strare Darei vehiculum posset: singuli, ut quaque prenderent, scrutabantur,' nec tamen ullum vestigium fugae regis extabat. Festinantem Alexandrum vix tria milia equitum persecuta sunt. At in eos, qui lentics sequebantur, incidebant universa fugientium agmina. Vix credibile dictu, plures captivi, quam qui caperent erant: adeo omnem sensum territis fortuna penitus excusserat, ut nec hostium paucitatem, nec multitudinem suam satis cernerent.

38. Interim jumenta, quae Dareum vehebant, nullo regente decesserant militari via, et errore delata per quattuor stadia, in quadam valle constiterant, aestu simulque vulneribus fatigata. Haud procul erat fons, ad quem monstratum a peritis Polystratus Macedo siti maceratus accessit : ac dum galea haustam aquam sorbet, tela jumentorum deficientium corporibus infixa conspexit. Miratusque confossa potius quam abacta esse semivivi

[hominis gemitum percipit. Itaque more ingenii humani cupidus visendi, quid rei vehiculo isto conderetur, dimotis pellibus, quibus obtectum erat, Dareum multis vulneribus confossum repperit. Regius enim cultus, et aureae catenae, quis a parricidis vinctus fuerat, dubitationem eximebant. Non erat expers Graeci sermonis Dareus; gratiasque agebat diis, qui post tanta mala, tamque gravia, hoc tamen indulsissent solatii, ne omino in solitudine extremum spiritum effunderet. Itaque te, inquit, quisquis es mortalium, per communem hominum sortem, a qua nec maximos regum exemptos esse praesenti spectaculo moneris, rogo quaesoque, ut haec ad Alexandrum man. data mea perferas: nihil eorum, quae longe tristissima perpessus sum, ne hunc quidem incomparabilis calamitatis exitum, ita gravem mihi accidisse, ut hoc unum, quod post tanta in me meosque merita adversus clementissimum victorem inimico vivendum fuit, et nunc ingrato moriendum est. Sed si qua postremis miserorum votis apud deos vis est, et cum ipso spiritu profusas preces mitius aliquod numen exaudit; ille quidem sospes et incolumis, longeque supra contagium meae sortis et invidiam fortunae positus, in solio Cyri gloriosam aetatem exigat: suaeque virtutis memor, eum matri liberisque meis locum apud se esse patiatur, quem illi fide et obsequio

''All (every one for himself), whenever they seized a chariot, examined it carefully.' The subjunctive prenderent (a contracted form for prehenderent) expresses a repeated action. See Zumpt, § 569.

After they had wandered out of the road for four stadia.' Error aliquem defert, or errore aliquis defertur, when he is carried by a mistaken idea out of his true course.

3

Supply locorum, 'those acquainted with the district.'

The end of the Fifth Book and the beginning of the Sixth are lost. Freinsheim, a scholar of the seventeenth century, attempted to supply the deficiency from other historians in the manner above

meruerint. At parricidas promptum exitium consequatur, quod Alexander irrogabit, si non misericordia infelicis hostis, saltem odio facinorum, et ne impunita in aliorum etiam regum suuinque ipsius exitium erumpant. Post haec, cum siti angeretur, allata per Polystratum aqua recreatus, Ergo, ait, hanc etiam tantis calamitatibus extremam accedere oportuit, ut bene merito gratiam referre non possim : at referet Alexander; Alexandro vero dii. Dextram deinde protendit, eamque Alexandro, fidei regiae pignus, ferri jubens, apprehensa Polystrati manu animam efflavit. Alexander an spiranti adhuc supervenerit, incertum est: illud constat, miserabili regis opulentissimi exitu comperto, copiosas lacrimas profudisse, statimque chlamyde sibi detracta corpus operuisse, et magno cum honore ad suos deferri jussisse, ut regio Persarum more curatum monumentis majorum inferretur. Ingratitudinem hominum, a quis pro summis beneficiis crudele exitium Dareus pertulit, quamquam suopte ingenio horrendam et exsecrabilem, insigniore ad posteritatem infamia damnavit canis cujusdam mira fides, qui ab omnibus familiaribus derelicto solus adfuit, et quam in vivum prae se tulit benevolentiam, morienti quoque constanter praestitit. Hunc vitae finem sortitus est ille, quem modo contumelia affici putabant, nisi regem regum, et deorum consanguineum salutarent: magnoque iterum experimento approbatum est, neminem magis patere fortunae, quam qui pluribus ejusdem blanditiis irretitus, jugam illius tota cervice receperit.]

LIBER VI.

THE author relates the events which had occurred in Europe during Alexander's last campaign against Darius. Agis, king of Sparta, had placed himself in the front of a new rising of the Greek states against the Macedonian supremacy. Antipater, Alexander's regent in Macedonia, gives him battle near Megalopolis in Arcadia.

(1) Agis has forced back the Macedonians; but they renew the combat. Agis is wounded, and carried to the rear. The Lacedaemonians still maintain the fight. (2) At last they retreat, and gradually flee. Agis is overtaken by the Macedonians, orders himself to be set down, and fights till he dies. Loss on both sides. (3) The spirit of revolt throughout Greece is entirely crushed by this defeat; peace is renewed; the punishment of Sparta is left to the decision of Alexander himself. (4) Alexander, to refresh himself after his fatigues, gives himself up to debauchery and the loose manners of Persia, by which he disgusts his soldiers. (5) His licentious conduct, however, does not lead him to treat his noble captives disrespectfully; he conducts himself towards them in a manner suitable to their rank. He bestows upon the soldiers a largess out of the booty. (6) Whilst he is spending a considerable time in Hecatompylos, the capital of Parthia, a rumour suddenly arises amongst the soldiers that he has resolved to return home. They prepare themselves with alacrity for the expected march. The king, astonished and alarmed at this, intreats the aid of his captains, and delivers an oration to the army, (7, 8, 9) in which he represents to the soldiers the necessity of his remaining in Asia for some time longer, in order to accustom the conquered to the new government; the fact that all which they had already gained would be lost, unless they completed the subjugation of Persia; and especially the immediate duty-a light but honourable one—of punishing Bessus.__(10) The soldiers submit entirely to Alexander's guidance. He marches towards Hyrcania, and encamps in a valley on the river Ziobetis. (11) There he receives a letter from Nabarzanes, endeavouring to justify his conduct towards Darius, and asking for a safe conduct to the Macedonian camp. This is granted him. (12) Alexander advances into Hyrcania. The situation of the country on the Caspian Sea is described. (13) He continues his march, and receives the submission of Phrataphernes and Phradates. (14) Artabazus, with the remnant of the Greeks in the Persian

service, comes likewise, and is honourably received. (15) Among the Greek troops there are some ambassadors from Greek states to Darius. (16) Alexander undertakes an expedition against the Mardi, who, driven out of the open country, take up an inaccessible position in the interior. (17) Bucephalus, Alexander's famous horse, falls into their hands, but is given up in consequence of the king's terrible threats. The Mardi themselves at last submit to Alexander's perseverance. (18) The king returns to the capital of Hyrcania, and receives the submission of Nabarzanes. (19) He receives a visit from Thalestris, queen of the Amazons; after which he returns to Parthia. (20) Here he becomes still more addicted to Persian manners. (21) The Macedonians murmur. Alexander, in order to check their discontent by active employ ment, opens a campaign against Bessus, previously burning all the superfluous baggage. (22) Nicanor, Parmenio's son, dies on the march. Alexander thinks it advisable to go first against Satibarzanes, the revolted satrap of the Arii. Satibarzanes flees to Bessus, leaving, however, a great number of Arii in a strong position, (23) which is reduced by fire. (24) Artacacna, the capital of Ariana, is forced to submit. The army is increased by a supplement, and Alexander marches to Drangiana. (25) A conspiracy against the king's life comes to light, of the discovery of which Curtius gives a very minute account. Dimnus first initiates his beloved Nicomachus into the secret of the conspiracy. (26) Nicomachus tells his brother Cebalinus, who requests Philotas to make known the matter to the king. Philotas promises to do so, but does not; whereupon Cebalinus goes to Metron,who immediately makes Alexander acquainted with the story. (27) Alexander examines Cebalinus, and discovers the suspicious conduct of Philotas. Dimnus being sent for, kills himself. (28) Philotas clears himself for the time. (29) Alexander holds a council, in which Craterus earnestly recommends the apprehension of Philotas. (30) The others also advise a strict examination. (31) Philotas is surprised during the night, and taken into custody. (32) In an assembly of the soldiers, the king bewails the conspiracy. (33, 34) He brings forward the evidence, and presses for condemnation. (35) Philotas is led in. Amyntas excites the soldiers against him. (36) Coenus, too, speaks against him. He himself is at a loss for words, and is forced to decline speaking in the Macedonian tongue. (37-40) The defence of Philotas. (41) One Bolon excites the indignation of the assembly at Philotas, by recalling to their recollections his proud and overbearing conduct. The prisoner is condemned to death. (42) At the demand of the king's councillors, Philotas is put to the torture. (43) When under torture, he confesses that a design had long been in existence of killing Alexander; that by the advice of Parmenio, it had been put off till the complete subjugation of Darius, but had by no means been laid aside. (44) On the following day, Philotas, in an assembly of the soldiers, acknowledges his confession, and convicts, in addition, the lying Demetrius and hitherto unsuspected

Calis. Thus the whole examination takes a turn favourable to the king's honour.

SUPPLEMENTUM FREINSHEMII.

[Dum ea per Asiam gerentur, ne in Graecia quidem Macedoniaque tranquillae res fuere. Regnabat apud Lacedaemonios Agis Archidami filius, qui Tarentinis opem ferens ceciderat, eodem die quo Philippus Athenienses ad Chaeroneam vicit. Is Alexandri per virtutem aemulus, cives suos stimulabat, ne Graeciam servitute Macedonum diutius premi paterentur; nisi intempore providerent,idem jugum ad ipsos transiturum esse. Annitendum igitur, dum aliquae adhuc Persis ad resistendum vires essent: illis oppressis, adversus immanem potentiam frustra avitae libertatis memores futuros. Sic instinctis animis, occasionem belli ex commodo coeptandi circumspiciebant. Igitur felicitate Memnonis invitati, consilia cum ipso miscere aggressi sunt; et postquam ille rerum laetarum initia intempestiva morte destituit, nihilo remissius agebant. Sed ad Pharnabazum et Autophradaten profectus Agis, triginta argenti talenta, decemque triremes impetravit, quas Agesilao fratri misit, ut in Cretam navigaret, cujus insulae cultores inter Lacedaemonios et Macedonas diversis studiis distrahebantur. Legati quoque ad Dareum missi sunt, qui in usum belli ampliorem vim pecuniae pluresque naves peterent. Atque haec eorum coepta clades ad Issum (nam ea intervenerat) adeo non interpellavit, ut etiam adjuverit. Quippe fugientem insecutus Alexander in longinqua loca magis magisque rapiebatur; et ex ipso proelio mercenariorum ingens multitudo in Graeciam fuga penetraverat : quorum octo milia Persica pecunia conduxit agis, eorumque opera plerasque Cretensium urbes recepit. Cum deinceps Menon, in Thraciam ab Alexandro missus, barbaros ad defectionem impulisset, adque eam comprimendam Antipater exercitum ex Macedonia in Thraciam duxisset, opportunitate temporis strenue usi Lacedaemonii totam Peloponnesum, paucis urbibus exceptis, in partes traxerunt, confectoque exercitu viginti milium peditum, cum equitibus bis mille, Agidi summam imperii detulerunt. Antipater ea re comperta bellum in Thracia, quibus potest condicionibus, componit; raptimque in Graeciam regressus, ab amicis sociisque civitatibus auxilia cogit. Quibus convenientibus, ad quadraginta pugnatorum milia recensuit. Advenerat et ex Peloponneso valida manus; sed quia dubiam ipsorum fidem resciverat, dissimulata suspicione gratias egit, quod ad defendendam adversus Lacedaemonios Alexandri dignitatem affuissent: scripturum se id regi, gratiam in tempore relaturo. In praesens nihil opus esse majoribus copiis : itaque domos redirent, foederis necessitate expleta. Nuntios deinde ad Alexandrum mittit, de motu Graeciae certiorem facturos. Atque illi regem apud Bactra demum consecuti sunt; cum interim Antipatri victoria, et nece Agidis in Arcadia transactum esset. Sane jam pridem tumultu Lacedaemoniorum cognito, quantum tot terrarum spatiis discretus potuit, providerat: Amphoterum cum Cypriis et Phoeniciis navibus in Peloponnesum navigare, Meneten tria milia talentum ad mare deferre jusserat, ut