uprising, where he spent 10 months with the army of Don Carlos, was captured by the Republicans, mistaken for a Carlist, condemned to death, and saved by the intervention of the United States minister. He then went to England, and in 1875 accompanied the Arctic expedition on the Pandora. In 1876 he joined the Turkish army, in the service of the London Daily News, and did memorable work in his description of the Bulgarian atrocities, his accounts standing approved before the world in face of all attempts to discredit them. In behalf of Bulgaria he appealed to Russia, was at the front in the Russo-Turkish war that followed, and was hailed as a chief instrument of Bul

garia's resulting independence. While nursing a friend he contracted a fever which in a few days caused his death. In 1884 the Ohio legis

lature secured the removal of his body from its foreign grave to its final resting-place at New Lexington. He wrote Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva' (1874); Under the Northern Lights (1876); and Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria' (1876).

McGar'vey, John William, American educator: b. Hopkinsville, Ky., 1 March 1829. He was graduated at Bethany College, West Virginia, in 1850; for 12 years preached at Fayette and Dover, Mo., and in 1863 at Lexington, Ky.; and since 1865 has been professor of sacred history at the College of the Bible, Lexington. Of this college, a department of Kentucky University, he has been president since 1895. He is a clergyman of the Christian (Disciples) Church, and for 40 years has been connected with religious journalism. He has written: Commentaries on the Acts of the Apostles' (186393); 'Commentaries on Matthew and Mark' (1875); Lands of the Bible' (1881); Text and Canon of the New Testament' (1886); Credibility and Inspiration of the New Testament' (1891); McGarvey's Sermons) (1894); Jesus and Jonah' (1897); and The Authorship of Deuteronomy' (1902).

McGee, ma-ge', Anita Newcomb, American physician: b. Washington, D. C., 1864. She is a daughter of Simon Newcomb (q.v.); was educated at Newnham College, Cambridge, England, at the University of Geneva, and at other institutions in Europe; also graduated in medicine at Columbian University, 1892, and took a post-graduate course in gynecology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. From 1892 to 1896 she practised in Washington. In 1888 she married W. J McGee (g.v.). She has held prominent positions in the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and from April to September 1898 was director of its Hospital Corps, which selected women nurses for army and navy. In August 1898 to December 1899 she was acting assistant surgeon in the United States army, being the first woman to hold such a position, and was assigned to duty in the surgeon-general's office, where she organized the army nurse corps. In 1904, acting as president Society Spanish-American War Nurses and_as representative of Philadelphia Red Cross Society, and by agreement with Japanese Government, took a party of trained nurses formerly in U. S. army to serve in the Japanese army for six months gratuitously. Was appointed by Minister of War as supervisor of nurses, which placed her in the same rank with officers of VOL. 1315

the Japanese army, and inspected and reported on relative nursing conditions.

McGee, Thomas D'Arcy, Canadian journalist and politician: b. Carlingford, Ireland, 13 April 1825; d. Ottawa, Ontario, 7 April 1868. He was connected with the Young Ireland party and was obliged to flee to the United States at 17, where he engaged in journalism. In 1845 he returned to Ireland, but his journalistic writings compelled him to again escape to the United States in 1848. McGee then edited the New York Nation' for two years, after which he he was editor of The New Era.' He entered became a Royalist and went to Canada, where Parliament in 1857 and was a member until his assassination, which was the result of his opposition to the Fenian movement. History of Ireland (1862); 'Speeches and He published:

Addresses of the British-American Union' (1865); etc.

McGee, W J, American scientist: b. in Dubuque County, Ia., 17 April 1853; d. Washington, D. C., 4 Sept, 1912. He was self-educated, and from 1873 to 1875 surveyed land and practised in the courts. In 1877-81 he made geologic and topographic surveys of northeastern Iowa, and for the United States Geological Survey he surveyed and mapped 300,000 square miles in the southeastern part of the country, and performed many other important services in the departments of geology, ethnology, and anthropology. From 1893 to 1903 he was ethnologist in charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology. He was president of the American Anthropological Association, chief of the Department of Anthropology and Ethnology of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and associate editor of the National Geographic Magazine.' He wrote: Geology of Chesapeake Bay) (1888); 'Pleistocene History of Northeastern Iowa' (1891); The Lafayette Formation' (1892); Potable Waters of the Eastern United States (1894); The Siouan Indians' (1897); 'Primitive Trephining in (1898); and many scientific memoirs.

Peru'

In

McGiffert, ma-gif'ert, Arthur Cushman, American theologian and author: b. Sauquoit, N. Y., 4 March 1861. He was graduated at the Western Reserve College in 1882, and at Union Theological Seminary in 1885; and at Union studies at the universities of Berlin and Marburg, Germany, and in France and Italy. 1888-90 he was instructor in Church history at Lane Theological Seminary, Cincinnati, and professor there 1890-3, since when he has been professor of Church History of Union Theo logical Seminary, New York. In 1897 he published A History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age, and in cosequence of criticism and threatened denominational disturbance, involv ing his own probable trial for heresy, to which this book gave rise, he withdrew from the Presbyterian ministry, and later, while still retaining his professorship, joined the Congregational Church. His other publications include Dialogue Between a Christian and a Jew,' Doctor's thesis (1888), and a translation of Eusebius' Church History,' with prolegomena and notes (1890); The Apostles Creed' (1902).

McGiffin, ma-gif'in, Philo Norton, American naval officer: b. Washington County, Pa., 1860; d. New York 11 Feb. 1897. He was grad

uated in 1882 at the United States Naval Academy, and was stationed in China, and at the outbreak of the war between China and France was permitted to resign from the United States navy to enter the service of China. He established a naval academy at Wei-hai-wei, of which he had charge. When the China-Japan war broke out he was placed in command of the Chen Yuen, and was the first American or European to command a modern warship in action. He was in command at the battle of Yalu River, in which action he was so severely injured that he afterward shot himself at a hospital in New York.

McGill, ma-gil', James, Canadian philanthropist: b. Glasgow, Scotland, 6 Oct. 1744; d. Montreal, P. Q., 19 Dec. 1813. He was educated in Glasgow and in 1770 removed to Canada, where he engaged in the northwest fur-trade, afterwards becoming a merchant in Montreal. McGill was a member of the lower Canadian parliament, also of various councils, and was a brigadier-general in the War of 1812. He used much of his wealth in philanthropic work and at his death founded McGill College (q.v.) in Montreal.

McGill College and University, in Montreal, Canada, was founded in 1811 by James McGill (q.v.). By will he left an estate known as the "Burnside Estate," which contained 47 acres of land and a fine Manor House, near Montreal, and £10,000 to the "Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning," for the establishment of a university in Lower Canada (province of Quebec). The bequest was valued at the time as worth about $120,000. It was stipulated that one of the colleges of the university should be known in perpetuity as McGill College.

McGill College and University stands at the head of a group of schools and colleges and is affiliated with Cambridge, Oxford, and Dublin universities. Many generous benefactors have supplied means for the foundation of various schools. Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal erected and endowed the Royal College for Women. This school is a residential college, and is only one of many gifts from the same donor. Sir William Macdonald erected, equipped, and endowed the Macdonald Chemistry and Mining Building, the Macdonald Physics Building, and the Macdonald Engineering Building. He also gave $200,000 endowment to the Law School. Peter Redpath gave the University Library and the Peter Redpath Museum.

The degrees conferred by the University are B.A., M.A., B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Sc., and D. Litt., in the Faculty of Arts, and to both men and women; B.C.L. and D.C.L. in the Faculty of Law; B. Arch., B.Sc., M.Sc., and D.Sc. in the Faculty of Applied Science, and M.D., and C.M. in the Faculty of Medicine. There are four affiliated theological colleges which adjoin the university grounds. The supreme authority rests with the Crown and is exercised by the Governor-general of Canada. The Governors, fifteen in number, are the members of the "Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning" above mentioned. The president of the Board of Governors is ex-officio the chancellor. The vicechancellor is the principal, who is the head of the academic department and chief administrative officer. He is ex-officio the vice-chancellor. The Fellows number 43, and are chosen from all the faculties, affiliated colleges and other

bodies, with due regard to the representation of each. There are connected with the university about 1,300 students and 200 professors and lecturers, besides a large number of demonstrators. The library contains about 110,000 volumes. The grounds and buildings are valued at more than $2,000,000. The university is increasing its fine plant and equipment as fast as its finances will permit. J. A. NICHOLSON, Registrar of the University.

MacGillicuddy (ma-gil-i-kŭd'i) Reeks, IreKerry, extending for 131⁄2 miles from the lakes land, a picturesque mountain range, in County of Killarney on the east to Lough Carra on the It is the loftiest mountain range in Ireland, west, and covering an area of 28 square miles. several peaks rising above 2,500 feet.

McGillivray, mạ-gil’i-vrā, Alexander, chief of the Creek Indians: b. in Alabama about 1740; d. Pensacola, Fla., 17 Feb. 1793. His father was a Scotsman of good family and his mother a half-breed. He received a good education at Charleston, S. C.; was placed in a mercantile establishment in Savannah; but soon returned to the Creek country, where he became partner in a large trading house, and rose to a high position among the Indians. After the death of his mother he became chief of the Creeks, styling himself their emperor. During the Revolution the McGillivrays, father and son, were zealous adherents of the royal cause, the former holding the rank of a colonel in the British service. After the war Alexander McGillivray, in behalf of the Creek confederacy, entered into an alliance with Spain, of which government he was made a commissary, with the rank and pay of colonel. In 1790 he was induced by Washington to visit New York, where he eventually signed a treaty yielding certain disputed lands lying on the Oconee. He was rewarded with an appointment as agent for the United States, with the rank and pay of brigadier-general.

McGilvary, Evander Bradley, American linguist and philosopher: b. Bangkok, Siam, 19 July 1864, of American parents. He was educated at Bingham School, N. C., and Davidson College, graduating at the latter in 1884. He was appointed as instructor in the classics at Bingham School in 1884, and in 1889-90 studied at Princeton Theological Seminary. From 1891 to 1894 he was translator for the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions in Siam, and in 1894 began graduate work at the University of California, where he later became assistant professor. In 1899 he was appointed Sage professor of moral philosophy at Cornell. He has translated the Gospels of Matthew, Luke and John, and the Acts of the Apostles into the Lao dialect of Siamese.

McGlynn, ma-glin', Edward, American clergyman: b. New York 27 Sept. 1837; d. Newburg, N. Y., 7 Jan. 1900. He was educated at the College of the Propaganda in Rome, and from 1866 was pastor of St. Stephen's Church in New York. He favored the education of children by the State rather than in parochial schools, and in 1886 warmly supported the candidacy of Henry George for the mayoralty, thereby bringing upon himself the censure of the Church. He was summoned to Rome to exculpate himself, but refused to go, pleading his

ill-health. Persisting in his refusal he was excommunicated in 1887. He was one of the founders of the Anti-Poverty Society and was its president. In 1893, after a hearing before the Pope's delegate, Mgr. Satolli, the ban of excommunication was removed, after signing a document drawn up by the apostolic delegate to the effect that his economic views were not in conflict with the Catholic faith. He was in charge of St. Mary's parish in Newburg at his death.

McGovern, ma-gov'èrn, John, American author: b. Troy, N. Y., 18 Feb. 1850. He was connected for 16 years with the Chicago Tribune, and since 1880 has been engaged in literary work and lecturing, chiefly on great writers and historical characters. In the action of S. E. Gross, author of the play The Merchant Prince of Cornville,' against Edmond Rostand, author of 'Cyrano de Bergerac,' he acted as literary expert for the former, furnishing in the case over 700 exhibits containing innumerable parallels between the two dramas. The United States Court at Chicago issued a decree in 1902 sustaining the claim of Gross to priority of authorship and forbidding the representation of "Cyrano de Bergerac in this country. McGovern's numerous writings include: The Empire of Information' (1880); A Pastoral Poem (1882); The Toiler's Diadem' (1885); Under the Open Sky (1890); 'King Darwin,' a novel (1894); American Statesmen' (1898); (Famous Women of the World' (1898); John McGovern's Poems' (1902); etc.

MacGowan, John E., American journalist: b. Mahoning County, Ohio, 30 Sept. 1831; d. Chattanooga, Tenn., 12 April 1903. He was educated at Hiram College and practised law in Iowa and Ohio until the outbreak of the Rebellion in 1861, when he enlisted in the Federal army and served through the war; he was mustered out of service brevet brigadier-general. MacGowan's career as a journalist began in 1872 and he was prominently connected with the leading newspapers of Tennessee. He was a forceful writer and exerted a wide influence throughout the South. From 1878 until his death he was editor-in-chief of the Chattanooga Times.

MacGrady, ma-gra'di, Thomas, American Roman Catholic clergyman: b. Lexington, Ky., 11 June 1863. He was educated at Saint Joseph's College, Bardstown, Ky., and after theological studies at Kankakee, Ill., was ordained to the priesthood April 1887. He served at the cathedral in Galveston, Texas, for a short time, and was then rector at Houston, Texas (1888-90); at Dallas, Texas; at Lexington and Cynthiana, Ky.; and at Saint Anthony's Church, Bellevue, Ky. (1895-1902). Besides attending to his clerical duties, he wrote and lectured frequently on economic and social subjects, and his views were so radical that he was severely criticised, and was requested by the ecclesiastical authorities to retract his writings, but refused to do so, and resigned from his position in December 1902, though not withdrawing from the priesthood. His writings are avowedly socialistic, and several of them are approved and sold by the Socialist party; they include The Mistakes of Ingersoll (1898); The Two Kingdoms' (1809); Bevond the Black Ocean' (1901); 'City

of Angels' (1901); A Voice from England' (1902); and The Clerical Capitalist' (1902).

McGrath', Harold, American journalist and novelist: b. Syracuse, N. Y., 4 Sept. 1871. He was educated in Syracuse. He has written: Arms and the Woman' (1899); The Puppet Crown (1901); The Grey Cloak' (1903); The Princess Elopes (1905); 'The Carpet from Bagdad' (1911).

McGready, ma-grā'di, James, American Presbyterian clergyman: t. in Pennsylvania about 1760; d. 1817. He studied for the ministry in the school of John McMillan, of Cannonsburg, Pa., and in 1778 was licensed to preach. After some years of work in North Carolina, in 1796 he removed to southwestern Kentucky, and under his direction began the great revival of religion which culminated in 1800 and became memorable in the religious history of the country. He organized and conducted the first camp-meeting, and employed a preachers unordained young men without special theological training, thereby provoking dissension in the Presbyterian Church. Out of this disagreement arose the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (see PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH), organized in 1810. McGready, however, afterward became reconciled to the older church and resumed his fellowship in it. Two volumes of his sermons were published years after his death, the first at Louisville, Ky., in 1831, the second at Nashville, Tenn., in 1833. Consult: Davidson, 'History of the Presbyterian Church in the State of Kentucky) (1847); Foote, Sketches of North Carolina, Historical and Biographical' (1850; 2d series, 1855); Smith, "History of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church'; Edson, 'Early Presbyterianism in Indiana) (1898).

Machærodus, mā-ke'rō-dus, a genus of huge extinct cats, fossil in the Miocene and subsequent formations, and including the largest of the Nimravida. See SABRE-TOOTHED TIGER.

McHenry, James, American politician: b. Ballymena, Ireland, 1753; d. 1816. He had studied at Dublin, when, about 1771, he came to this country, and in Philadelphia soon entered upon the study of medicine under Dr. Benjamin Rush (q.v.). On the outbreak of the Revolution he became surgeon of the 5th Pennsylvania battalion; in November 1776 was taken prisoner at Fort Washington; was paroled in the following January, and in March 1778 exchanged. In May of that year he was made assistant private secretary to Washington, and held that position until October 1780, when as major he was appointed to a place on the staff of Lafayette. Elected in 1781 to the Maryland Senate, he continued a member of that body until 1786, being also during the second half of that period a delegate to the Confederation Congress. In 1787 he was made a member of the Constitutional Convention; in 1789 was elected to the General Assembly of Maryland, and sat in the Senate of that State, 1791-6, when he was appointed by Washington secretary of war, retaining that position in the Cabinet under John Adams' administration until 1800. As an ardent Federalist he used his influence in favor of a strong national defense, and was a zealous partisan of Alexander Hamilton. Cabinet he spent the rest of his life in MaryAfter resigning from Adams' land. Fort McHenry (q.v.) was named after hin