subsided, was again renewed, with such violence as to lift the door from its uppermost hinge. When the third party advanced and presented their muskets, as if conscious that they were the occasions of his suffering, he turned quickly round, retired to the most remote part of the den, and hid his wounded neck from the expected instruments of pain. Being goaded with spears, he was once more compelled to turn round to receive another discharge. His fury now seemed somewhat exhausted, but his strength remained undiminished, and in this state the fire continued about an hour and a half, during which time no less than 152 bullets were expended, before he fell to rise no more. When brought to the ground, he remained motionless for some time, daring which a sword fastened to the end of a rifle was driven into his neck, which terminated his life. The quantity of blood was so considerable, that it flooded the den to a considerable depth.

The report of the muskets, and the terrifying groans of the animal, soon communicated, to the throngs of people in the Strand, intelligence of what was going on within; in consequence of which, the demand for admittance was unexampled, some offering one guinea and others two, to witness this scene of death. But to these requests no compliance was granted; and to prevent any violent rush, parties of the Bow-street patrol were stationed in the avenues. The entrances also leading to the shops at the lower part of the building were completely closed, until all apprehensions of danger were past.

When nothing further was to be feared, the doors were again opened at the accustomed price, and so great was the sensation which had been excited, that the room was kept crowded to excess until a late hour of the night. Each succeeding day brought swarms of visitors, and curiosity remained unsatisfied until it was found necessary to remove the

carcase.

The daily consumption of food, &c. by this animal was about two trusses of hay, ten or twelve bunches of carrots, or an equal quan. tity of tares, a truss of straw for a bed, but generally eaten, and from thirty to thirty-five gallons of water. His rest was about four hours in twenty-four, during which he slept well, but upon the least unusual noise he would rise with agility.

On one occasion, about five years since, when seized with one of these paroxysms, six ounces of calomel, and twenty-five pounds of Epsom salts, mixed with molasses, were administered in fifty-two hours, without prodacing any effect; but five or six pounds of marrow being given, the medicine was called into operation, and the desired effect was produced. In the month of November last, this elephant accidentally killed his keeper while turning in his den, by crushing his ribs against its side. On that occasion he is said to have manifested much sorrow, but since that time no other keeper has been able to gain bis confidence, or approach him without fear and danger.

On Saturday, March 4th, preparations were made for the dissection of this enormous animal. On each side of the den, pillars of a prodigious size were erected, to support a cross

beam, to the centre of which was attached a pulley capable of lifting ten tons. Scarcely, however, were these arrangements completed, before the subsequent operations received an impulse from a message sent by Sir Richard Birnie, the police magistrate, that if the carcase was not removed before Monday morning, the proprietor of the animal must expect unpleasant consequences.

On Saturday night a number of butchers were employed in flaying the skin. By ten o'clock on Sunday morning they had completed their operation, and it was removed to the residence of a Mr. Davis, who is said to have purchased it of Mr. Cross for £50.

At eleven o'clock on Sunday morning, Mr. Brookes, Dr. Waring, Dr. Clarke, Dr. Spurzheim, Mr. Herbert Mayo, Mr. Morgan, Mr. Yarrall, Mr. Cæsar Hawkins, Mr. Bell, and other surgeons, were present.

Mr. Ryals, a naturalist of some repute, was the operator, under the directions of Messrs. Brookes and Morgan. In the first instance the body was turned by ropes fastened to the fore legs, and the carcase being raised, the trunk was cut off and the eyes extracted. An incision was then made down the abdomen, and the abdominal muscles on the uppermost side were removed. The entire contents of the abdomen and pelvis were taken out. The contents of the chest were then removed. This occupied a considerable portion of time. The heart was found to have been pierced by a sharp instrument, and several bullets were extracted from the liver. The flesh was then cut from the bones, and removed from the menagerie in carts. The professional gentlemen who were present, after the removal of the flesh, declared they never viewed a more beautiful anatomical display. The leg bones were then removed at the knee-joint, and being measured, they were found to be four feet in length from the knee-cap to the back. The thigh bones were then removed, and being measured, were found to be three feet two inches in length. The greatest difficulty the anatomists said they experienced was in the removal of the hocks, having to cut through an immense thickness of a substance resembling India-rubber.

A very singular appearance presented itself in the acetabulum, or cavity of the thigh-joints. Instead of the usual mucilaginous flaid called synovia, the parts were lubricated with a white cream. It was remarked by several of the professional gentlemen present, that the appearance of the body denoted the most perfect health. The inter-articular cartilage (between the joint of the upper and lower jaw) presented a singular appearance. It was two inches in thickness, and was covered with the same kind of substance as the kneepans. Several balls were also found therein. The bones were not of that extraordinary magnitude which, from the size of the animal, it was supposed they were. From the spinus process of one ilium to the other was four feet. The width from one acetabulum to the other was 23 inches. The length of spine ten feet. The operators proceeded to take off the ribbones, the longest of which was three feet six inches. The head was severed from the body; from the forehead to the top of the trunk it measured four feet and a half. The girth of

the beast, before the skin was taken off, was nineteen feet four inches. The length of the head and proboscis, four feet; from the rump to the forehead, twelve feet two inches; from the abdomen to the top of the tail, five feet nine inches. At ten o'clock on Sunday night the dissection was completed. Not fewer than four tons of flesh were carted away during the day. The heart of the elephant was nearly two feet long, and eighteen inches broad; and was, when the body was opened, immersed in about five or six gallons of blood. His height, when living, was eleven feet, and his total weight above five tons.

Bankruptcies. The total number in this unfortunate class, from January 3d to the 4th of February, amounts to 514. The number of bankers during December of last year and January of the present, is eighty-one. The number has since been considerably augmented. Maritime Expedition. It is confidently asserted that an expedition is shortly to be fitted out for exploring the extremities of South America; for, with its minute geography, and the character of its inhabitants, we are at present but imperfectly acquainted. Patagonia and Terra del Fuego present an ample field to philosophical and geographical research.

Importance of Agriculture.-By statistical returns, it appears there are in Great Britain, eight hundred thousand families concerned in agriculture, and that each family contains about five persons; so that four millions of people have their happiness directly dependent upon the agriculture of this country; and consequently are deeply interested in all measures which tend to affect it.-Farmer's Journal.

Remarkable Salmon.-Some time in February last, a salmon was caught in the Tweed, that measured in length three feet eleven inches and three-quarters, in extreme girth two feet four inches and a half, and weighed fifty-eight pounds.

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MAY.]

(With a Portrait.)

THE biography of an individual who has rendered himself conspicuous in any department of life, is always interesting; and when talents of a superior order have been employed in the cause of humanity and virtue, the history of their application becomes instructive, by inciting to imitation. The records of fame will indeed be rendered more or less extensive, in proportion to the dimensions of the circles in which such characters move, but genuine worth is not to be estimated by circumstances that are purely adventitious.

The leaders of fleets and armies awaken public attention by the reports of the cannon they discharge; the divine gains the plaudits of his congregation by the eloquence of his discourses; and the public prints are ever ready to emblazon the mental energies which display their lustre in the senate and at the bar. But it is not to exalted station that the friends of humanity are confined. To many who fill more local spheres, private suffering is indebted for its alleviation, and he who wipes the tear of sorrow from the eye of distress, is a greater friend to his species than those whose names are inscribed on the pedestals of immortality in characters written with blood.

Among the miseries that afflict our common nature, though bodily pain may be severe, mental anguish is still more acute; and hence

"Could human courts take vengeance on the mind,

Axes might rust, and racks and gibbets fall." The unhappy maniac, terrified with the phantoms of his own imagination, endures the agonies of wo in all their accumulations of dreadful reality; and he that can administer relief, or even mitigate his pangs, deserves to be 89.-VOL. VIII.

It is melancholy to reflect, that in such cases of deep affliction, interest should wish to perpetuate agonies that humanity would relieve. But this we fear is too frequently the case. The death or the insanity of one individual transfers his property to another, who, from pecuniary motives, privately aims to prevent a cure which he publicly professes to effect. Of this dishonourable and detestable feature in the human character, the following memoir will furnish many deplorable instances. The facts are derived from personal observation; and to the interested baseness of the human heart, some of our lunatic asylums are indebted for no small proportion of their permanent inmates. But these reflections must now give place to narrative.

Mr. THOMAS BAKEWELL was born at Kingstone, a village near Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, June the 1st, 1761. A considerable part of his infancy was spent in the moorlands of the same county, at the house of Mr. Chadwick, of Grindon, who was his grandfather by the mother's side, and who kept a private asylum for the insane. The only school education he received was under Mr. Richards, of Ashbourn, Derbyshire, to which place his grandfather had removed his establishment. But as Mr. Bakewell conceives that such portions of his life as do not relate to the disease of insanity, are in themselves unimportant, and unworthy the notice of the public, we shall confine our observations to these branches, and take the liberty of quoting the introduction to his lecture on the nature, causes, and cure of mental diseases, as delivered by him some years since at Liverpool. We shall resort to this expedient without reluctance, as it contains a narrative of the causes which led him to study the nature of this most dreadful of all human maladies, together with his

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