Creatures of Empire: How Domestic Animals Transformed Early AmericaOxford University Press, 2006 - 322 עמודים When we think of the key figures of early American history, we think of explorers, or pilgrims, or Native Americans--not cattle, or goats, or swine. But as Virginia DeJohn Anderson reveals in this brilliantly original account of colonists in New England and the Chesapeake region, livestock played a vitally important role in the settling of the New World. Livestock, Anderson writes, were a central factor in the cultural clash between colonists and Indians as well as a driving force in the expansion west. By bringing livestock across the Atlantic, colonists believed that they provided the means to realize America's potential. It was thought that if the Native Americans learned to keep livestock as well, they would be that much closer to assimilating the colonists' culture, especially their Christian faith. But colonists failed to anticipate the problems that would arise as Indians began encountering free-ranging livestock at almost every turn, often trespassing in their cornfields. Moreover, when growing populations and an expansive style of husbandry required far more space than they had expected, colonists could see no alternative but to appropriate Indian land. This created tensions that reached the boiling point with King Philip's War and Bacon's Rebellion. And it established a pattern that would repeat time and again over the next two centuries. A stunning account that presents our history in a truly new light, Creatures of Empire restores a vital element of our past, illuminating one of the great forces of colonization and the expansion westward. |
תוכן
Chickwallop and the Strange Beast Indians and Animals in Early America | 15 |
The Deer with the Red Collar English Ideas about Animals | 43 |
Settling with Animals | 73 |
The Company of Cattle Domestication and Colonization | 75 |
The Wild Gangs of the Chesapeake Livestock Husbandry in the South | 107 |
A World of Pastures and Pounds | 141 |
Contending with Animals | 173 |
Forgiving Trespasses Living with Livestock in Early America | 175 |
A Prophecy Fulfilled From Cooperation to the Displacement of Indians | 209 |
Full Circle | 243 |
Notes | 247 |
311 | |
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Accomack Accomack County Algonquian American Arch Barbour Bay Recs beasts behavior Boston Cambridge cattle Chapel Hill Chesapeake Christian civility colonists Connecticut corn County cows creatures Cronon Culture deer dogs domestic animals dominion eastern England's Prospect English English animals English settlers European farmers farms fences feral Francis Higginson free-range goats grazing herds History of Agriculture hogs horses human hunters hunting Indians and colonists James John Josselyn John Smith John Winthrop killed King Philip's King Philip's War labor land Lindholdt livestock livestock husbandry living London magistrates manitou Maryland Mascal Massachusetts meat Metacom Miantonomi Narragansetts native Natural World neighbors New-Englands owners pastures Pequot Pequot War pigs plantations planters Plym Plymouth Plymouth Plantation Powhatan Records Rhode Island Robert Cole's World Rountree sachem seventeenth century sheep Society southern New England spiritual Statutes swine Thomas Minor tobacco town trespass villages vols Wampanoags wild livestock William Strachey William Wood Winthrop Papers wolves York