3. The terminations cial, tial, sion, tion, cion, cious, tious, and others that are pronounced as one syllable, must not be divided.

OTHER MARKS.

The following are the most important of the remaining marks used in printed discourse. Some of them are used wholly by printers, and the others are mostly so used:

Brackets[] are used to enclose some word or words necessary to correct an error or afford an explanation; as, "They [the Puritans] came direct from Holland."

Note 1.-Brackets are used in dictionaries and similar works to enclose the pronunciation or etymology of a word; as, Belles Lettres [běl lětr].

Note 2.-Brackets are used also in dramas, etc. to enclose directions to the players.

The Apostrophe (') is used to indicate the omission of letters or figures. It is used—

1. To form contractions; as, don't, for do not; isn't, for is not; o'er, for over.

2. To form plurals; as, 6's, +'s, s's, instead of 6es, +es, ses.

3. To indicate the possessive form of the noun; as, king's, widow's, etc., the old form having been kyngis, widdowes, etc.

4. To indicate in the case of dates the century figures; as, '74 for 1874.

[

The Ellipsis [ — ], [ ***], [....], is used where letters or words have been omitted; as, Gen. G***t, for Gen. Grant; or Mr. B-e, for Mr. Boone.

The Section [§] denotes the small divisions of a book or a chapter.

The Paragraph [T], now rarely used, denotes the beginning of a paragraph or new subject.

The Caret [^] is used in writing to show that some

Mr. Peters

thing is to be inserted; as, " Our friend has concluded to remain."

Λ

The Index [] is used to point out something special.

The Brace [] is used to connect two or more terms with another term; as, Students (Boys, 29.

Girls, 40.

The Ditto Mark ["] is used to indicate that the words above are to be repeated; as,

Note. It is not, however, correct to use the ditto mark in the repetition of names of persons. Thus it is incorrect to writeJohn S. Thomas

The latter name should be written in full.

The Asterism [***] calls attention to a particular passage.

The Cedilla, placed under the letter c [], gives it the sound of s, as in façade.

The Tilde [], placed over the letter n, shows that n is equivalent to n and y, as cañon (canyon).

The Diaresis ["], placed over the latter of two vowels, shows that they belong to different syllables, as in zoology.

The Macron [-], placed over a vowel, shows that it has the long sound, as a in ale.

The Breve [], placed over a vowel, shows that it has the short sound, as a in măn.

The Asterisk [*], the Dagger [t], the Double Dagger [], the Section [$], the Parallel [||], and the Paragraph [1], are generally used to refer to mar

ginal notes. Sometimes letters of the alphabet or figures are used for the same purpose.

Leaders are dots used to carry the eye from words at the beginning of the line to something at the end of it, usually the number of the page; as,

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NOTES ON BOOKS.

The Title-page of a book is the page which contains the title of the book; it is usually the first page.

Running Titles, or Headlines, are placed at the tops of the successive pages, and are used to show the name of the book or the subject, or both. They are sometimes printed in italic capitals, as in this work.

Captions, or Subheads, are headings placed over chapters or sections; they stand in the body of the page, not at the top.

Side-heads are titles run into the line or made a part of it.

A Frontispiece is a picture placed opposite the title-page and facing it.

A Vignette is a small picture, not occupying a full page, but placed among other matter either on the titlepage or in any other part of the book.

In preparing manuscript for printing, one line should be drawn under such words as are to be put in italics; two lines under such as are to be printed in SMALL CAPITALS; and three lines under such as are to be printed in CAPITALS. A waved line (~~) indicates bold type.

In the English Bible words printed in italics are not found in the original, but are supplied by the translators to complete the meaning.

Inexperienced writers use italics or underscored words freely to indicate emphatic words; this is not only unnecessary, but it also insinuates a lack of comprehension on the part of the reader.

Leads are thin plates of type-metal by which the lines are spaced apart. Matter spaced in this way is said to be leaded; that which is not thus spaced is called solid.

Composing, as a part of printers' work, is setting up the type.

The quantity of printed matter is counted by ems. An em is the square of the body of the type used.

SIZES OF Books.

A book is called a Folio when the sheets on which it is printed are folded once, so as to make two leaves. It is called a Quarto, or 4to, when each sheet makes four leaves; an Octavo, or 8vo, when each sheet makes eight leaves; a Duodecimo, or 12mo, when each sheet makes twelve leaves; also a 16mo, 18mo, 24mo, 32mo, etc. according to the number of leaves into which a sheet is folded.

Inasmuch as sheets of printing paper vary in size, books known as duodecimos also vary considerably. The same is true of octavos and of all other sizes.

CHAPTER III.

LETTER-WRITING.

A LETTER is a written communication from one per son to another.

A letter takes the place of a conversation or an oral communication; and this fact determines not only the character of the letter, but also its style, form, and, to some extent, its length.

Letters may be either public or private. Private letters are by far the most numerous; they embrace Letters of Friendship, Letters of Courtesy, and Business Letters.

Letters of Friendship.-The chief essentials in letters of friendship are that the style shall be simple and the manner of expression natural. The reputation which the poet Cowper acquired for excellence as a letter-writer came largely from the fact that his letters were not written for the public, and hence were characterized by a style so natural that they were called "talking letters."

Too little attention is given to the cultivation of excellence of style in epistolary correspondence.

Neatness and correctness are essential in letter-writing of all kinds. Nothing excuses a carelessly written let ter. Neat, plain penmanship is preferable to flourishes or to the uncouth angular hand lately so much em ployed.

It should be remembered, in writing letters of friend

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