THE AMERICANA A Universal Reference Library COMPRISING THE ARTS AND SCIENCES, OF THE WORLD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF FREDERICK CONVERSE BEACH MANAGING EDITOR GEORGE EDWIN RINES ASSISTED BY MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND OF THE MOST EMINENT SCHOLARS AND AUTHORITIES IN AMERICA AND EUROPE ILLUSTRATED SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN COMPILING DEPARTMENT 225 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 178009 OCT -9 1913 AE THE AMERICANA DEPARTMENT AND ADVISORY EDITORS ELECTRICITY WILLIAM MAVER, JR., C.E. Consulting Electrical Engineer, New York JAMES E. CREIGHTON, A.M., Ph.D. ENGINEERING AND MACHINERY Professor of Philosophy, Cornell University WILLIAM MOREY, JR., C.E. Consulting Civil and Mechanical Engineer New York STEEL ALBERT SAUVEUR, S.B. Professor of Metallurgy, Harvard University Adrain Professor of Mathematics, Columbia JUDAISM ABRAM S. ISAACS, A.M., Ph.D. Professor of Semitic Languages, New York ANDREW SLOAN DRAPER, LL.D. University HISTORY OF THE NATIONS UNITED STATES ANDREW C. MCLAUGHLIN, A.M. Editor of "American Historical Review" CANADA Professor of History, University of Toronto WILLIAM T. BREWSTER, A.M. 1: CHARLES WILLIAM COLBY, A.M., Ph.D. Professor of English, Columbia University Professor of History, McGill University AMERICAN LITERATURE MEXICO EDWARD EVERETT HALE, S.T.D., LL.D. ELISHA HOLLINGSWORTH TALBOT Author of "The Man Without a Country" Author “ Commercial and Industrial Mexico" CLASSICAL LITERATURE GREAT BRITAIN JAMES H. KIRKLAND, Ph.D., LL.D. HALFORD JOHN MACKINDER, M.A. Chancellor of Vanderbilt University Director of the School of Economics and PolitARCHITECTURE AND THE FINE ARTS ical Science in the University of London GERMANY HUGO MÜNSTERBURG, Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of Psychology, Harvard University FRANCE HON. HILAIRE BELLOC Robespierre, Paris," etc. ITALY J. S. KENNARD, Litt.D., D.C.L., L.H.D. MEDICINE Author of " Italian Romance Writers," “ StudiSMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D., Ph.D. Danteschi,” “Romanzi e Romanzieri Italiani,” Editor - Medical News." "Les Femme dans le Roman Italien,” “The Fallen God," etc. JAPAN Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Yale UniMINERALOGY versity; Lecturer on Philosophy, Western Reserve University; Lecturer on Education GEORGE LETCHWORTH ENGLISH in the universities of Japan. AUSTRALIA HON. JOHN GREELEY JENKINS Premier of South Australia 1901-5; AgentNew York General in London for South Australia 66 9 |