armorum exaudire mihi videor,' et qui ultro intuli bellum, jam provocor. Dareus ergo cum tam superbas litteras scriberet, fortunam meam in consilio habuit: sed nequicquam, si mihi arbitrio meo curari licet. Lenta remedia et segnes medicos non expectant tempora mea: vel mori strenue, quam tarde convalescere mihi melius est. Proinde, si quid opis, si quid artis in medicis est, sciant, me non tam mortis, quam belli remedium quaerere. Ingentem omnibus incusserat curam tam praeceps temeritas ejus. Ergo pro se quisque precari coepere, ne festinatione periculum augeret, sed esset in potestate medentium: inexperta remedia haud injuria ipsis esse suspecta, cum ad perniciem ejus etiam a latere ipsius pecunia sollicitaret hostis. Quippe Dareus mille talenta interfectori Alexandri daturum se pronuntiari jusserat. Itaque ne ausurum quidem quemquam arbitrabantur experiri remedium, quod propter novitatem posset esse suspectum.

14. Erat inter nobiles medicos ex Macedonia regem secutus Philippus, natione Acarnan, fidus admodum regi: puero comes et custos salutis datus, non ut regem modo, sed etiam ut alumnum, eximia caritate diligebat. Is non praeceps se, sed strenuum remedium afferre, tantamque vim morbi potione medicatas levaturum esse promisit. Nulli promissum ejus placebat praeter ipsum, cujus periculo pollicebatur.9 Omnia quippe facilius, quam moram, perpeti poterat: arma et acies in oculis erant, et victoriam in eo positam esse arbitrabatur, si tantum ante signa stare potuisset, id ipsum, quod post diem tertium medicamentum sumpturus esset (ita enim medicus praedixerat) aegre ferens. Inter haec a Parmenione, fidissimo purpuratorum 10 litteras

I think I hear.' Exaudire is stronger than the simple audire, and is properly applied to that which is heard from a distance, but yet distinctly.

2 No doubt in the commencement of the war. Curtius must have related this in the Second Book, which is lost.

'He had my bad luck among his councillors.' Alexander says that just as a general calls to his council faithful and experienced friends, so Darius had taken advice from his (Alexander's) bad luck; that is, had formed his plans calculating on that.

4To have medical treatment.'

64

Precari, stronger than rogare, or orare.

People even about his own person.'

"A native of Acarnania, the most westerly division of Greece, between the Ambracian Gulf and the river Achelous. Principal towns, Stratos and Argos (called, for distinction, the Amphilochiam). A medicated draught,' or simply 'a medicine.'

At whose hazard he (the physician) made it' (the promise). 10 See chap. v. note 1.

B

accipit, quibus ei denuntiabat1 ne salutem suam Philippo committeret: mille talentis a Dareo et spe nuptiarum sororis ejus esse corruptum. Ingentem animo sollicitudinem litterae incusserant, et quicquid in utramque partem aut metus aut spes subjecerat, secreta aestimatione pensabat. Bibere perseverem ?2 ut, si venenum datum fuerit, ne immerito quidem, quicquid acciderit, evenisse videatur? Damnem medici fidem? in tabernaculo ergo me opprimi patiar? At satius est alieno me mori scelere, quam metu nostro. Diu animo in diversa versato, nulli quid scriptum esset enuntiat, epistolamque sigillo anuli sui impresso pulvino, cui incumbebat, subjecit.

15. Inter has cogitationes biduo absumpto, illuxit a medico destinatus dies, et ille cum poculo, in quo medicamentum diluerat, intravit. Quo viso Alexander levato corpore3 in cubili, epistolam a Parmenione missam sinistra manu tenens, accipit poculum, et haurit interritus: tum epistolam Philippum legere jubet, nec a vultu legentis movit oculos, ratus, aliquas conscientiae notas in ipso ore posse deprehendere. Ille, epistola perlecta, plus indignationis quam pavoris ostendit projectisque amiculo et litteris ante lectum, Rex, inquit, semper quidem spiritus meus ex te pependit, sed nunc vere, arbitror, sacro et venerabili ore trahitur. Crimen parricidii, quod mihi objectum est, tua salus diluet. Servatus a me vitam mihi dederis: oro quaesoque, amisso metu patere medicamentum concipi venis: laxa paulispers animum, quem intempestiva sollicitudine amici sane fideles, sed moleste seduli turbant. Non securum modo haec vox, sed etiam laetum regem ac plenum bonae spei fecit. Itaque, si Dii, inquit, Philippe, tibi permisissent, quo modo maxime

This verb implies both warning and threat; that is, he warned Alexander not to trust Philip, and told him at the same time to punish the physician.

2

Regarding this subjunctive, see Gram. $ 349.

3 Having raised himself.' Instead of the reflective pronoun se, we have corpus.

Alexander first drank the medicine without any signs of alarm, and then handed to the physician the letter which accused him—a token at once of the greatest confidence in Philip, and of but slight respect for Parmenio. Compare vi. 40.

For se posse. The omission of the reflective pronoun in the construction of the accusative with the infinitive is not rare in Curtius. See Gram. 385.

My breath is drawn from thy mouth;' that is, my life depends on yours.

Amittere commonly denotes an involuntary act, 'to lose' without one's will. Here amisso metu patere being the same as amitte metum et patere, clearly expresses an act of volition, 'to put away,' or 'remove.'

• 'For a short time.'

velles animum experiri meum,' alio profecto voluisses, sed certiore quam expertus es, ne optasses quidem. Hac epistola accepta, tamen quod dilueras bibi: et nunc crede, me non minus pro tua fide, quam pro mea salute esse sollicitum. Haec locutus dextram Philippo offert.

16. Ceterum tanta vis medicamenti fuit, ut quae secuta sunt criminationem Parmenionis adjuverint. Interclusus spiritus arte meabat. Nec Philippus quicquam inexpertum omisit. Ille fomenta corpori admovit; ille torpentem nunc cibi, nunc vini odore excitavit. Atque ut primum mentis compotem esse sensit, modo matris sororumque, modo tantae victoriae appropinquantis admonere non destitit. Ut vero medicamentum se diffudit in venas, et sensim toto corpore salubritas percipi potuit, primum animus vigorem suum, deinde corpus quoque expectatione maturius recuperavit: quippe post tertium diem1 quam in hoc statu fuerat, in conspectum militum venit. Nec avidius ipsum regem, quam Philippum, intuebatur exercitus: pro se quisque dextram ejus amplexi grates habebant velut praesenti deo. Namque haud facile dictu est, praeter ingenitam illi genti erga reges suos venerationem, quantum hujus utique regis vel admirationi dediti fuerint, vel caritate flagraverint. Jam primum nihil sine divina ope aggredi videbatur; nam cum praesto esset ubique fortuna, temeritas in gloriam cesserat. Aetas quoque vix tantis matura rebus, sed abunde sufficiens, omnia ejus opera honestabat. Et quae leviora haberi solent, pleTo try my attachment and confidence in whatever way pleased you most.'

2. Be convinced that I am concerned not less for your honour, than for the restoration of my health;' that is, one great reason for my wishing the recovery of my wonted health is, that your fidelity may be proved spotless.

The respiration being impeded, was weak.'

On the third day thereafter.' See Gram. § 308, note 4. Every one for himself.' The eagerness of every one to anticipate his neighbour in the display of gratitude to the preserver of their sovereign very beautifully expressed by the combination quisque Grates habere is not a common expression. The usual phrases are gratias (or grates) agere, to express gratitude, gratiam habere, to feel it. In this passage both are mixed up. They expressed their gratitude, not in speeches, however, but by a fervent grasp of the hand.

pro se.

'Especially,' or 'particularly.'

Praesto sum, 'I am, or stand, ready to execute every command,' therefore I serve,' or 'obey.' Praesto is reckoned an indeclinable adjective.

Had passed over;' that is, was changed.'

His youth beautified all his deeds, and gave them an air of elegance and grace.

rumque in re militari gratiora vulgo sunt, exercitatio corporis inter ipsos, cultus habitusque paulum a privato abhorrens, militaris vigor; quis ille vel ingenii dotibus, vel animi artibus,2 ut pariter carus ac venerandus esset, effecerat.

17. At Dareus, nuntio de adversa valetudine ejus accepto, celeritate, quantam capere tam grave agmen poterat, ad Euphraten contendit, junctoque eo pontibus, quinque tamen diebus trajecit exercitum, Ciliciam occupare festinans. Jam Alexander, viribus corporis receptis, ad urbem Solos pervenerat: cujus potitus, ducentis talentis multae nomine exactis, arci praesidium militum imposuit. Vota deinde pro salute suscepta per ludum atque otium reddens,5 ostendit, quanta fiducia barbaros sperneret: quippe Aesculapio et Minervae ludos celebravit. Spectanti nuntius laetus affertur Halicarnasso, Persas acie a suis esse superatos, Myndios quoque et Caunios et pleraque tractus ejus suae facta dicionis. Igitur edito spectaculo ludicro castrisque motis, et Pyramo amne ponte juncto, ad urbem Mallon pervenit: inde alteris castris ad oppidum Castabulum. Ibi Parmenio regi occurrit, quem praemiserat ad explorandum iter saltus, per quem ad urbem Isson nomine penetrandum erat. Atque ille angustiis ejus occupatis, et praesidio modico relicto, Isson quoque desertam a barbaris ceperat. Inde progressus, deturbatis qui interiora montium obsidebant, praesidiis cuncta firmavit, occupatoque itinere, sicut paulo ante dictum est, idem et auctor et nuntius venit. Isson deinde rex copias admovit: ubi consilio habito,

Cultus is the arrangement and regulation of the outward man, and includes everything connected with these, except eating and drinking. It includes, therefore, habitation, furniture, bath, dress, &c. The las is a very common signification. We may then take it here in the meaning of 'dress' (in which we include arms), or more widely, we may translate it 'private arrangements.' As to habitus, see chap. 6, note 2.

2 By vel-vel, the author leaves it undecided whether these attributes were the gifts of nature, or were acquired. The result was the same. Supply tanta.

3

4 Nomine can here be translated quite literally, under the name of a fine; that is, as a punishment. But this expression is very often used in the sense of on account of,' or 'on the part of.' See Zumpt, § 679.

People, when in any danger, used naturally to vow offerings to the gods, and where there was no such vow, it was customary to give some token of thanks to Heaven after deliverance from danger. The Greek mode of expressing such gratitude was by games. Per ludum et otium is not used for the instrumental ablative, but expresses the kind and manner, in or with games, and relaxation from labour.' • Exhibition of games.' Ludicrum is used by itself also in this sense. The existence of the nom. masc. of this adjective is uncertain.

utrumne1 ultra progrediendum foret, an ibi opperiendi essent novi milites, quos ex Macedonia adventare constabat, Parmenio non alium locum proelio aptiorem esse censebat. Quippe illic utriusque regis copias numero futuras pares, cum angustiae multitudinem non caperent; planitiem ipsis2 camposque esse vitandos, ubi circumiri, ubi ancipiti acie opprimi possent. Timere, ne non3 virtute hostium, sed lassitudine sua vincerentur. Persas recentes subinde successuros, si laxius stare potuissent. Facile ratio tam salubris consilii accepta est. Itaque inter angustias saltus hostem opperiri statuit.

18. Erat in exercitu regis Sisenes Perses: quondam a praetore Aegypti missus ad Philippum, donisque et omni honore cultus, exilium patria sede mutaverat : secutis deinde in Asiam Alexandrum, inter fideles socios habebatur. Huic epistolam Cretensis miles obsignatam anulo, cujus signum haud sane notum erat, tradidit. Nabarzanes praetor Darei miserat eam, hortabaturque Sisenem, ut dignum aliquid nobilitate atque moribus suis ederet, magno id ei apud regem honori fore. Has litteras Sisenes, utpote innoxius ad Alexandrum saepe deferre temptavit; sed cum tot curis apparatuque belli regem videret urgeri, aptius subinde tempus expectans, suspicionem initi scelesti consilii praebuit. Namque epistola, priusquam ei redderetur, in manus Alexandri pervenerat, lectamque eam, ignoti anuli sigillo impresso, Siseni dari jusserat, ad aestimandam fidem barbari. Qui quia per complures dies non adierat regem, scelesto consilio eam visus est suppressisse, et in agmine a Cretensibus, haud dubie jussu regis, occisus.

19. Jamque Graeci milites, quos Thymodes a Pharnabazo acceperat, praecipua spes et propemodum unica, ad Dareum pervenerant. Hi magnopere suadebant, ut retro abiret, spatiososque Mesopotamiae campos repeteret: si id consilium

Equivalent to utrum without ne. See Gram. 197, 10, note 1. According to the original construction of this phrase, it might have been, utrum progrediendumne esset ultra,an novi ibi milites opperiendi, which must be explained by reference to a fuller form of the sentence: utrum faceret, ultrane progrederetur, an ibi opperiretur.

2 By themselves;' that is, the Macedonians, in opposition to the Persians.

3 Ne non does not here stand for ut; but non belongs to virtute hostium in opposition to lassitudine sua. He feared lest they should be conquered, not certainly by the valour of the enemy, but by their own fatigue.'

For construction of mutare, see Gram. $294, note.

• Cicero uses innocens only, Curtius employs both innocens and innoxius with the same signification. Innoxius, however, has also a passive meaning, 'unhurt.'

From time to time.'