RULE 6. Before As.-A semicolon should precede "as when it introduces an example.

For illustration see the application in the preceding rules wherever an example has been introduced by the use of as.

Note. A semicolon is sometimes used before viz., to wit, i. e., or that is, when it precedes an example or an enumeration of particulars.

EXERCISE.

Punctuate the following where necessary :

1. A noun is a name as John book bird.

2. The is used before nouns in either number as The boy the boys.

3. A fraction is an indicated division as 3.

RULE 7. Yes and No.-"Yes" or "no," when forming part of an answer and followed by a proposition, is usually cut off by a semicolon.

Ex. "Yes; I think I can answer you."

Note. When yes or no precedes a vocative expression, the semicolon follows the expression; as, "No, my friends; the time has not yet come for action."

GENERAL EXERCISE.

Punctuate the following where necessary:

1. The study of mathematics cultivates the reason that of the languages at the same time the reason and the taste

2. He was courteous not cringing to superiors affable not familiar to equals and kind but not condescending or supercilious to inferiors.

3. The gem has lost its sparkle scarce a vestige of its former brilliancy remains.

4. After interjections pronouns of the first person are generally used in the objective case as ah me!

5. Mirth should be the embroidery of conversation not the web and wit the ornament of the mind not the furniture

6. Lying lips are an abomination to the Lord but they that deal truly are his delight

THE COLON (:).

The Colon is used to separate parts of sentences less closely connected than those separated by the semicolon.

The following are the most important rules for the use of the colon:

RULE 1. Parts of Sentences.-A colon should be placed between the parts of sentences whose subdivisions are separated by semicolons.

Ex.—“You have called yourself an atom in the universe; you have said that you were but an insect in the solar blaze: is your present pride consistent with these professions?"

EXERCISE.

Punctuate the following where necessary :

1. We are seldom tiresome to ourselves; and the act of composition fills and delights the mind with change of language and succession of images every couplet when produced is new and novelty is the great source of pleasure.

2. The article contained two chief thoughts the first that the argument was not sound the second that it was not convincing.

RULE 2. Additional Clauses.-An additional clause not formally connected with the preceding clause is set off from the latter by a colon.

Ex.-" Apply yourself diligently to study: it is the only sure way to success."

Note. This rule differs from Rule 5 under the Semicolon mainly in the omission of the conjunction which formally connects the clauses.

EXERCISE.

Punctuate the following where necessary :

1. There is nothing good or bad, but thinking makes it so to me it is a prison.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Let others hail the rising sun

I bow to those whose course is run.-Garrick.
Such dainties to them, their health it might hurt
It's like sending them ruffles, when wanting a shirt.
High stations tumults but not bliss create
None think the great unhappy but the great.
Learning by study must be won

'Twas ne'er entailed from son to son.

RULE 3. Quotations.-When a quotation is introduced, but not as the object of a verb, it should be preceded by a colon.

Ex. The speaker addressed the meeting as follows: "Fellow-citizens, I am glad,” etc.

Note. When a quotation follows such transitive verbs as say, exclaim, reply, shout, cry, and similar verbs, as the direct object, it should be preceded by a comma instead of a colon; as, The speaker said, "Fellow-citizens, I am glad," etc.

EXERCISE.

Punctuate the following where necessary :

1. In his last moments he uttered these words "I fall a sacrifice to sloth and luxury."

2. The chairman then arose and addressed the audience as follows"My friends, I have an unpleasant duty to perform." 3. His words were these "If I am guilty punish me."

4. The sentence is as follows "The child ran crying to its mother"

5. The following is correct "Haste makes waste."

6.

For of all sad words of tongue or pen,

The saddest are these "It might have been."

RULE 4. Formal Introduction.-A colon is placed after

such expressions as "this," "these," "as follows," "the following," and similar terms, when they promise or introduce something, whether a quotation or not.

Ex.-"The sentence is this: I will succeed, or die in the attempt."

EXERCISE.

Punctuate the following where necessary :

1. The sentence reads as follows Never give up the contest. 2. My opinion of his work is this It is the best that I have

seen.

3. These are the terms Poor work, poor pay.

4. This is the rule A singular verb requires a subject in the singular.

5. The following statement is correct

RULE 5. Title-Pages.-In a title-page, when an explan atory expression is put in apposition with the main title, without the use of a conjunction, the two are separated by a colon For illustration see title-page of this book.

Note. In a title-page a colon is usually placed between the names of the publishers and the name of the city in which they are located; as,—

Philadelphia: Roberts & Co.

GENERAL EXERCISE.

Punctuate the following where necessary :

1. So then these are the two virtues of building first the sign of man's own good work secondly the expression of man's delight in work better than his own.

2. A Spanish proverb says "Four persons are indispensable to the production of a good salad first a spendthrift for oil second a miser for vinegar third a counsellor for salt fourth a madman to stir it all up."

3. We have in use two kinds of language the spoken and the written the one the gift of God the other the invention of man, 4. The speaker began as follows

"Ladies and Gentlemen this is an occasion of great interest to all of us."

5.

6.

7.

8.

Be wise with speed

A fool at forty is a fool indeed.

Teach thy necessity to reason thus
There is no virtue like necessity.

Unblemished let me live, or die unknown
Oh, grant an honest fame, or grant me none.
Truth crushed to earth shall rise again

The eternal years of God are hers

But Error wounded writhes in pain

And dies amid his worshipers.

THE INTERROGATION POINT (?).

The Interrogation Point is used to show that a question is asked.

RULE 1. Questions. An interrogation point should be placed after every direct question.

Ex.-"Is this your work?"

Note 1.-A direct question is one that admits of an answer; as, "Why did he not come?" An indirect question is one that is merely spoken of; as, "They asked why he did not come."

Note 2.-When several questions are thrown together to form one sentence, the sentence begins with a capital letter, but an interrogation point should follow each question; as, "What is the meaning of all this excitement? of all this tumult? of all this confusion?" Note 3.-A series of interrogative sentences may sometimes be closely related, and yet each be distinct in itself. In such case cach sentence begins with a capital letter, and is followed by an interrogation point; as, "Does he hunt? Does he shoot? Is he in debt? Is he temperate?"

Note 4.-When a question is not complete until the end of the sentence is reached, only one interrogation point should be used, and