33. Nothing but folly goes faithful and fearful.

34. That was in my salad days; i've grown wiser since.

35. The groves were god's first temples.

36. All are but parts of one stupendous whole,

whose body nature is, and God the soul.

37. His two chief books were the bible and a copy of bax ter's saint's rest.

38. The question now arises, how shall we meet our expenses?

39. The acts of the apostles and revelation were his favorite parts of the new testament.

40. Well, mr. Smith, what news have you?

41. Kant said, "give me matter and I will build the world." 42. The apostle Paul was formerly known as saul of tarsus. 43. Cape cod bay lies east of new england, but the gulf of st. lawrence is farther north.

44. Next to the capital stood bristol, then the first english seaport.

45. The chairman of our committee on foreign relations introduced the bill in the senate.

46. The french and indian war occurred before the war of the revolution.

47. One of Goldsmith's best works is his deserted village. 48. Neither the democratic nor the republican party was thoroughly organized.

49. The zend avesta is the sacred book of the followers of zoroaster.

50. The greeks were great artists; the romans, great executives.

51. This, o king, is my plea for mercy.

52. An important truth is often briefly expressed; as, haste is waste.

53, Edward the elder succeeded his father alfred the great.

CHAPTER II.

PUNCTUATION.

PUNCTUATION treats of the use of points in dividing written composition.

The chief use of punctuation is to divide discourse into sentences, and these again into parts, in such a manner as will best show the relation of these parts to one another.

Punctuation is based almost wholly on grammatical analysis. The same good judgment and accurate discrimination is needed, therefore, in both.

So much diversity of usage exists among authors of good repute with regard to some of the marks of punctuation that it has been doubted if the rules on the subject are fixed and definite. While it is true that in some of the minor uses of some of the points, especially the comma, there is much left to the individual judgment of the writer, the main rules are fixed, and are observed by all reputable writers.

The chief grammatical points are1. The Period

2. The Comma

3. The Semicolon

4. The Colon.

5. The Interrogation Point

6. The Exclamation Point

?

!

In addition to the foregoing several other characters

are used in written and printed discourse for various purposes. Among these are

and a number of others of minor importance, the use of which will be explained farther on.

THE PERIOD (.).

The Period was the first point introduced, and was used originally to indicate the completion of a sentence. The principal rules for the use of the period are the following:

RULE 1. Complete Sentences.—A period should be placed at the end of every declarative or imperative sentence.

Ex.—“Many hands make light work.”

"If sinners entice thee, consent thou not."

Remark.-Lengthy compound sentences are frequently broken into a number of shorter sentences. In such cases a period follows each of the shorter sentences.

Note. The conjunctions and, but, etc. are frequently used simply to introduce a sentence. In such cases they do not indicate any connection with a preceding sentence.

Ex.-" And Moses spake unto the children of Israel." "But we shall permit no treachery.”

RULE 2. Abbreviations.-A period should be placed after every abbreviated word.

Ex.—Jas., Cr., Ph.D., Rev. Chas. Smith, D. D.,

LL.D.

Note 1.-When an abbreviated name becomes a nickname, as Ben, Tom, Sue, etc., it is not followed by a period.

Note 2.-Ordinal adjectives, as 2d, 4th, 8th, 10th, etc., are not

etc.

abbreviations, but substituted forms for second, fourth, eighth, tenth, No period should therefore be placed after any of them. Note 3.-When the abbreviation is the last word of the sentence, only one period is necessary at the end of the sentence.

Note 4. When the Roman numerals are used a period is usually placed after each; as, George III., Chaps. V., VI., and VII.

Note 5.-When letters are doubled to indicate the plural, as pp. for pages, MM. for messieurs, or LL. for legum, only one period is used to indicate the abbreviation.

Note 6.-When abbreviated words become current abridged expressions, as consol for consolidated, or cab for cabriolet, no period is used.

Note 7.-When the abbreviation represents separate words, a period follows each; as, Legum Doctor, LL.D., Post Master, P. M.

RULE 3. Complete Expressions.-A period should be placed after each of the following: HEADINGS, TITLES, SIGNATURES, IMPRINTS, ADVERTISEMENTS, etc., when the expression is complete in itself.

Ex.-Punctuation. Webster's Dictionary. Henry Hudson. Raub & Co., Philadelphia. Wanted, an active salesman. Lesson 16.

Note.—The title-page of a book usually consists of three parts: 1. The title of the book; 2. The name of the author, with his honorary titles appended; 3. The name of the publisher, with the place of publication. Each of these parts is followed by a period.

Ex.-A History of Education. By F. V. N. Painter, A. M., Professor of Modern Languages and Literature in Roanoke College. New York: D. Appleton & Co.

EXERCISES.

Note. In the following exercises the student should not only insert the proper punctuation mark in each case, but he should also be able to give a reason for his work.

Punctuate the following where necessary :

1. No man can lose what he never had 2. Help thyself, and God will help thee

3. Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well

4.

Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,

And waste its sweetness on the desert air

5. He that wrestles with us strengthens our sharpens our skill Our antagonist is our helper. 6. Baltimore, Md, Nov 8, 1886

nerves and

7. The President of the College is Rev Timothy Dwight, L D, LL D

8. State Supt Richard Edwards, LL D, will lecture before the Association

9. Ben Jonson was one of England's first dramatic writers 10. The examination was held Oct 2d, at 2 P M

11. We read chapters VI, VIII, and XIV with much interest

12. Farm Ballads By Will Carleton

13. Messrs Johnson, Holloway & Co, 1286 Market St, Phila 14. Part I, Chapter I, Punctuation

15. See ll 16, 17, 19, p 24

16. MM Thiers and Grèvy have both been prominent

17. A cab was ordered to call at 11 P M

18. Elements of Psychology By James Sully, M A Go forth under the open sky, and list

19.

To Nature's teachings-Bryant

20. 'Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical lore,

And coming events cast their shadows before-Campbell

THE COMMA ().

The Comma is used to mark the least degree of separation in the divisions of a sentence. The word "comina," like the words "semicolon " and "colon," was used originally to denote the portion of the sentence cut off, rather than the mark.

The following are the chief rules for the use of the

comma:

RULE 1 Compound Sentences.-A comma is used to sep