LOCOMOTIVE, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION through it, a draft is produced when the locomotive is at rest. BOILER. The vessel in which the steam used for driving the locomotive and operating its various auxiliary appliances, is generated. ROILER-JACKET. See Jacket. BONNET. The wire cap or netting placed over the chimney or smoke-stack to restrain the sparks and cinders. BOXES. The bearings which rest upon the journals of BRAKE. The appliance by which a locomotive or a BRASSES. The boxes on the cross-heads and the crank- BRICK-ARCH.-A slab of brickwork placed across the front end of the furnace, directly over the fire, to hold the smoke and gases in contact with the fire until they become thoroughly mixed. BUMPERS or BUFFERS, Massive pieces of timber bolted BUMPER BLOCKS.-Pieces of timber bolted to the bump- CAB. The hood or house placed on the back end of the CAB HANDLES.- Handles attached to the sides of the cab for the use of the engineer and fireman, in getting on or off the engine. CELLARS. Recesses or chambers in the jaws of the CHECK VALVE.A wing-valve inserted in the feed-pipe Large blocks mo of iron cast on or otherwise secured in place between two or more spokes of each driving-wheel, opposite the crank-pin, for the purpose of balancing the weight of the parallel and main rods, and to steady the motion of the engine by equalizing the forces or ments around the revolving axle. COUPLER. See Draw-bar. COUPLING-RODS. The rods by which the crank-pins on adjoining driving-wheels are connected together, so as to cause the wheels to revolve in unison. COW-CATCHER or PILOT. A triangular structure of wood, or iron bars, or curved sheet-metal, attached to the front end of the locomotive. It is provided for the purpose of removing stray cattle and other obstructions from the track, and thus prevent them from getting under the wheels. CRANK-PINS. The pins or movable journals which unite the connecting-rods with the cranks or shafts of the driving-wheels. CROSS-HEADS.-Blocks which move in guides and unite the piston and connecting-rods, and slide-blocks together. CROSS-HEAD PINS.- The pins in the cross-heads to which the main-rods are attached. CROWN-BARS. Bars placed on the upper side of the crown-sheet in the water-space, with their ends resting on the edge of the furnace-sheet, to strengthen the crown-sheet. CROWN-SHEET. The top sheet of the furnace, to which CYLINDER-COCKS. Small cocks placed on the lower parts DASHERS.-The sheet-iron plates attached to the inside DOME-STAYS. The braces attached to the crown-bars DRAW-BAR or COUPLER.- The bar attached to the front DRIP-COCK or DRIP.- The receptacle placed under the DRIVING-SADDLES. The yokes which straddle the frame DRIVING-AXLES.- The axles which communicate the mo- DRIVING-WHEELS or DRIVERS. The wheels which are LOCOMOTIVE, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ers connected to the valve by the valve-rods or valve-stems. The links are suspended by the "linkhangers" to the ends of the arms attached to the "lifting " or "tumbling shaft." This shaft has another upright arm on the right side of the engine, the upper end of which is connected by the reversing-rod to the reverse-lever in the cab, by means of which the engineer controls the operation of the valves. ECCENTRIC-LUG. The projecting portion of an eccentricstrap, to which the eccentric-rod is attached. ECCENTRIC-SHEAVE. The body of the eccentric or the eccentric itself, which is forged or keyed directly on to the axle or crank-shaft, the throw of which is communicated to the eccentric-strap. ECCENTRIC-STRAP or ECCENTRIC-HOOP. The belt of metal which encircles the eccentric-sheave and transmits its motion to the eccentric-rod to which it is attached. ENGINEER'S BRAKE-VALVE. The air-valve arrangement located on the right side of the cab, by means of which the engineer operates the driving-wheel and other brakes on the locomotive, and also the several sets of air-brakes attached to the cars of the train. ENGINE-TRUCK. See Truck. EQUALIZING-LEVERS.- Bars suspended at their middle points underneath the engine-frame, and connected at their ends to the springs of the driving-wheels, for the purpose of distributing the force of the shocks or jars that may be received by the wheels. EQUALIZING-SPRINGS. The spiral or elliptical springs on the reverse-shaft, provided for the purpose of equalizing the weight of the links. EXHAUST-PORT. The middle opening in the seat of each slide-valve, through which the exhaust-steam escapes from the cylinders into the exhaust-pot in the smokebox. The area of an exhaust-port is usually made to exceed that of a steam-port by one-half, in order to diminish the evil of back-pressure. See Slide-valve. EXPANSION-CLAMPS. The clamps bolted over the mainframes and the furnace-pads, to allow for the expansion of the boiler under the influence of heat. Also, the clamps bolted to the fire-box under the mainframe to hold the latter against the liners. When the boiler expands, the frames slide through the clamps longitudinally. EXPANSION-JOINT.-A sliding joint provided in the throttle-pipe, or other steam pipe, to allow for expansion and contraction under changes of tempera ture. FEED-PIPE. The pipe which conveys the feed water from the feed-pump to the boiler. See Injector. FEED-PUMP. The force pump which supplies the boiler with feed-water. It forces the water into the boiler against the pressure in the boiler. See Injector. FEED-TANK. The water tank provided for the purpose of holding the feed-water for the boiler. It is located in the tender. FEED-WATER. The water used for the supply of the boiler. FEED-WATER COCKS.- Cocks inserted in the ends of the feed-pipe hose-connections, to regulate the supply of water to the pump. FEED-WATER SHAFTS.-Vertical shafts which pass through the foot-plate to the feed-water cocks, and are operated by means of cranks. FIRE-BOX. The furnace, or that part of the boiler, in which the fuel is burned. FIRE-DOOR. The door in the back end of the boiler, through which the fuel and the firing-irons are introduced into the fire-box. FLAGSTAFFS.Iron tubes placed at each end of the bumper or buffer above the pilot, for the purpose of holding the staffs of signal flags or lamps. FLUES. The tubes in the boiler which carry off the smoke and the waste-gases from the fire-box to the smoke-box, and thus produce the draft necessary for the combustion of the fuel. They are made of iron, or of copper, the diameter of the tubes being kept as small as possible so as to subdivide the volume of the smoke and gases into a large number of small streams, thus exposing them to a large radiating surface, through the medium of which the heat is transmitted to the water surrounding the tubes. FOLLOWER-BOLTS.- The bolts by which the followerplates are secured to the piston-heads. FOLLOWER-PLATES. The plates which cover the springpacking on the front ends of the piston-heads. FOOT-BOARD. A platform on the back end of the boiler, on which the engineer stands. called a bar frame. The former is employed in the foreign, and the latter in the American practice. FRAME-BRACES or PEDESTAL-BRACES.— Strong bars which unite the inner-legs of the main-frame with each other, and the back outer-leg of each frame to the back end of the frame. FRAME-SPLICE. The connecting arrangement between the front and main frames. The FRONT-END. That part of the locomotive which includes the extended outer-shell of the boiler, comprising the smoke-box and all of the appliances contained therein, such as steam and exhaust pipes, nettings, diaphragms, draft-pipes, and the base of the smoke-stack. function of the front-end is to draw atmospheric air into the ash-pan, and thence through the grate and the fire-box, and to draw the furnace gases through the flues, and thence under the diaphragm into the smoke-stack, and force them out into the atmosphere. FRONT-RAIL. A single-bar attachment which extends from the front of each of the main frames to the front bumper. FROST-COCKS. Cocks provided for the purpose of admitting steam from the boiler to the feed-pipes, to prevent them from freezing in cold weather. FROST-PLUGS. Plugs screwed into the pump chambers and pump cages to allow the water to drain out and prevent them from freezing. FULCRUM. The fixed point upon which the levers of the safety-valves are supported, and upon which they turn. FURNACE-PADS. The knees bolted on the shell of the fire-box, to place the weight of the boiler on the frame. FURNACE-RINGS. The wrought-iron rings which connect the outside and inside sheets in the water space at the bottom of the furnace. GAUGE COCKS. The cocks, usually three in number, attached to the back end of the boiler at different heights, which indicate the level of the water in the boiler at any time. GAUGE LAMP. The lamp placed in the cab, to illuminate the dials and tubes of the various gauges. GIB. The fixed wedge employed to compensate the wear in the boxes, on the cross-heads, and of the crank-pins. GLAND. A bush by means of which the packing in the stuffing-boxes is secured in place, to receive the wear of the piston-rod, and to prevent the leakage of steam. GLASS-GAUGE. A glass tube attached to the back end of the boiler and connected with the steam and water valves, to indicate the height of the water in the boiler. GOOSE-NECK. A bent pipe of brass, or iron, employed to connect the front end of the feed-pipe with the lower chamber of the pump. GOVERNOR or PUMP-GOVERNOR. A valve arrangement connected with the steam pipe and the brake-pipe or train-pipe attached to the air-pump. It is employed to regulate the action of the pump in operating the air-brakes. It is usually set to maintain a pressure of 70 pounds as indicated by the air-gauge. GRATE. The area made up of the grate bars in the fire-box, on which the fuel is burned. GRATE SHAKING-RIG. A bar attached to the movable grate-bars of shaking or rocking grates, by which they are moved back and forth with a rocking motion, thus disturbing the fire over the whole area of the grate, to effect proper combustion. It is operated by means of a suitable lever placed in the cab. GUIDE or GUIDES. The attachment or sleeve on the front end of the steam-chest, in which the ends of the valve stems move. Also the piece to which the throttle-valve lever is attached, to prevent it from slipping when the locomotive is in motion. GUIDE-BARS or GUIDES. The parallel bars between which the cross-heads move, thus giving a perfectly horizontal motion to the piston rods. They may consist of two parallel bars, "double-guides," or a single guide-bar, attached to the back head of the cylinder and to a support called the guide-yoke," a strong plate usually fastened to both the frame and the boiler, and placed across the frame at a point well forward of the front driving-wheels. GUIDE-BLOCKS. The blocks on the back-head of the cylinders, and on the guide-yoke, to which the guidebars are attached. In the case of double-guides, these blocks can be planed off so as to permit of the guidebars being brought nearer together when the slides are worn down; or, liners may be placed between the blocks and the bars, which can be removed when it is necessary to bring the guide-bars closer together. GUIDE-BRACE. A brace attached to the guide-yoke at one end, and to the boiler at the other, to support the guide-yoke. GUIDE-YOKE or GUIDE-BEARER.- See Guide-bars or FOOT-PLATE. A cast-iron plate bolted to the back end Guides. See Cab-handles. Openings provided in the outside shell LOCOMOTIVE, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION of the furnace near the ring, through which deposits of rust or dirt in the water-legs of the furnace are removed. HAND-RAILS.- Brass or iron pipes attached by brackets or studs to the upper part of the boiler, and extending from the cab to the smoke-box. They are used by the engineer in getting on or off the running-board. HEADLIGHT.A large lamp placed on the front end of the locomotive to illuminate the track in front and thus disclose any obstructions that may exist thereon, and to signal the approach of the locomotive. consists of an "oil-reservoir " surmounted by an Argand' burner, and a parabolic reflector," all of which are enclosed in a metal case, ," which is placed on the top of the smoke-box, or supported on two "brackets," with a shelf between, bolted to the front of the smoke-box. It HEATER-COCKS.- Cocks attached to the back end of the boiler, by which steam is blown through the feedpipes, to prevent them from freezing in cold weather. HOLLOW-STAYS.- Hollow stay-bolts inserted through the inside and outside sheets of the furnace near the crown-sheet, through which air is admitted to the furnace to increase the combustion. HOUSE. See Cab. HOUSE-BOARDS. The boards attached to the sides of the boiler, upon which the house or cab rests. HOUSE-BRACKETS. Brackets attached to the back-bumper, to support the house-boards. INDUCTION-PORTS. The passages in the valve-seats, through which steam is admitted to the cylinders. See Steam-parts. INJECTOR. A mechanical device by means of which a continuous supply of feed-water is given to the boiler. It acts on the principle, that if a jet of high-pressure steam issuing from a boiler at a high velocity, is brought into contact with a body of cold water, the steam will partially condense and combine with the water and thus impart a portion of its velocity to the water, and induce a current of water to flow into the same boiler against the pressure of the water in the boiler. Partial condensation of the steam is essential to efficient action. The injector will not feed water too hot to condense the steam. INJECTOR OVER-FLOW or INJECTOR-NOZZLE. The pipe which connects the overflow-space in the injector. If more water has been supplied to the jet of steam than it is capable of carrying into the delivery-tube of the injector, a part of the water will escape through the overflow-nozzle. On the other hand, if too little water has been supplied, air will be drawn in through the nozzle, and carried into the boiler. INJECTOR-THROTTLE.- The arrangement by which the water passage between the steam-nozzle and the combining-tube of the injector is changed in size automatically or by hand, to suit the changes of steampressure in the boiler. JACKETS. The outside coverings of the cylinders and the boiler. The boiler jacket is composed of layers of wood called " lagging about seven-eighths of an inch in thickness, felt, and Russia iron, placed around the boiler to prevent the loss of heat by radiation and convection. JAM-NUTS. Lock-nuts used for setting-out the springpacking in the piston-heads. 66 straps JAWS. The parts of the frame formed by the framelegs, and which hold the axle-boxes. JOURNALS. That part of the axle on which the weight of the locomotive rests. The journals are situated on the inner side of the wheels, and turn on brass "journal-bearings" which resist the friction of the revolv ing axle. The bearings are held in cast-iron or steel boxes called " journal-boxes or axle-boxes." KEYS. The wedges employed to tighten the which hold the "brasses at the ends of the connecting-rods. As these keys are very liable to loosen and fall out, they are secured in place either by screws and nuts, or by a set-screw on the other side of the rod. KING-BOLT or CENTRE-PIN. The bolt or pin which passes through the centre-casting and the centre of the truck, thus making a flexible connection between the engine and the truck, enabling the latter to turn about the king-bolt so as to allow the axles to assume positions approximating the radii of the curves of the track. KNUCKLE-JOINTS.- The joints on the valve-rods, which allow the rods to vibrate freely with the radius of the rocker-arm. LIFTING SHAFT.- See Eccentric. LINK. A variable-radius expansion-gear by means of which the slide-valves are operated. See Eccentric. LINK-BLOCK.- A block which fits into the curved slot of the link, and moves freely from one end to the other thereof. LINK-BLOCK PIN.- The pin which connects the linkblock to the lower rocker-arm of the valve-gear. LINK-HANGERS. Rods or bars by which the links are suspended to the horizontal arms of the lifting-shaft by two pins, the upper one being attached to the arm, and the lower one to the link-saddle bolted to the link. LOWER RAIL FRAME. See Frame. LUBRICATOR. The valve through which oil or tallow is admitted to the cylinders for the purpose of lubrication. These valves communicate with the cylinders either through the steam-chests or through a pipe leading from the cab. The lubricators placed in the cab are called sight-feed lubricators. In these lubricators, the weight of a column of water displaces the oil in the cup, causing it to flow upwards drop by drop, through water in glass tubes, to the pipes leading to the steam-chests. The flow of the oil is thus placed constantly in sight of the engineer, and enables him to know whether the lubrication is continuous and regular or otherwise. MAIN-FRAME.- See Frame. MAIN RESERVOIR. The main air-reservoir of the locomotive. It is usually located on the front of the main frame, and immediately behind the cylinders. MAIN-RODS.- See Connecting-rods. MAIN-ROD CONNECTIONS. See Connecting-rods. MAIN-ROD FRONT-STRAP.- See Connecting-rods. MUD-DRUM. A cylinder attached to the under side of the waist" of the boiler, to receive the deposits from the feed-water. This material is discharged from the drum by means of a valve called the mudcock." MUD-HOLES.- Openings provided in the back end of the fire-box, through which the accumulations of mud in the lower water-space are removed. These openings are usually closed by means of brass plugs. MUD-RING. The wrought-iron ring which unites the inner and outer shells of the fire-box; completely sur rounding the inner shell and closing the water space between the two shells. NETTING. Wire netting placed in the front end of the smoke-box, and in the chimney or smoke-stack. This netting acts as a sieve, arresting the sparks and cinders, but allowing the smoke to escape freely. NOZZLES. The contracted tube called the "steam-nozzle in the injector, through which the jet of steam from the boiler is conducted to the combining-tube of the injector. Also, the outlets of the exhaust-pipes, called " exhaust-nozzles," in the smoke-box. NOZZLE-STAND.- The supports of the exhaust-nozzles in the smoke-box. NOZZLE-TIPS. The rings or bushes fitted into the tops of the exhaust-nozzles. They are held in place by means of set-screws so as to permit of their being readily removed and others with larger or smaller openings substituted, to adjust the size of the blast orifices so that they will be small enough to produce the required draft, and yet be as large as possible to reduce the amount of back-pressure. OIL-CUPS. Cylindrical metal receptacles with glass lin ings, employed to contain oil, and to distribute it to moving contact surfaces, for the purpose of lubricating them. Such cups are attached to the guides and the connecting rods above the bearings and the crank-pins. The oil-cup for lubricating the main or slide valves is placed in the cab where it is under the control of the engineer. See Sight-feed Lubricator. PACKING. The hempen, metallic, or other substance used in the stuffing-boxes, and in the steam and pump cylinders, to make the moving parts of the pistons steam and water tight. PETTICOAT or DRAFT PIPE. The pipe through which the exhaust-steam is conducted to the exhaust-nozzles in the smoke-box, thus creating a partial vacuum in the smoke-box, which sucks the smoke and gases out of the flues with great power, and forces them out into the open air by the blast or the action of the exhaust steam. PILOT. See Cow-catcher. PISTON-HEAD. The solid or hollow disc-like plunger in the cylinder which is moved with a reciprocating or forward and backward movement by the action of the steam, thus converting the energy of the steam into the motion which drives the engine. PISTON-PACKING. The packing by means of which the piston-rods are made steam tight. PISTON PACKING-RINGS. The rings of cast-iron, wrought-iron, steel, or gun-metal which form the peripheral portions of the piston-heads, and make a steam-tight joint between the piston-heads and the inside surface of the cylinders. They are made thin and turned slightly larger than the bore of the cylinders, and thicker on one side than on the other so as to act as a spring when they are slotted diagonally across and forced into the cylinders between the piston covers. After being placed in position, their elasticity tends to thrust them outwards and thus maintain a steam-tight joint with the bore of the cylinder. PISTON-ROD. The rod attached to the piston-head, and LOCOMOTIVE, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION by means of which the motion of the piston-head is communicated to the connecting-rod or crank. It works through a packed stuffing-box which prevents the leakage of the contents of the cylinder. PRIMER. The valve by means of which the air in the water-space of the pump is expelled, and a partial vacuum produced so as to cause an inflow of water to start the action of the pump. PUMP-GOVERNOR.- See Governor. QUADRANT. A slotted curved bar which holds the re- REVERSE-LEVER or REVERSING-LEVER. The lever by which ROCKERS. The double-cranks connected with the linkblocks at one end and the valve-rods at the other, and through which the valves receive the motion of the eccentrics and links. SADDLE-PIN. A pin by which the link-hangers are attached to the saddle-plate, and by means of which the link is raised or lowered. SADDLE-PLATE. The plate which fits into and slides SAFETY CHAINS.-Chains employed to couple the loco- to the dome SAFETY-VALVES.-Spring-valves attached SAND-BOX LEVER. A lever located in the cab, and SIDE-RODS or PARALLEL-RODS.- See Coupling-rods, lowing manner: The steam is admitted through two channels called steam-passages which are cast in the cylinder, and terminate in a smooth, flat surface, called the "valve-seat." The valve-seat has two open. ings called " steam-ports for the admission of steam and a cavity called the exhaust-port which is situ ated between the steam-ports, and communicates with the open air through pipe connections leading into the exhaust pipes in the smoke-box. A valve called a "slide-valve," made of cast-iron, and provided with a cavity in its under side, is fitted on the valve-seat in such a manner, that when it is moved backwards and forwards, it will alternately cover and uncover the two steam-ports, simultaneously admitting steam to the front end of the cylinder and exhausting it from the back end, and then admitting the steam to the back end of the cylinder and exhausting it from the front end. This reciprocating motion of the valve is derived from the rotary motion of the drivingaxles of the locomotive, which is converted into rectilinear reciprocating motion by means of the "eccentric," the 'link," the "rocker "3 and the ་་ valverod" placed between the cylinder and the driving axle, and connecting the latter with the stem of the valve. SMOKE-BOX.-A cylindrical chamber at the front end of the boiler, which is utilized to contain the "archpipes," the "lifting-pipes," the "exhaust-pots," the exhaust-nozzles," the steam-pipes and the " haust-pipes." It also forms a convenient receptacle for the smoke before it escapes into the open air through the smoke-stack. The "smoke-arch ring' divides the smoke-box proper from that portion of the smoke-box which is commonly known "front-end," and into which it opens through the "smoke arch door" in the "smoke arch front.' The front-end gives the additional room required to contain the "deflector" and the wire netting which comprise the spark arresting appliances. SMOKE-STACK.- The chimney through which the smoke escapes from the smoke-box. Smoke-stacks are made in a number of forms, to suit the conditions attending the burning of different kinds of fuel. SPRINGS Bundles of steel plates placed one on top of the other and bound together at the middle by metal bands, and their end connected to the equalizing beams, for the purpose of reducing the effects of the shocks delivered to the locomotive by inequalities in the smoothness of the track. In order to place the weight of the locomotive on the axle-boxes of the driving-wheels, the axle-boxes are arranged to slide ex as the up and down in the " jaws formed by the legs of -shaped the frames, and the springs are placed on SPRING-BALANCES. The spring attachments in the cab STACK-BASE. The lower part of the smoke-stack, by which the stack is attached to the top of the smoke. box. In some forms it is provided with a hand-hole through which the accumulation of sparks may be conveniently removed. STAND-PIPE. See Steam Pipe. STAY-BOLTS. The bolts screwed through the inner and outer shells of the fire-box at frequent intervals, usually about four and a half inches apart, to connect the shells together and enable them to resist the full pressure of the steam. STEAM-CHESTS. The boxes located on top of the cylin- usually consists of two castings STEAM-PIPE.- The pipe through which steam is con- " " LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE STUFFING-BOXES. The chambers in the back-heads of the cylinders, through which the piston-rods move. SUPPLY-PORTS. The openings in the steam-chests through which the steam is admitted from the steam pipes. SUSPENSION-STUD. The pin by which the link-hanger is attached to the link-saddle bolted to the link. SWING-BOLSTER. A swinging bearing in the centre of the truck on which the forward end of the locomotive rests, and which enables it to run around curves easily. T or NIGGER HEAD. See Steam Pipe. TENDER. The carriage coupled to the back end of the locomotive, and used for the purpose of carrying water and fuel. THROTTLE. The manner in which the steam is admitted to the steam-pipe leading to the steam-chests. It is effected by means of double poppet-valve called the "throttle-valve," placed in the throttle-pipe near the top of the dome. This valve is operated by the engineer by means of a lever called the throttle; lever" located in the cab, and connected by a rod called the "throttle-stem to the lower arm of a bellcrank" called the "throttle bell-crank" the other arm of which is connected by a rod to the throttle-valve. TIRES. The steel bands which form the peripheries of the driving-wheels. TRAILING WHEELS. The back pair of driving-wheels in a four-coupled wheel arrangement, or a small pair of wheels placed behind the main driving-wheels where only one pair of driving-wheels is employed. In either case they are located far enough back of the main driving-wheels to provide the necessary room for the fire-box between the two axles. TRAIN-PIPE. See Brake Pipe. TRUCK OF ENGINE-TRUCK. The frames, wheels, springs, swing-bolsters, etc., which support the weight of the front of the locomotive. It usually consists of two pairs of wheels held in a frame separate from the main-frame, and attached to the locomotive by the king-bolt or centre-pin, which passes through the truck centre-casting and makes a flexible connection, somewhat like the arrangement by which the front axle of an ordinary wagon is attached to the body, which allows the truck to turn about the king; bolt, and thus enables the locomotive to run around curves easily. TRUCK-BRAKE. The air-brake equipment of the truck, as distinguished from the air-brake equipment of the driving-wheels. TRUCK CENTRE-CASTING. The cast-iron plate which is bolted rigidly to the transverse bars fastened to the sides of the truck-frame. In a swing-motion truck, the centre-plate is suspended from the transverse bars by links which allow it to swing transversely to the direction of the rails. The king-bolt or centre-pin passes through the centre-plate, and is in some cases provided with a key under the centre-plate, to prevent the locomotive from jumping off the track when running over a rough road-bed. TUBES. See Flues. TUBE-SHEETS.- The plates at the front and back ends of the boiler in which the tubes or flues are inserted. TUMBLING SHAFT. See Lifting Shaft. VALVE PARTS. See Slide-valve. VALVE-YOKES. The wrought-iron or steel bands placed around the slide-valves in the steam-chests, and to which the valve-stems are attached. WAIST. The cylindrical portion of the boiler. WAIST SHEET. A sheet of wrought-iron bolted to the waist by an angle-iron, to which the guide-braces, guide-bearers, and cross-ties are attached. WATER-PIPE. The pipe to which the feed-pipe hose is connected. WATER-TUBES.- Tubular grate bars used in the watergrates of furnaces burning Anthracite coal. They consist of wrought-iron tubes about two inches in outside diameter, which are attached to the front and back ends of the fire-box at such an inclination as to allow a continual circulation of water through them to keep them cool and thus prevent them from being burned out by the intense heat. WATER-VALVE.-See Injector. WHISTLE-RIG.- See Signal Whistle. WILLIAM MOREY, JR., C. E., Consulting Civil and Mechanical Engineer, New York. Locomotive Engine, The. In the course of three quarters of a century, a vast wilderness on the American continent has been changed from gloomy untrodden forests, dismal swamps and pathless prairies into the abode of a high civilization. Prosperous states teeming with populous towns, fertile farms, blooming gardens and comfortable homes have arisen from regions where savage men and wild animals united to maintain sterile desolation. The most potent factor in this beneficent change has been the operation of railroads by the locomotive engine. Importance of Easy Means of Intercommunication. Easy means of intercommunication have been properly encouraged by all nations and races that ever have made material progress in the arts of civilization, Lord Bacon says: "There are three things that make a nation great and prosperous -a fertile soil, busy workshops and easy conveyance of men and animals from place to place." That opinion was founded upon an intimate knowledge of the world's history; knowledge of the forces, the institutions and the conveniences that contributed to make nations great. The need of improved methods of transportation, which so long oppressed the human race, did not produce the steam engine. Grim necesSity brought it forth when great properties were falling into ruin, because sufficient animal power could not be concentrated to perform stupendous efforts in limited space. The steam engine was invented when horses could not do the work of pumping water out of valuable mines 500 feet deep. It was a foregone conclusion that the steam engine would be applied to locomotive purposes as soon as increasing business rendered animals unequal to the task of supplying necessary motive power on roads and on water ways. See RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION. Slow Evolution of the Steam Engine.- After a practical steam engine was put to work on the simple operation of driving a pump, it took half a century of invention to develop it into a motor suitable for driving manufacturing machinery; another half century passed before inventors seriously began the attempt of building a steam engine that could be used to propel a vehicle on land. Far-seeing, progressive men who kept themselves informed on leading inventive achievements were convinced long before steam was applied to land transportation that peripatetic steam engines would be forthcoming when sufficiently urgent necessity would arrive. When the 19th century opened, Great Britain, more than any other country, needed the use of the steam engine for help in land transportation. Tedious delay occurred before the mill driving engine was applied to vehicles, the principal obstacle being the weight of the ponderous slow moving condensing steam engine which James Watt (q.v.) developed and made popular. A new type was required which in due time was invented by Oliver Evans (a.v.), an American, and utilized by various British engineers. Evans had struggled to interest his own countrymen in his high pressure steam engine but they failed to recognize its merit and refused to aid the inventor. He sent drawings to Europe, hoping that he would be more fortunate with European capitalists. His designs fell into hands that returned no recompense or acknowledgment, but they were used to guide others in building engines that were used for land propulsion. First Attempts to Produce a Steam Locomotive.- Early in the eighteenth century a variety |