he cultivated his exceptional linguistic gifts and prepared himself for the main duties of his chair; but the end he proposed to himself was plainly culture, not scholarship. was old-world culture and romance that the new world needed, and these Longfellow later showed that he could transmit even better than Irving had done, and much better than his lighthearted contemporary N. P. Willis (q.v.) was to do. Although his popular reputation will always be that of a poet, Longfellow's important place in the history of American literature is partly due to his eminent services as a translator and a transmitter of culture.

It

Although very young, the traveller made friends everywhere, both with natives and with fellow Americans, and although his precocious Muse was singularly silent for some years, he laid up a valuable stock of poetic impressions. There was a slight hitch with regard to his professorship, but this was overcome and he returned to America in August 1829 and entered upon his duties at Bowdoin. These he fulfilled with great success, acting also as librarian. He translated and edited textbooks for his students, with whom he always stood in friendly relations, he prepared his lectures carefully, he wrote articles for The North American Review on topics of foreign literature, and he published, in another magazine, sketches of travel, which were collected in 1835 under the title of 'Outre-Mer.' It was a quiet and useful life and one that was rendered still happier by his marriage in September 1831 to Miss Mary Storer Potter, of Portland.

A little over three years later he was invited to succeed Ticknor as Smith Professor of Modern Languages at Harvard, with the intimation that he would do well to spend some months in Germany before beginning his work. He sailed with his wife in April 1835, and spent the summer in Sweden and Denmark, studying the Scandinavian literatures, which were destined to have a strong influence upon his writings. In the autumn Holland was visited, and there at Rotterdam, after a protracted illness, his young wife died. Much affected, Longfellow went to Heidelberg and settled down for study, yielding his bereaved spirit all the more willingly to the influence of German sentiment and the not yet outworn romanticism of the epoch. Then, after some pleasant travelling in Switzerland, he returned home in October 1836.

Two months later found him at work in Cambridge and soon he was established in the famous Craigie House. He devoted himself to his lecturing and to superintending his assistants-foreigners, who gave him not a little trouble. He was no recluse, and enjoyed especially the society of such men as the historian W. H. Prescott (q.v.), Charles Sumner (q.v.), and that "heartiest of Greek Professors," as he

was called by Dickens, whom Longfellow also knew pleasantly, Cornelius C. Felton (q.v.). Soon he resumed his long abandoned habit of writing verses, and after gaining popularity in the magazines through such pieces as The Psalm of Life,' he issued his first volume of poems, 'Voices of the Night,' late in 1839. It made an instant appeal, partly through its sound, moral didacticism, partly through its sentiment and its melody, both of which had been in considerable measure derived from Longfellow's study of German poetry. Earlier in the same year he had published a prose work equally or more indebted to German literature-'Hyperion, a Romance,' which was also very popular. This idealized record of his foreign experiences and the later prose tale of New England village life, 'Kavanagh' (1849), have long since ceased to hold the majority of readers, but 'Hyperion' was very important in his work as a transmitter of old-world culture. Late in 1841 his second volume of verse, 'Ballads and Other Poems,' with such moving pieces as 'The Wreck of the Hesperus' secured him in his position as the most popular of American poets-the singer whose songs have gone straightest to the largest number of hearts. There is evidence that he deliberately sought to move the people's feelings, and never was conscious literary effort more thoroughly successful.

In 1842 he paid a third visit to Europe, forming his memorable friendship with the German poet Freiligrath and getting the inspiration for such poems as 'The Belfry of Bruges. While sailing back he wrote his 'Poems on Slavery,' published late in the year. His gentle nature did not fit him to be a militant poet like Whittier, but his slave lyrics were effective through their sincerity and their metrical and descriptive power.

In July 1843, he married Miss Frances Elizabeth Appleton, of Boston, a beautiful, cultured, and wealthy young woman whom he had met on his second visit to Europe and had portrayed as Mary Ashburton in 'Hyperion.' She bore him children, made his home a hospitable centre, and ministered to him in an ideal way until her tragic death. The next seventeen years formed a period of quiet work and maturing fame. His drama "The Spanish Student (1843) was a failure, but The Poets and Poetry of Europe' (1845) and 'The Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems (1846) did him credit, and the beautiful idyll 'Evangeline' (1847) not only won all hearts, but enabled his admirers to proclaim him as an American poet who had succeeded in a fairly elaborate work of art. The not yet naturalized hexameters and the bookish origin of the descriptions have not effectively counteracted the narrative power and the pathos of the story, and 'Evangeline' seems destined to hold its own with readers yet unborn.

Longfellow had already planned a still more elaborate work on which he labored for many years, but which he was never able to make a success. This was 'Christus, a Mystery,' finally completed in 1872, a poem designed to picture Christendom in the apostolic, the mediæval, and the modern periods. The second portion, 'The Golden Legend' (1851) was the part first published and was by far the best. Its pictures of medieval life have deservedly won high

praise, but the general public has remained singularly cold to the merits of the work.

Meanwhile, the duties of his professorship, little onerous though they seem to have been, weighed more and more heavily on Longfellow, who was also troubled with weak eyes, frequent attacks of neuralgia, and the importunities of autograph hunters and other bores. In 1854 he resigned his chair and thenceforth devoted himself entirely to literary work and pleasant social life. His Indian epic 'Hiawatha' (1855), written in the trochaic measure of the Finnish 'Kalevala,' was immediately popular, and three years later in 'The Courtship of Miles Standish,' he reached his highest point as a narrative poet. Excellent though 'Evangeline,' 'The Golden Legend,' and 'Hiawatha' had been, they had, nevertheless, been too plainly the work of a sophisticated poet writing in his library; 'Miles Standish,' dealing as it did with the past of Longfellow's native New England, drew part of its inspiration from the poet's own life and character, moulded as they were by tradition and environment.

During the agitated period which immediately preceded the Civil War Longfellow sympathized with the cause represented by his friend Sumner, but took no active part in the strife. In July 1861 the tragedy of his life came to him late-his wife was burned to death, her light dress having caught fire from a match on the floor. He was practically heart-broken, but bore his bereavement manfully. Taking up a task that had long before interested him, he sought solace in translating the great poem of Dante. With the aid of Lowell and Professor Charles Eliot Norton (q.v.) he completed the work in about five years (published 1867-1870). It ranks with the best of such renderings of great poems into English, though some have questioned whether Longfellow was not more successful in his earlier attempts to translate a poet always dear to him.

Meanwhile, in 1863, he had published his 'Tales of a Wayside Inn,' some portions of which, such as 'The Saga of King Olaf,' were excellent. In 1868 'The New England Tragedies,' the final section of 'Christus,' failed to attract readers, as did also the first section, The Divine Tragedy,' which appeared in 1871. In the spring of 1868 he sailed for the last time to Europe and remained over a year, receiving degrees from Oxford and Cambridge and other evidences of the affection and admiration his works had gained for him abroad. The rest of his life was marked only by the appearance of an occasional volume, and by a growing veneration among his countrymen for his character and his genius. Probably the most significant productions of his old age were some of his sonnets and his dignified 'Morituri Salutamus,' delivered at Bowdoin (in 1875) at the semi-centennial of his class. He lived on, declining in health but still preserving the serenity of his disposition, until 24 March 1882, when he died after a short illness. Two years later his bust was placed in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey-for his fame was almost as truly a British as an American possession.

Longfellow is generally admitted to be the most popular of American poets, and the recent celebration of his centenary shows that there has been no real abatement of his countrymen's