care or skill, he is liable for the want of either; and if death be the consequence of his ignorance or carelessness, he is guilty of manslaughter. So if one driving furiously run over and kill a person whom he did not see, or if one in command of a steamer or sailing-vessel by reason of gross negligence run down a boat and some one in it be drowned, this would be manslaughter. So if any one, whether medical by profession or not, deal with another as a physician, and through gross want of care or skill kill him; or if any one charged with building a house of any kind construct it so badly that it falls and kills persons within or near it; or if in building he drop a stone upon some one passing below, and kill him; in all these cases he would be guilty of manslaughter, provided he were grossly negligent in the act causing the death. This is the essential question.

Blackstone defines manslaughter thus: Manslaughter is therefore thus defined, the unlawful killing of another without malice either express or implied; which may be either voluntarily, upon a sudden heat, or involuntarily, but in the commission of some unlawful act.

The judicial treatment of this crime, being regulated by statute, varies in the several States. The element of premeditation is not essential to conviction of this crime. There are cases which the law regards as only manslaughter, without evidence of momentary excitement; partly because the law infers that from such a provocation there must be excitement; and partly, perhaps, because the party killed brought his death upon himself by his outrageous wrong. Thus, if a husband detects his wife in adultery, and instantly and purposely takes either her life or the adulterer's, it is only manslaughter. Not so, however, if he waits for a subsequent opportunity, for then the first reason wholly fails, and the killing becomes murder.

In New York State four degrees of manslaughter are defined. The first degree, briefly stated, consists of killing without the purpose of death, when the deceased was engaged in perpetrating or attempting a crime less than felony, and where such killing would be, at common law, murder. Assisting in self-murder is manslaughter in the first degree, as also wilfully killing an unborn quick child by injury to the mother if it would be murder in case the mother died from the injury. The second degree consists in procuring abortion otherwise; killing in the heat of passion without the intent of death, but in a cruel and unusual manner; or killing unnecessarily one attempting to commit felony. The third degree is killing in heat of passion, without intent of death, but with a dangerous weapon; involuntary killing, by procurement or negligence of another, while the person killed is engaged in committing a trespass on property; suffering an animal known to be mischievous to go abroad without care, or keeping it without care, and thereby causing death; receiving wilfully or negligently so many persons into a boat or vessel as to cause death; racing while in command of a steamboat carrying passengers, bursting the boiler, and so killing: killing by a physician while in a state of intoxication. The fourth degree may be said to include all other modes or forms of manslaughter, known as such at common law, and of a milder kind than the preceding. See HOMICIDE.

Mansurah, män-soo'rä, Egypt, a town on the Damietta branch of the Nile, 34 miles southwest of Damietta. It has railway connection with Zagazig and Cairo, and is the chief depot of the bread-stuffs, cotton, indigo, hemp, and flax which this part of the Delta produces. There are also linen and cotton manufactories, etc. Mansurah was founded in 1221 and here in 1250 during the Crusades, Louis IX. of France was captured and imprisoned.

Manta, män'tä, Ecuador, city, port of entry on the Pacific coast; about 155 miles southwest of Quito. It has an excellent harbor and steamer connection with nearly all the Pacific coast towns of South America. It was founded as early as 1534-5, and for many years its importance has consisted in being the port of Monticristi, which is about 10 miles inland. The chief exports are coffee and rubber. Pop. 4,000.

Mantalini, măn-ta-lē'nē, a low and affected character in Dickens' Nicholas Nickleby' who lives on the labors of his wife, a mantua-maker.

Mantaro, män-tä'rō, a river in Peru which has its rise in the mountains in the western part of the province of Junin. Its source is about It flows south and 13,000 feet above the sea. mountains and turns northwest, which course is east to Huanta, near which it breaks through the continued for about 60 miles, when again it changes and flows northeast to Pisquitini, where it joins the Apurimac River and forms the Ené. The Mantaro is nearly 300 miles long and navigable only a short distance above the junction with the Apurimac. It has extensive waterpower which is not used except in a few cities. Italian author and physiologist: b. Monza, Italy, Mantegazza, Paolo, pä'ō-lo män-tā-gät'sä, 1831. He was educated at the universities at Pisa and Milan, spent several years in traveling, visiting almost every portion of the globe, after which he returned to Milan and practised medicine there. He was appointed professor of physiology at Pavia in 1860 and in 1870 became professor of anthropology at Florence, where he founded the Museum of Anthropology, also a society and a review of anthropology. He was a member of the Italian Parliament 1865-76 and then became senator. He is the author of many medical and philosophical books, among them are: 'Elementi d'igiene) (1875); Fisiologia del piacere' (1881); Le istasi umane) (1887); L'anno 3000 (1897); L'amore' (1898); etc. He has also written books of travel and has devoted a share of his attention to political affairs.

Mantegna, Andrea, Italian painter: b. Vicenza 1431; d. Mantua 13 Sept. 1506. His master Squarcione was induced by the talents which he displayed to adopt him as a son. The youth employed himself principally in drawing from antiques, and at the age of 16 painted a picture for the grand altar in the church of St. Sophia at Padua. About 1468 Mantegna entered the service of Ludovico Gonzaga, at Mantua, where he opened a school. Here he painted his great picture, the Triumph of Julius Cæsar,' for the tapestry of a palace erected in Mantua. It consists of several cartoons, which have since been transferred to Hampton Court. Gonzaga conferred on him the honor of knighthood in reward for his merit. Innocent VIII. invited the artist to Rome to paint in the Belvidere. One of the latest and best of this artist's works is the 'Madonna della Vittoria,' now in the Louvre

at Paris, in which Giovanni Francesco Gonzaga is seen returning thanks for the victory gained by him in 1496 over the forces of Charles VIII. The genuineness of this picture is, however, sometimes doubted. There are several others of his works in the Louvre, and an 'Annunciation' in the Dresden Gallery.

Man'tell, Gideon Algernon, English geologist: b. Lewis, Sussex, 1790; d. London 10 Nov. 1852. For many years he practised as a medical man, and employed his leisure time in studying the strata and fossil remains of the weald district, by which he was surrounded. Through his investigations the fossilized skeletons of the Iguanodon and Hylæosaurus were discovered, the fresh-water origin of the wealden beds demonstrated, and many other important facts established in regard to the geology of that district. He published The Fossils of the South Downs (1822); Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex' (1822); and the very popular (Wonders of Geology) (1838); and Medals of Creation (1844). His magnificent collection of fossils was purchased in 1839 for the British Museum.

Mantell, Robert Bruce, American actor: b. Irvine, Scotland, 7 Feb. 1854. He made his début upon the stage at Rochdale, England, in 1876, and in 1878 played in juvenile roles with Modjeska in the United States. He then spent three years in England as leading man, returning to New York to play with Fanny Davenport. He became a star and plays at the head of his own company, presenting the leading classical and romantic roles, including Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo, Richelieu, etc.

Mantes, mänt, France, a town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, on the left bank of the Seine, opposite Limay, with which it communicates by two handsome bridges connecting the banks with an island in the river, 29 miles west-northwest of Paris. It contains a fine Gothic church, with two lofty towers; a beautiful Gothic tower, the only remains of the church of St. Maclou; and has manufactures of leather and saltpeter, famous breweries, numerous mills, and a trade in leather, corn, and wine. William the Conqueror (q.v.) received his death-wound

at Mantes.

Manteuffel, män'toif-fel, Edwin Hans Karl, BARON VON, German field-marshal: b. Dresden 24 Feb. 1809; d. Karlsbad 17 June 1885. He entered the army in 1827 and advanced rapidly, becoming lieutenant-general of cavalry 1861. He took part in the Danish war of 1864, and next year was appointed governor of Schleswig. During the war between Prussia and Austria he commanded the army of the Main, and fought at Hemstadt, Vettingen, Rossbrunn, and Würzburg. He served with distinction in the FrancoGerman War, especially in several actions around Metz, at Amiens, and from June 1871 to July 1873 he commanded the army of occupation in France, and was made field-marshal. In 1879 he was appointed governor-general of Alsace-Lorraine, and in this capacity showed singular want of skill and tact in ruling a conquered people.

Manti, măn'ti, Utah, city, county-seat of Sanpete County; on the Rio Grande, and on the Sanpete V. and the Western R.R.'s; about 125 miles south of Salt Lake City. Manti was settled in 1849 and incorporated in 1851. It is sit

MANTIS

uated in an agricultural region, where sheep raising is one of the principal industries. Large coal mines are in the vicinity. The chief industrial establishments are creameries, flour mills, and machine-shops. The principal buildings are the Mormon temple, which cost $1,500,000, and the public school building. The population in 1910 was 2,423.

Mantinea, măn-ti-ne'a, Greece, one of the most ancient and important cities of Arcadia, on the frontier of Argolis on the little river Ophis. The site is now known as Palæopoli, and excavations and explorations by the French school at Athens have disclosed the foundations of the walls and buildings of the ancient city. Mantinea was known for its wealth, and famous for the battles fought near it; in 418 B.C., when the Argives, Athenians, and Mantineans were defeated by the Spartans. In 385 B.C., when the city was taken and destroyed by the Spartans and in 362 B.C., when the Thebans under Epaminondas defeated the Spartans, although the victory of the Thebans was purchased with the life of their commander. Mantinea was, in 226 B.C., surprised by Aratus; and in 222 B.C. taken by Antigonus Doson; on this occasion the town was sacked, and the inhabitants sold as slaves. Another battle was fought near Mantinea 207 B.C., between Machanidas, tyrant of Lacedæmon, and Philopomen, general of the Achæan League. The latter was victorious, and slew the tyrant with his own hand.

Mantiqueira, män-të-kā'ē-rä, Serra Da, Brazil, a mountain range which is in the southeastern part of the republic. It is about 75 miles from the Atlantic and extends nearly parallel with the coast for about 200 miles. Ranges connected with the Mantiqueira are often included with this range and the name Mitiqueira applied to the whole. Mount Itatiaia, the highest peak, is 9,000 feet above the sea. Several large rivers have their sources in this range.

Man'tis, an orthopterous insect of the family Mantide. These curious insects, allied to grasshoppers, abound in many parts of the world, and have always excited popular notice, and have been endowed with many supernatural qualities by the ignorant and superstitious of all countries. They are slender, with long, locustlike legs, oval wings, and a long neck-like prothorax, terminating in an angular head with large protruding eyes. The front legs are stout, spiny, fitted for grasping their prey, and are held up in front of them in an attitude that to some suggest prayer. Hence the names praying insect, prophet and the like often given to the more familiar species; to others they suggest other ideas, as of a horse pawing the air, whence our common species of the Southern States (Stegamomantis carolina) is known as the "rear-horse," and in Europe these insects are called "camel-crickets." Why it should also be called "mule-killer" is harder to explain, probably it is by confusion with a scorpion also so called. These insects in tropical countries have come to assume various forms and hues similar to the flowers near which they lurk to catch the insects visiting the blossoms,- a protective measure which comes under the head of mimicry. A large proportion of the insects upon which they feed are injurious to crops, so that they may be regarded as beneficial to man. Among the Japanese and Chinese they are made

to minister to human amusement also, being kept in cages and made to engage in combats upon which the spectators bet money. The eggs of the mantis are laid in an oval mass upon the stem of a plant, and covered with a tough case of hardened mucus, which shows a curiously braided pattern of surface, and is easily recognized.

Mantis Shrimp, a large crustacean (Squilla empusa) of the order Stomapoda, which dwells in burrows between tide-marks along our eastern coast, and seizes marine worms, and the like, that come within its reach. Its general shape is shrimp-like, but it has strong claws on the second pair of legs, which much resemble the forelegs of a mantis (q.v.), are provided with sharp spines, and are so jointed that they can be folded back upon themselves like the blade of a clasp-knife, and so take a firm grip upon the struggling captives. It is quite blind, although the eyes appear to be well formed. A well-known European species is gathered for food by the coast people.

Mantle, (1) a kind of cloak or loose garment to be worn over other garments. (2) In heraldry the name is given to the cloak or mantle which is often represented behind the escutch eon. (3) The name given an invention used on lamps and in gas lighting. See GAS, ILLU

MINATING.

Mantling, in heraldry, an ornament depicted as hanging down from the helmet, and behind the escutcheon. It is considered to represent either the cointise, an ornamental scarf which passed around the body, and over the shoulder; or the military mantle, or robe of estate. When intended for the cointise, it is cut into irregular strips and curls of the most capricious forms, whose contortions are supposed to indicate that it has been torn into that ragged condition in the field of battle. When the mantling is treated as a robe of estate, the bearings of the shield are sometimes embroidered on it. A mantling adjusted so as to form a background for the shield and its accessories, constitutes an "achievement of arms."

Mantraps, engines for the terrifying of trespassers and poachers (formerly often indicated by the warning notice "man-traps and spring-guns set here"), resembled gigantic rattraps four feet long. They may be seen in museums; it is, since 1827, illegal to set them save indoors between sunset and sunrise, as a defense against burglars.

Mantua, măn'tu-a, Italy, a fortified northern town, capital of the former duchy, and now of the province of Mantua, 80 miles by rail southeast of Milan, on an almost insular site on the Mincio, which here divides into several arms ending in a marshy and insalubrious lake. Communication is maintained between the islands and mainland by several bridges, the chief of which is Ponte di San Giorgio, 800 yards long. Mantua is the see of a bishop, the seat of a civil, criminal, and mercantile court, and the residence both of a military governor and of a provincial delegate. The most remarkable edifices are the cathedral, after an elegant design by Giulio Romano; the church of Sant' Andrea, conspicuous from a distance by its majestic cupola and Gothic tower; the church of Santa Barbara. containing the mausoleum of Carlo

Gonzaga; the church of San Sebastiano; the Corte Reale, formerly the ducal palace of the Gonzagas, a huge irregular pile, now partly used as barracks; the Castello di Corte or old castle of the Gonzagas; the Torre della Gabbia, the Torre del Orologio, and the Torre dello Zuccaro; the Beccheria and Peschiera, or shambles and fish market, both built by Giulio Romano; the house of Giulio Romano, the Palazzo Colloredo, with enormous caryatides supporting its façade; the Palazzo del Té, outside the walls of the town, also built by Giulio Romano, and adorned with some of that master's largest frescoes; the Accademia Virgiliana di Scienze e Belle Arti; the Liceo, the military arsenal, two theatres, one called the Teatro Virgiliano, employed for open-air performances in summer, situated in a fine piazza also named after Virgil, and containing a marble pillar surmounted by bronze bust of the poet; the library, containing 80,000 volumes and 1,000 interesting MSS.; the civic and two foundling hospitals; the Monte di Pietà, the principal house of correction for the whole of Lombardy. The manufactures are of very limited extent. The trade is chiefly in the hands of the Jews, who live in a separate quarter. The principal article of trade is silk. There is also a considerable trade in timber, which is floated down the Mincio. Mantua was an ancient Etruscan settlement, and in the time of Virgil, a native of the region, was a Roman town. Charlemagne built its first fortifications. Soon after 1115 Mantua succeeded in making itself independent, and continued so till 1276, when it fell under the iron rule of Buonacolsi or Bonacossi. In 1328 it found better masters in the Gonzagas, who, first as captains, then (from 1432) as marquises, and finally (from 1530) as dukes of Mantua, governed it with great ability, and distinguished themselves by the splendor of their court and their patronage of literature and art. The last of the Gonzaga family who reigned in Mantua was Ferdinando Carlo, or Carlo IV., who, having taken part with the French in the War of Succession, was declared to have incurred a forfeiture by withdrawing his allegiance from his liege lord the

Emperor of Germany. The Mantuan territory sions in Lombardy, and the remaining part of was accordingly annexed to the Austrian possesMontferrat was assigned to Savoy (1708). The fortifications of the town, previously formidable, were completed and put into their present form by the Austrians. In 1796 Napoleon, apparently hopeless of reducing it by any other means, contented himself with keeping it under strict blockade, till famine compelled the garrison to capitulate. After the cession of the western part of Lombardy to Sardinia in 1859, Mantua, with what else of Lombardy remained to Austria, was united to Venetia, and with it was given up to Italy in 1866.

Manu, ma'noo, the reputed author of the most renowned law-book of the ancient Hindus, and likewise of an ancient Kalpa work on Vedic rites. It is matter, however, of considerable doubt whether both works belong to the same individual, and whether the name Manu, especially in the case of the author of the law-book, was intended to designate a historical personage; for, in several passages of the Vedas (q.v.), as well as the Mahâbhârata (q.v.), Manu is mentioned as the progenitor of the human race;

and, in the first chapter of the law-book ascribed to him, he declares himself to have been produced by Viraj, an offspring of the Supreme Being, and to have created all this universe. Hindu mythology knows, moreover, a succession of Manus, each of whom created, in his own period, the world anew after it had perished at the end of a mundane age.

The word Manu - akin to "man"-belongs therefore, properly speaking, to ancient Hindu mythology, and it was connected with the renowned law-book in order to impart to the latter the sanctity on which its authority rests.

This work is not merely a law-book in the European sense of the word, it is likewise a system of cosmogony; it propounds metaphysical doctrines, teaches the art of government, and, among other things, treats of the state of the soul after death.

The chief topics of its 12 books are the following: (1) creation; (2) education and the duties of a pupil, or the first order; (3) marriage and the duties of a householder, or the second order; (4) means of subsistence and private morals; (5) diet, purification, and the duties of women; (6) the duties of an anchorite and an ascetic, or the duties of the third and fourth orders; (7) government and the duties of a king and the military caste; (8) judicature and law, private and criminal; (9) continuation of the former and the duties of the commercial and servile castes; (10) mixed castes and the duties of the castes in time of distress; (11) penance and expiation; (12) transmigration and final beatitude. Bühler has proved that Max Müller was right in regarding the extant work as a versified recast of an ancient law-book, the manual of a particular Vedic school, the Mânavas; and holds that the work, the date of which used to be given at 1200 B.C., was certainly extant in the 2d century A.D., and seems to have been composed between that date and the 2d century B.C. There this work and the Mahabharata, suggesting the are many remarkable correspondences between use in both of common materials.

Manual Acts, in ecclesiastical and church history, acts performed by the hands of the celebrant in the mass, chiefly the fraction of the host, and making the sign of the Cross over it before consecration. Both were objected to at the Reformation.

Manual Alphabet, the deaf and dumb alphabet; the letters made by deaf and dumb persons with their fingers.

Manual Exercises, the exercise or drill by which soldiers are taught to handle their rifles and other arms properly.

Manual Training, a term which, according to the best usage, signifies the systematic study of the theory and use of common tools; the nature of common materials; elementary and typical processes of construction; and the execution and reading of working drawings; and the study of cookery, sewing, printing, etc. The materials referred to are wood, metals, alloys, and plastic minerals; the drawing includes both freehand and instrumental, with pen, pencil, and brush. The systematic study of tools, processes, and materials is the essential feature of manual training; hence the incidental use of tools without system for some ulterior object, is not man

ual training. There is of course a suggestion of manual training when the teacher shows a child how to handle a pitch-fork; when a woodman teaches a novice how to swing an axe in cutting down a tree; when a foreman shows a green hand how to head a pin. Yet such cases are usually without system and continuity; and accordingly are excluded from the content of manual training. One does not give a boy manual training by turning him loose in a shop, any more than he gives a literary education to a boy who cannot read by locking him in a library. It follows that the manipulations of the kindergarten, the "busy work" in the primary grades on the one hand, and the science laboratory and the commercial workshop on the other, are beyond the pale of manual training.

very

Manual training proves to be a far better thing than was expected when the name was first used and when the first manual training school was opened, and the present purpose and object of manual training is stated so broadly and philosophically that the statement published for many years in the catalogue of the Saint Louis manual training school seems modest; to wit: (1) To furnish a broader and more appropriate foundation for higher technical education. (2) To serve as a developing school where pupils could discover their inborn capacities and aptitudes, whether in the direction of literature, science, engineering, or the practical arts. (3) To furnish to those who look forward to industrial life opportunity to become familiar with tools, materials, the methods of construction, and exact drawing, as well as with mathematics, elementary science, and ordinary English branches.

Manual training is essentially a culture study; its function is to develop the child by developing the brain and increasing its control over materials through the hand and eye. In that the areas of the brain develop gradually and early years the work of a child is qualitative rather than quantitative. Physiologists tell us unequally; that a normal child does not recognize accuracy and that he is incapable of precision either in ideas or deeds until he is several grades along in school. Tool work should result in accuracy in thought and in deed, and hence should not be attempted before the sixth or seventh grade. Dr. C. H. Henderson defines Manual Training as "quantitative handicraft." He adds: "The brain grows by what it feeds upon. Given perfect health and a wealth of sense-impression, especially a wealth of quantitative sense-impression, that is to say, well-trained senses, and we have the physical basis for a full intellectual life. Without this large quantitative knowledge and developed brain, we live in a world of illusion, a guessworld of very imperfect rationality. To cultivate the hand and eye and ear, even the nose and the tongue, is to enlarge the material of thought and the tool of thought." In 1882, before the National Educational Association at Saratoga, the writer of this article defined Manual Training as "a new art of expression," in the concrete, as contrasted with verbal description, and graphical representations. This view of manual training has been much elaborated of late, with the result that "expression" is by many persons regarded as the very essence of