of education, and the welfare of the young, vitally depend. Without discipline, there can be formed no valuable habit. Without it, when young persons are congregated together, far away from the restraints of domestic society, exposed to the allurements of ever-present temptation, and excited by the stimulus of youthful passion, every vicious habit must be cultivated. The young man may applaud the negligent and pusillanimous instructer; but, when that man, no longer young, suffers the result of that neglect and pusillanimity, it is well, if a better spirit have taught him to mention the name of that instructer without bitter execration.

In colleges and halls in ancient days,
There dwelt a sage called discipline.

His eye was meek and gentle, and a smile
Played on his lips; and in his speech was heard
Paternal sweetness, dignity, and love.
The occupation dearest to his heart

Was to encourage goodness. Learning grew
Beneath his care a thriving vigorous plant.
The mind was well informed; the passions held
Subordinate, and diligence was choice.
If e'er it chanced, as sometimes chance it must,
That one among so many, overleaped
The limits of control, his gentle eye
Grew stern, and darted a severe rebuke.
His frown was full of terror, and his voice
Shook the delinquent with such fits of awe,
As left him not, till penitence had won
Lost favor back again, and closed the breach.
But discipline at length,

O'erlooked and unemployed, grew sick and died.
Then study languished, emulation slept,

And virtue fled. The schools became a scene

Of solemn farce, where ignorance in stilts,

His cap well lined with logic not his own,
With parrot tongue, performed the scholar's part,
Proceeding soon a graduated dunce.

What was learned,

If aught was learned in childhood, is forgot;
And such expense as pinches parents blue,

And mortifies the liberal hand of love,
Is squandered in pursuit of idle sports
And vicious pleasures.—Tasă.

CLASS III.

DUTIES OF MAN AS A MEMBER OF CIVIL SOCIETY.

To this class belong the duties of magistrates and citizens. As these, however, would be but imperfectly understood, without a knowledge of the nature of civil society, and of the relations subsisting between society and the individual, it will be necessary to consider these latter before entering upon the former. I shall, therefore, attempt to explain; first, The Nature and Limitations of civil society; secondly, Government, or the manner in which the obligations of society are discharged; thirdly, the Duties of Magistrates; fourthly, the Duties of Citizens.

CHAPTER I.

OF CIVIL SOCIETY.

As civil society is a somewhat complicated conception, it may be useful, in the first place, to consider the nature of a society in its simplest form. This chapter will, therefore, be divided into two sections. The first treats of the constitution of a simple society; the second of the constitution of civil society.

SECTION I.

OF A SIMPLE SOCIETY.

1. A society of any sort, originates in a peculiar form of contract, entered into between each several individual, forming the society on the one part, and all the other members of the society on the other part. Each party promises to do certain things to or for the other; and puts itself under moral obligation to do so. Hence, we see that conscience, or the power of recognising moral obligation, is, in the very nature of things, essential to the existence of a society. Without it, a society could not be formed.

2. This contract, like any other, respects those things, and those things only, in which the parties have thus bound

themselves to each other. As the individual is under no obligation to belong to the society, but the obligation is purely voluntary, he is bound in no other manner, and for no other purpose, than those in and for which he has bound himself. In all other respects, he is as free as he was before.

3. Inasmuch as the formation of a society involves the idea of a moral obligation, each party is under moral obligation to fulfil its part of the contract. The society is bound to do what it has promised to every individual, and every individual is bound to do what he has promised to the society. If either party cease to do this, the compact, like any other mutual contract, is dissolved.

4. Inasmuch as every individual is, in all respects, excepting those in which he has bound himself, as free as he was before, the society has no right to impose upon the individual any other obligation than those under which he has placed himself. For, as he has come under no such obligation to them, they have no more control over him than any other men. And, as their whole power is limited to that which has been conferred upon them by individuals, beyond this limit. they are no society; they have no power; their act is really out of the society; and is, of course, binding upon no member of the society, any more than upon any other man.

5. As every member of the society enters it upon the same terms; that is, as every one comes under the same obligations to the society, and the society comes under the same obligations to him, they are, by consequence, so far as the society is concerned, all equals or fellows. All have equal rights, and are all subject to the same obligations.

6. That which defines the obligations under which the individual and the society have come, in respect to each other, is called the constitution of the society. It is intended to express the object of the association, and the manner in