MUM-MUNGO. servitudes, being a kind of burden on the lands. Such a right is unknown in England, except sometimes in old manors. MUM, a peculiar kind of beer, formerly used in this country, and still used in Germany, especially in Brunswick, where it may be almost regarded as the national drink. Instead of only malt being used, it is made of malt and wheat, to which some brewers add oats and bean-meal. It is neither so wholesome nor so agreeable as the common ale or beer. MUMMY. See EMBALMING. MUMMY-WHEAT is said to be a variety of wheat produced from grains found in an Egyptian mummy. But no good evidence of this origin has been adduced-in fact, it is as good as proved to be impossible; and the same variety has long been in general cultivation in Egypt and neighbouring countries. The spike is compound-a distinguishing character, by which it is readily known, but which is not altogether permanent. It is occasionally cultivated in Britain, but seems more suitable to warmer regions. MUMPS, THE, is a popular name of a specific inflammation of the salivary glands described by nosologists as Cynanche Parotidea, or Parotitis. In Scotland, it is frequently termed The Branks. The disorder usually begins with a feeling of stiffness about the jaws, which is followed by pains, heat, and swelling beneath the ear. The swelling begins in the parotid, but the other salivary glands (q. v.) usually soon become implicated, so that the swelling extends along the neck towards the chin, thus giving the patient a deformed and somewhat grotesque appearance. One or both sides may be affected, and, in general, the disease appears first on one side and then on the other. There is seldom much fever. The inflammation is usually at its highest point in three or four days, after which it begins to decline, suppuration of the glands scarcely ever occurring. In most cases no treatment further than antiphlogistic regimen, due attention to the bowels, and protection of the parts from cold, by the application of flannel or cotton-wool, is required, and the patient completely recovers in eight or ten days. The disease often originates from epidemic or endemic influences, but there can be no doubt that it spreads by contagion; and, like most contagious diseases, it seldom affects the same person twice. It chiefly attacks children and young persons. A singular circumstance connected with the disease is, that in many cases the subsidence of the swelling is immediately followed by swelling and pain in the testes in the male sex, and in the mamma in the female. The inflammation in these glands is seldom very painful or long continued, but occasionally the inflammation is transferred from these organs to the brain, when a comparatively trifling disorder is converted into a most perilous disease. MÜNCHHAUSEN, HIERONYMUS KARL FRIEDRICH, BARON VON, a member of an ancient and noble German family, who attained a remarkable celebrity by false and ridiculously exaggerated tales of his exploits and adventures, so that his name has become proverbial. He was born in 1720, at the family estate of Bodenwerder, in Hanover, served as a cavalry officer in the Russian campaigns against the Turks in 1737-1739, and died in 1797. A collection of his marvellous stories was first published in England under the title of Baron Münchhausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia (Lond. 1785). The compiler was one Rudolf Erich Raspe, an expatriated countryman of the baron's. A second edition appeared at Oxford (1786) under the title of The Singular Travels, Campaigns, Voyages, and Sporting Adventures of Baron Munnikhousen, commonly pronounced Munchausen; as he relates them over a bottle when Several other editions surrounded by his friends. rapidly followed. In the same year (1786) appeared the first German edition, edited by the poet Bürger; the latest-entitled Des Freiherrn von Münchhausen, wunderbare Reisen und Abenteuer (Gött. and Berl. 1849) is enriched by an admirable introduction by Adolf Ellisen, on the origin and sources of the which it belongs. Ellisen's father knew the splendid famous book, and on the kind of literary fiction to old braggart in his latter days, and used to visit him. Nevertheless, although Raspe may have derived many of his narratives from M. himself, he appears to have drawn pretty largely from other sources. Several of the adventures ascribed to the baron are to be found in older books, particularly in Bebel's Facetic (Strasb. 1508); others in Castiglione's Cortegiano, and Bildermann's Utopia, which are included in Lange's Delicia Academica (Heilbronn, 1765). M.'s stories still retain their popularity, especially with the young. MU'NDANE EGG. In many heathen cosmoIgonies, the world (Lat. mundus) is represented as evolved from an egg. The production of a young animal from what neither resembles it in form nor in properties, seems to have been regarded as affording a good figure of the production of a well-ordered world out of chaos. Thus, in the Egyptian, Hindu, and Japanese systems, the Creator is represented as producing an egg, from which the world was produced. The same notion is found, in variously modified forms, in the religions of many of the ruder heathen nations. Sometimes a bird is represented as depositing the egg on the primordial waters. There are other modifications of this notion or belief in the classical and other mythologies, according to which the inhabitants of the world, or some of the gods, or the powers of good and evil, are represented as produced from eggs. The egg appears also in some mythological systems as the symbol of reproduction or renovation, as well as of creation. The Mundane Egg belonged to the ancient Phoenician system, and an egg is said to have been an object of worship. MUNGO, ST, the popular name of St Kentigern, one of the three great missionaries of the Christian faith in Scotland. converted the tribes of the south; St Columba St Ninian (q. v.) (q. v.) was the apostle of the west and the north; St Kentigern restored or established the relicountry between the Clyde on the north, and the gion of the Welsh or British people, who held the furthest boundaries of Cumberland on the south (see BRETTS AND SCOTS). He is said to have been the son of a British prince, Owen ab Urien Rheged, and of a British princess, Dwynwen or Thenaw, the daughter of Llewddyn Lueddog of Dinas Eiddyn, or Edinburgh. He was born about the year 514, it is believed at Culross, on the Forth, the site of a monastery then ruled by St Serf, of whom St Kentigern became the favourite disciple. It is said, indeed, that he was so generally beloved by the monastic brethren, that his baptismal name of Kentigern or Cyndeyrn, signifying chief lord,' was exchanged in common speech for Mungo, signifying lovable' or 'dear friend.' Leaving Culross, he planted a monastery at a place then called Cathures, now known as Glasgow, and became the bishop of the kingdom of Cumbria (q. v.). The nation would seem to have been only partially converted, and the accession of a new king drove St Kentigern from the realm. He found refuge among the kindred MUNI-MUNICH. people of Wales, and there, upon the banks of another Clyde, he founded another monastery and a bishopric, which still bears the name of his disciple, St Asaph. Recalled to Glasgow by a new king, Rydderech or Roderick the Bountiful, Kentigern renewed his missionary labours, in which he was cheered by a visit from St Columba, and dying about the year 601, was buried where the cathedral of Glasgow now stands. His life has been often written. A fragment of a memoir, composed at the desire of Herbert, Bishop of Glasgow, between 1147 and 1164, has been printed by Mr Cosmo Innes in the Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis. The longer life by Joceline of Furness, written about 1180, was published by Pinkerton in his Vita Antique Sanctorum Scotia. It appeals to two still older lives. The fame of St Kentigern is attested by the many churches which still bear his name, as well in Scotland as in the north of England. The church of Crosthwaite, where Southey is buried, is dedicated to him. The miracles which he was believed to have wrought were so deeply rooted in the popular mind, that some of them sprung up again in the 18th c. to grace the legends of the Cameronian martyrs. Others are still commemorated by the armorial ensigns of the city of Glasgow-a hazel-tree whose frozen branches he kindled into a flame, a tame robin which he restored to life, a hand-bell which he brought from Rome, a salmon which rescued from the depths of the Clyde the lost ring of the frail queen of Cadyow. Nor is it St M. only whose memory survives at Glasgow; the parish church of St Enoch' commemorates his mother, St Thenaw; and it is not many years since a neighbouring spring, which still bears her name, ceased to be an object of occasional pilgrimage. MUNI, a Sanscrit title, denoting a holy sage; and applied to a great number of distinguished personages, supposed to have acquired, by dint of austerities, more or less divine faculties. MUNICH (Ger. München), the capital of Bavaria, is situated in 48° 8' N. lat., and 11° 35' E. long., in the midst of a barren and flat elevated plain, at a height of about 1700 feet above the level of the sea. Its population, including the military, was, in 1862, 148,201. M., which is also the principal city of the province of Upper Bavaria, lies on the left bank of the Iser, and consists, in addition to the old town, of five suburbs, and of the three contiguous districts of Au, Haidhausen, and Obergiesing. By the efforts of the late King Ludwig, who spent nearly 7,000,000 thalers on the improvements of the city, M. has been decorated with buildings of almost every style of architecture, and enriched with a larger and more valuable collection of art-treasures than any other city of Germany. It possesses 28 churches, of which all but two or three are Catholic, and of these, the most worthy of note are: the cathedral, which is the see for the archbishopric of Munich-Freising, built between 1468-1494, and remarkable for its two square towers, with their octagonal upper stories, capped by cupolas, and its 30 lofty and highly-decorated windows; the church of the Jesuits, or St Michael's, which contains a monument by Thorwaldsen to Eugene Beauharnais; the Theatiner Kirche, completed in 1767, and containing the burying-vaults of the royal family; the beautiful modern church of St Mariahilf, with its gorgeous painted glass and exquisite wood-carvings; the round church, or Basilica of St Boniface, with its dome resting on 64 monoliths of gray Tyrolean marble, and resplendent with gold, frescoes, and noble works of art; the cruciform-shaped Ludwig Kirche, embellished with Cornelius's fresco of the Last Judgment; and lastly, the Court Chapel of All Saints, a perfect casket of art-treasures. Among the other numerous public buildings, a description of which would fill a volume, we can only briefly refer to a few of the more notable; as the theatre, the largest in Germany, and capable of accommodating 2400 spectators, erected in 1823; the post-office; the new palace, including the older royal resi dence, the treasury and chapel, antiquarian collec tions, &c.; and the Königsbau, designed by Klenze in imitation of the Pitti Palace, and built at a cost of 1,250,000 thalers, containing J. Schnorr's frescoes of the Nibelungen; the Banqueting Halls, rich in sculpture by Schwanthaler, and in grand fresco and other paintings. In the still incomplete suburb of Maximilian are situated the old Pinakothek, or picture-gallery, erected in 1836 by Klenze, containing 300,000 engravings, 9000 drawings, a collection of Etruscan remains, &c.; and immediately opposite to it, the new Pinakothek, completed in 1853, and devoted to the works of recent artists; the Glyptothek, with its twelve galleries of ancient sculpture, and its noble collection of the works of the great modern sculptors, as Canova, Thorwaldsen, Schadow, &c. Among the gates of M., the most beautiful are the Siegesthor ("The Gate of Victory'), designed after Constantine's triumphal arch in the Forum, and the Isarthor with its elaborate frescoes. In addition to these and many other buildings intended either solely for the adornment of the city, or to serve as depositories for works of art, M. possesses numerous scientific, literary, and benevolent institutions, alike remarkable for the architectural and artistic beauty of their external appearance, and the liberal spirit which characterises their internal organisation. The library, which is enriched by the biblical treasures of about 600,000 volumes, of which 13,000 are incunanumerous suppressed monasteries, contains bula, with nearly 22,000 MSS. The university, with which that of Landshut was incorporated in 1826, and now known as the Ludwig-Maximilian University, comprises 5 faculties, with a staff of 60 ordinary, and 12 extraordinary professors, among whom are included such men as Liebig, Bischoff, Schelling, Jacobi, &c. In association with it are numerous medical and other schools, a library of 160,000 vols., and various museums and cabinets. M. has an ably-conducted observatory, supplied with first-rate instruments by Fraunhofer and Reichenbach; 3 gymnasia, 4 Latin, 1 normal, various military, professional, polytechnic, and parish schools, of which the majority are Catholic; institutions for the blind, deaf and dumb, and crippled, and for female orphans, besides numerous hospitals, asylums, infant schools, &c.; an academy of sciences; royal academies of painting, sculpture, music, &c.; a botanic garden, parks, public walks, and gardens, adorned with historic, patriotic, and other monuments, and designed for the celebration of annual and other national fairs and festivals; spacious cemeteries, &c. M. is mainly indebted to the ex-king, Ludwig I., for its celebrity as a seat of the fine arts, as the greater number of the buildings, for which it is now famed, were erected between 1820 and 1850, although, since the accession of the present king, Maximilian, in 1848, the progress of the embellishments of the city has been continued on an equally liberal scale. M. is somewhat behind many lesser towns of Germany in regard to literary advancement and freedom of speculation, while its industrial activity is also inferior to its state of high artistic development. It has, however, some eminently good iron, bronze, and bell foundries, and is famed for its lithographers and engravers, and its optical, mathematical, and mechanical instrumentmakers, amongst whom Utzschneider, Fraunhofer, MUNICH-MUNICIPAL ARCHITECTURE. and Ertl have acquired a world-wide renown. M. is noted for its enormous breweries of Bavarian beer; and has some good manufactories for cotton, wool, and damask goods, wax-cloth, leather, paperhangings, carriages, pianos, gold, silver, and steel wares, &c. The present name of this city cannot be traced further than the 12th c., when Henry the Lion raised the Villa Munichen from its previous obscurity, by establishing a mint within its precincts, and making it the chief emporium for the salt which was obtained from Halle and the neighbouring districts. In the 13th c., the dukes of the Wittelsbach dynasty selected M. for their residence, built the Ludwigsburg, some parts of whose original structure still exist, and surrounded the town with walls and other fortified defences. In 1327, the old town was nearly destroyed by fire, and rebuilt by the Emperor Ludwig of Bavaria very much on the plan which it still exhibits; but it was not till the close of last century, when the fortifications were razed to the ground, that the limits of the town were enlarged to any extent. The last fifty years indeed comprise the true history of M., since within that period all its finest buildings have been erected, its character as a focus of artistic activity has been developed, its population has been more than doubled, and its material prosperity augmented in a proportionate degree. MUNICIPAL ARCHITECTURE, the style of the buildings used for municipal purposes, such as town-halls, guild-halls, &c. These were first used when the towns of the middle ages rose in importance, and asserted their freedom. Those of North Italy and Belgium were the first to move, and consequently we find in these countries the earliest and most important specimens of municipal architecture during the middle ages. It is only in the free cities' of that epoch that town-halls are found. We therefore look for them in vain in France or the Italian-Gothic style in Como, Padua, Vicenza, Venice, Florence, &c., during the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries. In Belgium, during the same period, they are of the northern Gothic style, and are almost the only really fine specimens of the civil architecture of the middle ages we possess. The Cloth-hall at Ypres, and the town-halls of Brussels, Louvain, Bruges, Oudenarde, &c., the Exchange at Antwerp, and many other markets, lodges, halls, &c., testify to the early importance of the municipal institutions in Belgium. England till the development of industry and know- | are erected; thus, we find in Italy that they are of ledge had made the citizens of the large towns so wealthy and important as to enable them to raise the municipal power into an institution. When this became the case in the 15th and 16th centuries, we find in these countries abundant instances of buildings erected for the use of the guilds and corporations and the municipal courts. Many of these still exist along with the corporate bodies they belong to, especially in London, where the halls are frequently of great imagnificence. Many of these corporation halls have recently been rebuilt by the wealthy bodies they belong to, such as the Fishmongers, Merchant Taylors, Goldsmiths, and other companies. Municipal buildings on a large scale for the use of the town councils and magistrates have also been recently erected in many of our large towns, which had quite outgrown their original modest buildings; and now no town of importance is complete without a great town-hall for the use of the inhabitants. Municipal buildings always partake of the character of the architecture of the period when they It is a curious fact, that in France, where the towns became of considerable importance during the middle ages, so few municipal buildings remain. This arises from the circumstance, that the resources of the early municipalities of France were devoted to aid the bishops in the erection of the great French cathedrals, and the townspeople used these cathedrals as their halls of assembly, and even for such purposes as masques and amusements. Of the English corporation halls, those which remain are nearly all subsequent to the 14th c., MUNICIPALITY, MUNICIPAL CORPORATION. from which time to the present there are very many examples. The Guild-hall of London is one of the earliest. The present building was begun in 1411, and was built chiefly by contributions from the trades companies' of London. Of the townhalls recently erected, those of Manchester, Liverpool, and Leeds are amongst the most important. MUNICIPALITY, MUNICIPAL CORPO. RATION (from Lat. municeps, from munus and capio, one who enjoys the rights of a free citizen), a town or city possessed of certain privileges of local self-government; the governing body in such a town. Municipal institutions originated in the times of the Roman empire. The provincial towns of Italy, which were from the first Roman colonies, as also those which, after having an independent existence, became members of the Roman state, though subjected to the rule of an imperial governor, were allowed to enjoy a right of regulating their internal affairs. A class of the inhabitants called the curia, or decuriones, elected two officers, called duumviri, whose functions were supposed to be analogous to those of the consuls of the imperial city, and who exercised a limited jurisdiction, civil and criminal. There was an important functionary in every municipality called the defensor civitatis, or advocate for the city, the protector of the citizens against arbitrary acts on the part of the imperial governor. In the later ages of the empire, the Decurions were subject to heavy burdens, not compensated by the honour of the position, which led many to endeavour to shun the office. The municipal system declined with the decline of the empire, yet it retained vitality enough to be afterwards resuscitated in union with feudalism, and with the Saxon institutions of Britain. Some cities of Italy, France, and Germany have indeed derived their present magistracy by direct succession from the days of imperial Rome. This is notably the case with Cologne, where, up to the time of the first French Revolution, the two chief magistrates retained the title of consuls, wore the consular toga, and had their lictors in attendance, while the higher citizens were styled patricians, and the town banners bore the inscription S.P.Q.C. The Frankish conquerors seem frequently to have left the cities in possession of their municipal rights. The bishop being a shield between the conquerors and the conquered, in many cases discharged the duties or obtained the functions of the defensor civitatis. To the north of the Alps, under the feudal system, he became officially the civil governor of the city, as the count was of the rural district. In Southern Europe, where feudalism was less vigorous, the municipalities retained a large share of freedom and self-government. Of the cities of the middle ages, some were entirely free; they had, like the provincial towns of Italy before the extension of the Roman conquests, a constitution independent of any other powers. Venice, Genoa, Florence, Hamburg, and Lübeck, all stood in this position. Next in dignity were the free imperial cities in Germany, which, not being comprehended in the dominions of any of the princes, were in immediate dependence on the empire. Most of these cities rose into importance in the 13th c.; and their liberties and privileges were fostered by the Franconian emperors, to afford some counterpoise to the growing power of the immediate nobility. Nürnberg was especially celebrated for its stout resistance to the House of Brandenburg, and the successful war which it waged with the Franconian nobility. In England, the more important cities were immediate vassals of the crown; the smaller municipalities sometimes owned a subject superior, sometimes a greater municipality for their overlord. Under the Anglo-Saxons, the English burghs were subject to the rule of an elective officer, called the Portreve,' who exercised in burgh functions similar to those of the shire-reve in the shire. The Norman conquerors recognised the already existing privileges of the towns by granting them charters. Instead of a shire-reve, a viscount was placed by the king over each shire, and a bailiff instead of the former elective officer over each burgh. In the larger towns, the bailiff was allowed to assume the Norman appellation of Mayor. The municipal franchise seems to have been vested in all the resident and trading inhabitants, who shared in the payment of the local taxes, and performance of local duties. Titles to freedom were also recognised on the grounds of birth, apprenticeship, marriage, and sometimes free gift. In all the larger towns, the trading population came to be divided into guilds or trading companies, through membership of which companies admission was obtained to the franchise. Eventually the whole community was enrolled in one or other of the guilds, each of which had its property, its by-laws, and its common hall, and the community elected the chief officers. It was on the wealthier and more influential inhabitants that municipal offices were generally conferred; and the practice gradually gained ground of these functionaries perpetuating their authority without appealing to the popular suffrage. Contentions and disputes arose regarding the right of election, and eventually the crown threw the weight of its influence into the scale of self-elective ruling bodies. As the greater municipalities grew in strength, we find their right recognised to appear in parliament by means of representatives. The sheriffs were considered to have a discretionary power to deter mine which towns should, and which should not have this privilege of representation. The sovereigns of the House of Tudor and Stuart acquired the habit of extending the right of parliamentary representation to burghs not in the enjoyment of it, while at the same time, by granting or renewing to them municipal charters, they modelled the constitution of these burghs to a self-elective type, and restricted the right of voting in the choice of a representative to the governing body. During the reign of William III., Anne, and the earlier Georges, the influence of the crown was largely employed in calling new municipal corporations into existence, with the view of creating additional parliamentary support for the ministry in power. The burghs of Scotland had a history much like that of the burghs of England; their earlier charters were mere recognitions of already existing rights, and were granted to the inhabitants at large. In the course of the 14th and 15th centuries, the municipal suffrage fell gradually more and more into the hands of restricted bodies of men, until act 1469, c. 5, gave to the councils the right of appointing their successors, the old and new council together electing the office-bearers of the corporation. This state of things continued till 1833, not without many and grievous complaints of corruption, mismanagement, extravagance, and peculation In the Scottish against the governing bodies. burghs, the several trades possessed a much more exclusive monopoly than in England. Along with the outcry for parliamentary reform arose an outcry for municipal reform; and a separate municipal reform act putting an end to the close system was passed for each part of the empire. The English act (5 and 6 Will. IV. c. 76), entitled 'An act to provide for the regulation of Municipal Corporations in England,' conferred the franchise on the owners and occupiers of property within burgh, with 611 MUNIMENT-HOUSE-MUNTJAK. certain qualifications as to property, residence, &c. This constituency elected the councillors, and from the body of the councillors the mayor and aldermen were chosen. The corresponding act for Scot-pended, after they had suffered the most horrible land, passed two years earlier, was 3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 76 it changed the mode of election in burghs which already had a council, and conferred councils on burghs which had none. By the Scottish act, every one has a vote who has resided for six months in the burgh, or within seven miles of it, and who possesses the requisite qualification to vote in the election of a member of parliament. In such burghs as do not send a member to parliament, the same property qualification is required as confers the parliamentary franchise. The councillors are chosen from the electors residing or carrying on business within the burgh. Nine of the smallest burghs are excluded from the operation of the act. The English act abolished the exclusive privileges of the guilds, but these monopolies continued in Scotland till 1839, when they were swept away by another enactment (9 and 10 Vict. c. 17). The Irish municipal system, which had been imported readymade from England, was assimilated to the altered English system by 3 and 4 Vict. c. 108. It has been doubted whether the change of system has practically tended to elevate the character of the municipal government of the towns in any of the three kingdoms to the extent which its promoters anticipated. MU'NIMENT-HOUSE, a strong fire-proof apartment or building suited to contain archives, papers, and other valuables. MU'NJEET (Rubia cordifolia or munjista), a species of Madder (q. v.), of which the root yields an excellent red dye. The plant differs from the common madder in its more distinctly quadrangular stem, its cordate-oblong leaves commonly in fours, and its red berries. It is a native of India, China, Japan, Central Asia, and Siberia. The root has long been used in India as affording a red dye; and is now an article of export to Europe, as a substitute for madder. MUNSTER, the largest of the four provinces of Ireland, occupies the south-west, and is bounded on the N. by Connaught, on the E. by Leinster, and on the W. and S. by the Atlantic. It contains the six counties of Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford, and the country is described under these heads. Area, 6,064,579 statute acres. The population of the province, which in 1841 was higher than that of any of the other provinces, was shewn to be, in 1861, 1,503,200, or 407,208 less than that of Ulster, now the most populous of the provinces. MÜ'NSTER, chief town of the district of the same name, as well as capital of all Westphalia, is situated in 51° 55′ N. lat., and 7° 40′ E. long., at the confluence of the Aa with the Münster Canal, 65 miles north-east of Düsseldorf. Pop., including the military, at the close of 1861, 27,332. M., which is a bishopric, and the seat of a military council, a high court of appeal, and other governmental tribunals, is one of the handsomest towns of Westphalia, retaining numerous remains of medieval architecture, whose quaint picturesqueness is enhanced by the numerous trees and shady allées, by which the squares and streets are ornamented. Among its 14 churches, of which the majority are Catholic, the most noteworthy are the cathedral, built between the 13th and 15th centuries, and despoiled of all its internal decorations by the Anabaptists; Our Lady's Church, with its noble tower; the splendid Gothic church of St Lambert, in the market-place, finished in the 13th c., on the tower 612 of which may still be seen the three iron cages in which the bodies of the Anabaptist leaders, John of Leyden, Knipperdolling, and Krechting, were susmartyrdom; and the church dedicated to St Ludgerus, the first bishop of M., with its singular round tower, surmounted by an octagonal lantern. The Gothic town-hall possesses historical interest in being the spot at which, in 1648, the Peace of Westphalia was signed in a large hall, which has lately been restored, and which contains portraits of all the ambassadors who were parties to the treaty. The palace, built in 1767, is surrounded by fine pleasure-grounds, including horticultural and botanical gardens, connected with the academy; and these, with the ramparts, which, since the Seven Years' War, have been converted into public walks, form a great attraction to the city. M. is well provided with institutions of charity and benevolence. The old Catholic university of M. was dismembered in 1818, and its funds apportioned to other educational establishments; and the present academy, which comprises a Catholic theological and a philosophical faculty, is now the principal school. It has a library of 50,000 volumes, a natural history museum, and various collections of art and antiquity connected with it. M. has one gymnasium, a normal school for female teachers, and a number of town schools. The industrial products of M. include leather, woollen fabrics, thread, starch, and sugar, besides which there are good carriage manufactories, breweries, and distilleries. The trade is limited to the produce of the country, the principal of which are the noted Westphalian ham and sausages. M. was known under the name of Mimigardevorde in the time of Charlemagne, who, in 791, appointed it as the see of the new bishop of the Saxons, St Ludgerus. Towards the middle of the 11th c., a monastery was founded on the spot, which in course of time derived its present name from its vicinity to the minster, or monastery. In the 12th c., the bishopric was elevated into a principality of the empire. In the 13th c., the city was incorporated in the Hanseatic League; and in 1532, it declared its adhesion to the Reformed faith, notwithstanding the violent opposition of the chapter. During the years 1535 and 1536, M. was the scene of the violent politico-religious movement of the Anabaptists, when the excesses of these pretended reformers worked a violent reaction in the minds of the people, which had the effect of restoring the prestige of the episcopal power; and although the citizens occasionally made good their attempted acts of opposition to their spiritual rulers, they were finally reduced to submission under Bishop Christopher Bernhard of St Gall, who having, in 1662, built a strong citadel within the city, transferred the episcopal place of residence thither from Koesfeld, where it had been established by earlier bishops. In the Seven Years' War, M. was repeatedly besieged and taken by both the belligerent parties. The bishopric of M., which since 1719 had been merged in the archbishopric of Cologne, although it retained a special form of government, was secularised in 1803, and divided among various royal houses; but subsequently shared in the common fate of other German provinces, and was for a time incorporated with France. The Congress of Vienna gave the greater part of the principality to Prussia, a small portion being apportioned to the House of Oldenburg, while Hanover acquired possession of the Münster territories of the mediatised Dukes of Aremberg. MUNTJAK (Cervus muntjac, Cervulus vagi nalis, or Stylocerus muntjac), a species of deer, abundant in Java, Sumatra, and other islands of the same region. It is about one-fifth larger than the |