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and writer among the Quakers. In 1677, in company with George Fox and Robert Barclay, the celebrated apologist, he again set sail on a religious visit to Holland and Germany, where he and his friends were received by many pious persons as the ministers of Christ, particularly at Herwerden, by the princess Elizabeth of the Rhine, daughter of the king of Bohemia, and grand-daughter of James I of England. The persecutions of dissenters continuing to rage, notwithstanding their repeated applications to parliament for sufferance and protection, William Penn now turned his thoughts towards a settlement in the new world, as a place where himself and his friends might enjoy their religious opinions without molestation, and where an example might be set to the nations of a just and righteous government. "There may be room there," said he, "though not here, for such a holy experiment." He therefore, in 1681, solicited a patent from Charles II, for a province in North America, which the king readily granted, in consideration of his father's services, and of a debt still due to him from the crown. Penn soon after published a description of the province, proposing easy terms of settlement to such as might be disposed to go thither. He also wrote to the Indian natives, informing them of his desire to hold his possession with their consent and goodwill. He then drew up the Fundamental Constitution of Pennsylvania, and the following year he published the Frame of Government, a law of which code held out a greater degree of religious liberty than had at that time been allowed in the world. "All persons living in this province, who confess and acknowledge the One Almighty and Eternal God to be the Creator, Upholder, and Ruler of the world, and that hold themselves obliged in conscience to live peaceably and justly in civil society, shall in no wise be molested or prejudiced for their religious persuasion or practice, in matters of faith and worship; nor shall they be compelled at any time to frequent or maintain any religious worship, place or ministry whatsoever." Upon the publication of these proposals, many respectable families removed to the new province; the city of Philadelphia was laid out, upon the banks of the Delaware; and in 1682, the proprietor visited his newly-acquired territory, where he remained about two years, adjusting its concerns, and establishing a friendly intercourse with his colonial neighbors; during which period no less

than fifty sail arrived with settlers from England, Ireland, Wales, Holland, and Germany. Soon after Penn returned to England, king Charles died; and the respect which James II bore to the late admiral, who had recommended his son to his favor, procured to him free access at court. He made use of this advantage to solicit the discharge of his persecuted brethren, fifteen hundred of whom remained in prison at the decease of the late king. In 1686, having taken lodgings at Kensington, to be near the court, he published a Persuasive to Moderation towards Dissenting Christians, &c., humbly submitted to the King and his great Council, which is thought to have hastened, if it did not occasion, the king's proclamation for a general pardon, which was followed the next year by his suspension of the penal laws. At the revolution, in 1688, Penn's intimacy with the abdicated monarch created suspicions, of which he repeatedly cleared himself before authority, until he was accused by a profligate wretch, whom the parliament afterwards declared to be a cheat and an impostor. Not caring to expose himself to the oaths of such a man, he withdrew from public notice, till 1693. In that year, through the mediation of his friends at court, he was once more admitted to plead his own cause before the king and council, and was again acquitted of all suspicion of guilt. The most generally known production of his temporary seclusion bears the title of Fruits of Solitude, in Reflections and Maxims relating to the Conduct of Human Life. Not long after his restoration to society, he lost his wife, Gulielma, to which he said all his other troubles were as nothing in comparison. He travelled, however, the same year, in the west of England, and in the next prosecuted an application to parliament for the relief of his friends, the Quakers, in the case of oaths. In the year 1696, he married a second wife, Hannah, the daughter of Thomas Callowhill, an eminent merchant of Bristol, and soon after buried his eldest son, Springett, a remarkably pious and promising youth. In 1698, he travelled in Ireland, and resided the following year at Bristol. In 1699, he again sailed for Pennsylvania, with his second wife and family, intending to make his province the place of their future residence; but advantage was taken of his absence to undermine proprietary governments, under color of the king's prerogative, and he thought it necessary to return to England again in 1701. After

his arrival, the measure was laid aside, and Penn became once more welcome at court, on the accession of queen Anne. In 1710, finding the air near the city to disagree with his declining health, he took a handsome seat in Buckinghamshire, at which he continued to reside during the remainder of his life. In the year 1712, he had three distinct fits of the apoplectic kind. The last of these so impaired his memory and understanding as to render him ever after unfit for public action; but he continued to deliver, in the meeting at Reading, short, but sound and sensible expressions. In 1717, he scarcely knew his old acquaintance, or could walk without leading. He died in 1718. The writings of Penn (first published in two volumes folio) bespeak his character as a Christian and a philanthropist. Of his ability as a politician and legislator, the prosperity of Pennsylvania is a lasting

monument.

dents, originated in the chapters and monasteries. (See Feast of Fools.)

PENNANT, Thomas, an English naturalist and antiquary, born at Downing, in Flintshire, in 1726, studied at Oxford. His first production was an account of an earthquake felt in Flintshire, April 2, 1750, which appeared in the Philosophical Transactions, in 1756; and, the following year, he was chosen a member of the royal society of Upsal, through the influence of Linnæus. He commenced, in | 1761, a body of British Zoology, which first appeared in four vols. folio, and was republished in quarto and octavo, and translated into German by C. Theoph. Murr. This work was followed by his Indian Zoology (1769); Synopsis of Quadrupeds (1771); Genera of Birds (1773); History of Quadrupeds (1781); Arctic Zoology (1786); and Index to Buffon's Natural History of Birds (1787). In 1765, Mr. Pennant took a journey to PENNALISM is the name for the torments the continent, when he visited Buffon, and impositions to which the elder stu- Haller, Pallas, and other eminent foreigndents in German universities used to sub- ers. He was admitted into the royal soject the younger ones, called Pennale ciety in 1767; and, in 1769, he undertook (pen-cases), afterwards foxes. This abuse a tour into Scotland, of which he publishwas carried to a great extent; and books ed an account in 1771, and a second volwritten 200 years ago exhibit a real bar- ume appeared in 1776, relating to a secbarity of manners in this respect. In ond tour in the same country, and a 1661 and 1663, the German empire thought voyage to the Hebrides. In 1778, he it necessary to enact laws against pennal- published a tour in Wales; to which was ism. It corresponds to the English fag- afterwards added, in another volume, a ging; and, though few traces of it exist at Journey to Snowdon. He produced, in present in Germany, it is still customary, 1782, a narrative of a Journey from Chesin most schools, to greet the "foxes" ter to London; and in 1790 appeared (scholars who ascend from a lower class his amusing work, An Account of London into a higher) with a sound beating; and (4to.). In 1793, he professedly took leave we find in Byron's Life, by Moore, to what of the public in a piece of autobiography an extent fagging has been carried in England. It is said that pennalism originated in the Italian universities (Bologna, &c.), which is very probable, as the students at these universities kept together in "nations," in order to protect each other, and young students went with recommendations to the senior of those nations. But in those rude times, the weak, who wanted protection, were every where exposed to the brutal abuse of the stronger. Among mechanics, apprentices and young journeymen were subjected to similar discipline-a consequence of the rude feudalism which had penetrated every part of society. Others derive these practices from the chapters of the clergy, among whom every new canon was obliged to pay a certain sum for a banquet on his entrance; and it is a well known fact, that many of the customs, songs (decent and indecent), &c. of German stu

the Literary Life of the late Thomas Pennant; but he subsequently committed to the press a History of Whiteford and Holywell, in his native county. He died in 1798. After his death appeared Outlines of the Globe (4 vols., 4to.), forming a portion of a very extensive undertaking, which was never completed, and some other posthumous publications. His skill in the selection of interesting subjects for discussion, and his felicity of illustration, attracted admirers, rather than the extent of his researches, or the profundity of his observations.

PENNSYLVANIA, one of the United States, as now limited, extends from N. lat. 39° 43' to N. lat. 42° 16', and from 74° 35′ to 80° 31' W. lon. from Greenwich. It is bounded north by New York; east by the river Delaware, which separates it from New Jersey; south-east by the state of Delaware; south by Maryland and part

of Virginia, and west by the latter and the state of Ohio. It lies nearly in the form of a parallelogram. Darby, in his Geographical View, states that its greatest length is due west from Bristol, on the Delaware river, to the eastern border of Ohio county, in Virginia, through 5° 56′ of longitude, along N. latitude 40 9. This distance, on that line of latitude, is equal to 315 American statute miles. The greatest breadth is 176 miles, from the Virginia line to the extreme northern angle, on lake Erie; and the mean breadth, 157. The same writer calculates the area at above 47,000 square miles, and 30,080,000 statute acres. The original Swedish colony came over in 1638, under the government and protection of Sweden. The Dutch and the Finns had also settled on the Delaware, before the British conquest of the New Netherlands, in 1664. In 1682, William Penn founded a colony, having previously obtained a charter from Charles II, which put him in possession of the soil and government of the country. This charter was granted in consideration of an unsettled pecuniary account between the government and the estate of Penn's father. The emigration from Wales into Pennsylvania was as early as 1683. The emigrants purchased a large body of land, and called the several settlements after favorite places in Wales. The Indian right was respected by William Penn, and his sense of justice induced him to make an equitable purchase from the aborigines, notwithstanding his charter; and the same policy was pursued by the constituted government after the revolution, as the state of Pennsylvania made new purchases from the native proprietors at a fair price, and in open treaty, in 1784. Though the state of Pennsylvania might have considered the proprietary claims as a royalty, to which the independent government could lawfully succeed, yet, as a peculiar acknowledgment of the merits and claims of William Penn and his family, by an act of the legislature, the sum of £130,000 sterling, together with a confirmation of title to all the manor lands, which were ten per cent. on all surveyed lands in the province, was to be offered to the Penn family, which offer was by them accepted. This was a liberal compensation for revolutionary losses, considering that, in the year 1712, William Penn offered to the queen of England the government and soil of the province for the sum of £12,000, payable in four years. This was certainly owing to his pecu

niary embarrassments; and although he actually entered into a contract for this purpose, yet an apoplectic attack rendered him incapable of perfecting the legal forms. The litigated question with the state of Connecticut touching the right of territory in the northern part of the state, was depending from the year 1750 until a few years since, when the public and private rights of soil were settled in favor of Pennsylvania, under conciliations and restrictions, determined by special acts of the Pennsylvania legislature and the decisions of the supreme court of the U. States. The seat of the state government was transferred from Philadelphia to Lancaster in the year 1799, and the progress of improvement and population caused it, in 1812, to be removed to Harrisburg, where handsome buildings are erected for the accommodation of the legislature and the officers of the government. The whole state is divided into 52 counties, viz. Adams, Alleghany, Armstrong, Beaver, Bedford, Berks, Bradford, Bucks, Butler, Cambria, Centre, Chester, Clearfield, Columbia, Crawford, Cumberland, Dauphin, Delaware, Erie, Fayette, Franklin, Green, Huntingdon, Indiana, Jefferson, Juniatta, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, Luzerne, Lycoming, M'Kean, Mercer, Mifflin, Montgomery, Northampton, Northumberland, Perry, Philadelphia, Pike, Potter, Schuylkill, Somerset, Susquehannah, Tioga, Union,Vinango, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Westmoreland, York. There are three incorporated cities in this state-Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Lancaster. There are very few counties which have not a borough and many populous towns, the most considerable of which are Harrisburg, Reading, Easton, Carlisle, York, Chambersburg, Brownsville, Washington, &c. By an estimate of the population in 1782, it was supposed to be 330,000. By the census of 1790, it was ascertained to be 434,373. In 1800, it was 602,545. In 1810, it was 810,091. In 1820, it was 1,049,458; and in 1831, it was 1,347,672. The government of Pennsylvania consists of three branches-legislative, executive and judicial. The legislature consists of a senate and a house of representatives. By the present constitution, the house of representatives cannot exceed 100, and are chosen annually. The senate, whose number cannot be more than one third of the lower house, are chosen for four years, one fourth of their body annually; at this period both branches are full. The governor is elected for three years, but cannot hold

the office more than nine years in twelve. These elections are all by the people and by ballot. All judicial officers are appointed by the governor during good behavior, and are removable by address of both houses or by impeachment. The inhabitants are principally descended from the English, Welsh, Irish, Scotch and Germans, also French, Swedes, and a few Dutch. The language is generally a pure English, but, in many counties, the German prevails to a considerable extent. The character of the Pennsylvanians is somewhat diversified by difference of extraction and various modes of education, but this is chiefly in minor points. The facilities of receiving education are great. There is a university in Philadelphia, and colleges have been established at Carlisle, Canonsburg, Washington, Pittsburg, and Meadville, and provision has been made by the legislature for the establishment of an academy in every county in the state. There are also flourishing Moravian schools at Bethlehem, Nazareth and Litiz; and, by the will of the late Stephen Girard, of Philadelphia, a fund of $2,000,000 (to be augmented, if necessary, by rents of real property, and residuary personal estate) has been appropriated for the establishment of a college for the education of orphan children. The different religious denominations in Pennsylvania are Presbyterians, Methodists, German Calvinists, German Lutherans, Friends, Episcopalians, Baptists, Roman Catholics, Seceders, Covenanters, Universalists, Swedenborgians, Jews and Unitarians. With regard to the face of the country, the mountains strike the eye, at the first glance on a map, as the most prominent natural features. The Appalachian system in the U. States generally extends in a direction deviating not very essentially from south-west to north-east, but in Pennsylvania, the whole system is inflected from that course, and traverses the state in a serpentine direction. Towards the south boundary, the mountains lie about northnorth-east, gradually inclining more eastwardly as they penetrate northward, and, in the central counties, many of the chains lie nearly east and west. But, as they extend towards the northern border of the state, they again gradually incline to the north-east, and enter New York and New Jersey in nearly that direction. The principal ridges on the east side of the Susquehannah, are the Kittatinny or Blue mountains, behind which, and nearly parallel to them, are Peters, Tuscarora and Nescopeck mountains. On the west

The

side of the Susquehannah are the Kittatinny ridges, comprising the North or Blue, the Horse and the Tuscarora mountains, Sherman's hill, Sideling hill, Ragged, Great Warrior's, Tussey's and Wills's mountains; then the great Alleghany ridge, which, being the largest, gives name to the whole; and west of this are the Chestnut ridges, including the Laurel hill. Between the Juniatta river and the west branch of the Susquehannah are Jack's, Tussey's, Nittany and Bald Eagle mountains. The mountain area has been estimated at 6750 square miles, or very nearly one seventh part of the superficies of the state. Some of these mountains admit of cultivation almost to their summits, and the valleys between them are oflen of a rich black soil, suited to the various kinds of grass and grain. other parts of the state are generally level or agreeably diversified with hills and vales. The principal rivers are the Delaware, Susquehannah, Schuylkill, Lehigh, Alleghany, Monongahela, Ohio, Juniatta, Youhiogeny, and Clarion, formerly designated as Toby's creek. Besides these main streams, Pennsylvania is watered by numerous large creeks and rivulets, to as great a degree as the same extent of country in any part of the U. States. This state deserves credit for her numerous improvements in turnpike roads, canals, rail-roads and bridges, which have been constructed in a superior style of excellence and durability. The first turnpike road in the U. States was made in Pennsylvania. (For further information with regard to these internal improvements, see the various heads.) The soil of Pennsylvania is much diversified; in some parts it is barren, but a great proportion of it is fertile, and a considerable part very excellent. West of the mountains, the soil of the first quality is a deep black mould, equal in fertility to any part of the U. States. Wheat is the most important article of produce. Indian corn, rye, buckwheat, barley, oats, flax, hemp, beans, peas and potatoes are extensively cultivated. Apples, cherries, pears, peaches and plums are abundant. The trees natural to the soil are hemlock, pine, hickory, walnut, wild cherry, locust, maple, chestnut, mulberry, oak, gum sassafras, elm and poplar. The magnolia glauca grows in low grounds, and the acuminata attains to a great height among the western mountains. Grapes are common, and some of them, mellowed by frost, with the addition of sugar, make a pleasant wine. The wild plum and crab apple

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grow in abundance. Foreign grapes have in some counties been cultivated to advantage, and wine and brandy, of good quality, have been made. This article of manufacture has hitherto been a matter of experiment only. The sugar-maple, in the western and northern parts of the state, is abundant, and the inhabitants generally make therefrom a sufficient quantity of sugar for home consumption. Iron ore is distributed, in large quantities, in many parts of the state, and the manufacture of iron from the ore, through the furnace, the forge, the foundery, the rolling and slitting mill, the nail cutting machine, up to the finest cutlery, is carried on to a greater extent than in any other state in the Union. Copper, lead and alum appear in some parts of the state. Limestone and marble, of the finest quality for the purposes of architecture and statuary, abound in various parts of the state. In the middle counties, anthracite, and in the western, bituminous coal, is found in great abundance. This state is famous for its breed of draught horses, and nature has abundantly supplied the forests with game. Deer, turkeys, pheasants and partridges are numerous. Wild ducks are found on almost every stream. Wild geese, swans and pigeons are migratory, and frequently found in large flocks. Singing birds of various notes and plumage are common. In the eastern rivers @are found rock-perch, bass, shad and herring, which come from the sea in large shoals. In the western waters there is a species of catfish, weighing from 50 to 100 pounds; likewise pike, of an enormous weight and size, are found. Sturgeon is common to both sections of the state. In the smaller streams, trout, pike, pfchub, sun-perch, mullet, catfish and white salmon are found in their several seasons. Bears, panthers, wild cats, foxes, wolves, beavers, otters and raccoons are more or less common, in proportion to the progress of settlement and cultivation. Rabbits and squirrels are still abundant. In the low grounds are found minks, muskrats, and Copossums. Of the numerous tribe of snakes, the bite of the rattlesnake and copperhead alone is deadly. The Pennsylvania farmer lives as comfortably as any one of his station in any part of the world. Commodious farm houses of stone or brick, extensive barns and farm buildings, show the agricultural prosperity of the state. Log and frame houses are common in the new settled country. In the towns and villages is a considerable proportion of brick and stone houses.

Pennsylvania exceeds all the other states in the variety and extent of her manufactures, some of which are of superior excellence. Those of iron have been mentioned. The various fabrics from wool and cotton give ample employment to the capitalist and the artisan. All the necessaries of life, and many of its luxuries, are to be found in this state, the produce of its soil and the labor of its citizens. (For the exports of this state, see articles Philadelphia, and Pittsburg.)

PENNSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY. (See Philadelphia.)

PENN TOWNSHIP; a small township in Philadelphia county, Pennsylvania. This place was selected by the late Mr. Girard, for the establishment of a school for orphans. The site is about two miles from the old court-house in Philadelphia.

PENNY. (See Sterling Money.)
PENNY POST. (See Posts.)

PENNYROYAL; a species of mint (mentha pulegium), formerly in considerable repute as a medicine, but now almost totally neglected. In this country, the same name is applied to the hedeoma pulegioides, a small plant, allied to, and not very different in its sensible properties from the former, nor, indeed, from the other species of mint. (See Mint.)

PENOBSCOT; the largest river of Maine. The western and principal branch rises in the western part of the state, and unites with the eastern branch 54 miles northeast of Bangor. After the junction, it runs south by west, till it flows into the head of Penobscot bay, between the towns of Penobscot and Prospect. It is navigable for ships to Bangor, where the tide terminates, 52 miles north of Owl's Head, at the entrance of the bay. Many towns on the banks of the Penobscot are beautiful and flourishing.

PENOBSCOT BAY, at the mouth of Penobscot river, on the coast of Maine, is a large and beautiful bay, and affords great advantages for navigation. It contains several islands. Its entrance, between the Isle of Holt and Owl's Head, is eighteen miles wide, and its length from north to south is about thirty miles. Lon. 68° 40 to 68° 56′ W.; lat. 44° to 44° 30' N.

PENSACOLA, the capital of West Florida, is situated on a bay of the same name, in lat. 30° 28′ N., and lon. 87° 12′ W. The shore is low and sandy, but the town is built on a gentle ascent. It is in the form of a parallelogram, and the length is nearly a mile. Only small vessels can approach the town, but the bay is one of the most safe and capacious in the gulf

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