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§ 147. A local church politically free, and constituted simply of a pastor, deacons and lay members, is strictly and distinctly an organism. Very generally, local churches come into organic union with each other, constituting synods, conferences, councils. These again organize into yet more comprehensive ecclesiæ or general assemblies, officered by a hierarchy of priests, bishops, and other clergy, whose constitutional functions are formally defined. All the various groups of church organization, of various denomination, notwithstanding their differences and dissensions, are furthermore in reality organized into a holy Church universal, one truly catholic, by their common acceptance of the New Testament as organic and ultimate law, interpreted, and in some cases modified, as in the Church of Rome, by ecclesiastical authority. In the universal and intensely active Christian Church, with its many subsidiary organizations, their officers and members, we discover the most extensive, complete and powerful organism ever known, and one which is rapidly realizing the ancient dream of universal empire in an organic unification of mankind.

From the varied relations obtaining in this Christian body, wherein all are members one of another, arises a multiplicity of special obligations and active duties calling for a never flagging constancy and devotion, and heartily recognized as displacing by superior claim all conflicting calls. Each member confesses that he belongs to the Church, and does not hesitate to name this servitude as a sufficient reason for his special conduct. On the other hand, the Church belongs to him, serving to edify his spiritual worth. Moreover, it is a common brotherhood, a communion, a fellowship one with another, and with the divine head, all working together for

an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." In the United States there is, therefore, at last a severance of Church and State, and each pursues its end without let or hinderance from the other.

nearness and likeness to God.1 These obligations ramify throughout every other class of duties, intensify and sanctify. them. The Christian man among men, the Christian father, mother, son and daughter, the Christian member of the community where his lot is cast, the Christian man of affairs, the Christian citizen and statesman, is more closely bound in each and all of these relations by virtue of his Christian confession, and finds therein new and higher, the highest motives for ordering all his conduct on the principles inculcated by the Christian Church. Thus this spiritual organism enters into, and exerts a dominant influence over, all the relations and obligations of our temporal life, while looking and preparing for the eternal life beyond.1

It has been pointed out that natural religion in its origin and perfection is ethics, also that the Christian religion is ethics extended, confirmed, refined. The revelation of God in Christ reconciling the world unto himself, expands obliga

1 "To one who admits the organic unity of the human race," says Dr. Gladden, "the notion that Christ's law is ultra-rational is absurd. It is and must be the law of the organism. It is the simple scientific expression of the relation of the members to the body. The bond that unites us to our fellows is, therefore, one that we cannot sunder. To sever ourselves from our kind is self-mutilation. This is not some counsel of perfection for saints; it is the fundamental fact of life. All our industry, all our social organization, must conform to it. No man liveth unto himself. Our daily work is a social function. Wealth is valueless and impossible apart from human fellowship. Not to keep this steadily before us in our administration of all our affairs is to be false to the primary human obligation. To set up natural law in the social world or the business world, as distinct from and contrary to the Christian law, is not only unmoral, it is unscientific. Love is the fulfilling of all law. And not only do these ideas make our life sacred and love our daily regimen, they ought to fill us also with confidence and courage. The kingdom that we pray for and fight for is not a mere hope, it is a solid reality. When we say that we are working together with God, we know what we mean. We can discern his working, and can be confident that we are helping in the fulfilment of his great designs. The signs of his presence and power are everywhere." - Ruling Ideas of the Present Age, ch. x.

tion heavenward, and widens its horizon to embrace all mankind. The ethics of every day life, which is not itself distinctively Christian, finds its complement in the doctrines of the Church. The teachings of the Teacher have enlightened human reason, cleared the moral judgment, exalted the moral sentiments, purified motives, and subdued the will. The realm is enlarged, but it is the realm of ethics still, involving conscience, obligation, duty, gratitude, love. We found the moral law to be Thou shalt not trespass either by invasion of rights or by evasion of dues, having an equivalent in Be thou just, and in Thou shalt love and serve. Christianity lays no other mandate. The loving service of God, and of his Christ, and of his creatures, a fellowship in mutual self-sacrifice, is its very essence; and clear definitions of duty, pressing incentives to activity, and divinely ordained means of efficiency, are supplied by its organized Church.

FINIS.

INDEX

The number refers to the page. For general topics, see Table of Contents.

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Austin, definition of law, 32 n.
- on liberty and right, 50 n.
-on distribution of rights, 62 n.
- on ambiguity of civil, 90 n.
on effect of sanction, 96.n.
- on legal right, 109 n.

- on responsibility for belief, 119 n.
Axioms, the three, 161 n.

Bacon, cited on providence, 22 n.

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on meaning of ethics, 26 n.

on limit of man's power, 54 n.
- on utility, 194 n.

Bailey, on belief and disbelief, 119 n.

Basis of ethics, 28, 47, 48 n.

Belief, responsibility for, 119.

Bentham, his use of deontology, 36 n.

- on overt action, 114 n.

-on asceticism, 151 n.

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on utility, 183 n., 194 n.

Bishop of Ava, on Buddhism, 276 n.

Bishop of Peterborough, on state, 260 n.

-on church and state, 284 n.

Black, on definition of law, 32 n.
Blackstone, definition of law, 32 n.
-on civil law, 90 n.

-on superiority of moral law, 138 n.
- on definition of contract, 243 n.
Bledsoe, on ground of right, 204 n.
Broadus, on Christian Ethics, 278 n.
Brougham, on sincerity in belief, 119 n.

Browne, cited on Aristotle's ethics, 48 n.
Browning, on recreation, 151 n.

- on self-sacrifice, 163 n.

Brutes, rights of, 45 n., 137 n.

Bulwer, on home, 224 n.

Burke, the state a partnership, 260 n.
Butler, on methods in ethics, 39 n.

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Butler, on law of love, 178 n.
Byron, on solitude, 240 n.

Calderwood, definition of conscience, 78 n.
-on authority of conscience, 82 n.

- on the law, its formula, 90 n.
Calhoun, on a constitution, 252 n.
Carlyle, on suffering injustice, 134 n.

- on moral progress, 157 n.

-on happiness, 185 n., 196 n.
Categorical imperative, 81, 91 n.
Charity, etymology of, 173 n.

Choice, its conditions and issue, 11.

- reality of, 14.

Christians, bond-servants, 143 n., 181 n.
Christianity, differentia of, 277.
Church and state, separation of, 285 n.
Cicero, on definition of ethics, 40 n.
-on principle, 46 n.

- on meaning of justice, 125 n.

his officium and honestum, 136 n.

- on highest good, 193 n.
- on origin of law, 245 n.
-on supreme law, 256 n.

-on continuity of the state, 259 n.
Civil law, taken generically, 90.
Cleanthes, hymn of, 275.

Coker, on unusual punishment, 104 n.
Common law, anticipated, 60 n.

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of principle, 46 n.
of normal, 46 n.
of duress, 58 n.

of pleasure and pain, 104.
of attempt, 115.

of justice, 124, 131 n., 267 n.

of cruelty, 137 n.

of duty, Kant's, 169 n.
of welfare, 186.

of supernatural, 201 n.

of contract, 243 n.

of religion, 272.

Deity, existence of, 20.

Deliberation, prior to choice, 11, 15 n.
Demosthenes, on moral principle, 47 n.
- on origin of law, 127 n.

Deontology, etymology of, 36 n.
Desire, defined and divided, 5, 6, 45.
Determination, causal, rational, 15 n.
Divorce,, history of, sketched, 229 n.
of church and state, 285.
Duality of the universe, 213 n.
Dueling a crime, 73 n.

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