7. The people that come late must take the back seats. 8. The man from whom we buy provisions is a dealer in fine goods.

9. The gardener plucked large bunches of luscious purple grapes.

10. The children of the slaves sang the songs of David. 11. He that would thrive must see the white sparrow. 12. I remember the rock where the cataract fell.

13. Cromwell defeated the army of the king.

14. The sweetest music that a mother hears is the prattle of her little children.

15. The moon, that once was round and full,

Is now a silver boat.

16. The roses that adorned the garden are now withered and dead.

17. Bright flowers deck the meadow where the.cattle graze. 18. I heard from the boughs the sweet notes of a nightingale.

19. The factory where the brothers worked was burned.
20. I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows.

ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS.

57. If a word is used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or an adverb, we know the word to be an adverb. A phrase used for the same purpose becomes an adverbial phrase, and a clause so used becomes an adverbial clause.

into the yard.

The boy walked over the hill.

through the woods.

The foregoing phrases modify the verb walked,

and are, therefore, adverbial phrases.

as the night came.

We left the city when we had finished our work.

before the ship sailed.

The verb left is modified by the clauses on the right, which are, in consequence, adverbial clauses. A phrase or a clause may itself be modified by an adverb.

Nearly across the ocean.

Exactly where Columbus landed.

Just before the battle.

58. DEFINITION.—A phrase is a group of words not containing a subject and predicate, which performs the office of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a sentence.

59. DEFINITION.—A clause is a group of words containing a subject and predicate, which performs the office of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb, in a

sentence.

EXERCISE 14.-Tell which modifiers are adverbs, which are adverbial phrases, and which are adverbial clauses. Tell also what each modifies.

1. I will come when I have finished my lesson.
2. Smooth is the water where the brook is deep.
3. He had a fever when he was in Spain.
4. Some must watch while some must sleep.

5. We stood upon the ragged rocks

When the long day was nearly done.

6. When the shadows of evening fall, the sunbeams fly away.

7. Far above the organ's swell rang out a childish voice.
8. The little birds chirped as they opened their drowsy eyes.

9. The swan sings before it dies.

10. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

11. My heart leaps up when I behold

A rainbow in the sky.

12. Make hay while the sun shines.

13. An honest man speaks as he thinks.

14. We walked along the path toward the station.

15. With a quick motion, the deer lifted his head a little, and turned his ear to the south.

QUESTIONS.

What is the office of a word used as a modifier? What part of speech is used as a modifier of a noun or pronoun ?

What collections of words may take the place of an adjective? Make a sentence containing an adjective phrase. An adjective clause.

What part of speech is used as a modifier of a verb, an adjective, or an adverb? Give examples.

What collections of words may be used to perform the office of an adverb?

Of what parts of speech may a phrase perform the offices? What is it called in each instance?

Of what parts of speech may a clause perform the offices? What is it called in each instance?

Enumerate and illustrate the various words and collections of words that may form the subject of a sentence. The complement of a verb. Define phrase. Define clause.

CHAPTER IV.

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES.

ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS.

60. There are two methods by which one might make himself acquainted with any thing made up of related parts; as, for example, a watch.

He might take the watch apart, piece by piece, and while doing so, study the details of its structure and

the relation of its parts one to another. An operation like this, which begins with the whole and descends to the parts that compose the whole, is called analysis. The word means a taking apart or separating.

Or he might begin with the parts, and, after some experiment and study, get an excellent knowledge of the watch by putting its parts properly together. An operation of this kind is called synthesis, which means a putting together.

These two methods are the reverse of each other, and both are applicable to the study of the sentence. Both enable us to understand how words are related to one another and to the whole sentence.

61. DEFINITION.-Analysis in grammar is the process of separating a sentence into parts, according to their use.

62. DEFINITION.-Synthesis in grammar is the process of constructing sentences whose parts are given, their use being known or stated.

QUESTIONS.

How many ways are there of studying any thing made up of parts? If you separated a chair into its parts, discovering how one part was related to another and to the whole, what would this method of study be called?

If you were given the parts of a chair, and were required to put them together so as to form a complete piece of furniture, what might this operation be called?

Tell what you would have to do to become acquainted, by analysis, with the construction of a violin. By synthesis.

Invent an illustration of analysis. Of synthesis.

What is the object of both analysis and synthesis in grammar? Define analysis. Define synthesis.

SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES.

63. We have already seen that, when considered with respect to the use that is made of them, sentences are of three kinds: declarative, when used to make a statement; interrogative, when used to ask a question; imperative, when used to express a command or entreaty.

64. But sentences may be classified with reference to their structure; that is, by considering their parts or elements.

Sentences have great variety of structure, but they may all be divided into three great classes: the simple sentence, the complex sentence, and the compound sentence.

I. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

65. The simplest form a sentence can have is that in which a subject noun or pronoun is joined to a suitable verb, or to a verb and its object, so as to form a statement, a question, or a command.

Birds fly.

The dog barks.

He walks.

I have read the book.

Mary ate the apple.

The sun lights the earth.

66. Such sentences may be lengthened by the addition of modifiers; but so long as these modifiers are words or phrases, and not clauses, the sentences are still simple sentences.

Pluck the ripe, yellow apples from the old tree.

Did the wolf in the fable eat the gentle little lamb ?