the Pelagian and other controversies of this century. Vincentius of Lerins has transmitted his name to posterity by a short but elegant tract against the sects which he entitled Commonitorium. I designedly pass over Sidonius Apollinaris, a tumid writer, though not destitute of eloquence, Vigilius

3

1 Concerning Eucherius, the Benedictine monks treat largely in their Hist. Littér, de la France, tome ii. p. 275. [He was of an honourable family in Gaul, fond of monkery in his youth, and resided some time in a monastery in the island Lerins. But he afterwards married and had two sons, Salonius and Veranius, who became bishops. He was bishop of Lyons from A.D. 434 to A.D. 454. His most admired work is his epistle to Valerianus, On Contempt of the World and Secular Philosophy. Besides this he wrote in praise of monkery, instructions for his sons, and a few homilies. Several works are falsely ascribed to him. The whole were published, Basil, 1531, and Rome, 1564, 4to, and in the Biblioth. Patr. tom. vi.-Mur. [See also Smith's Dict. of Greek and Rom. Biog. vol. ii. p. 62.—R.

See the Hist. Littér, de la France, tome ii. p. 179. The works of Paulinus were published by Le Brun, Paris, 1685, two vols. 4to. [See note 2, p. 140, on the preceding century, where he is particularly described. Mur. [and Smith, ubi supra, vol. iii. p. 144.-R. 3 See Agnelli, Liber Pontificalis Eccles. Ravennat. tom. i. p. 321, ed. Bachinii. [Peter Chrysologus was an Italian of a noble family. He was born at Imola, and educated under the bishop of that see. In the year 433 he was made bishop of Ravenna, where he died about A.D. 450. He has left us one hundred and fortyseven short homilies or sermons, and one epistle addressed to Eutyches the heretic in the year 449. His works have been often published; the latest edition is, perhaps, that of Venice, 1742, fol.-Mur. [A still later edition is that by Sebast. Paul, published also at Venice in 1750, fol.-R.

4 See Hist. Littér, de la France, tome ii. p. 517. [The authors of the history here referred to give a different account of Salvian's character. They acknowledge that his declamation against the vices of the age, in his Treatise against Avarice and his Discourse concerning Providence, are warm and vehement; but they represent him notwithstanding as one of the most humane and benevolent men of his time.-Macl. [Salvian was a native of Gaul, probably of Cologne, lived long at Treves, and married a pagan lady, who however became a Christian after marriage, and had one child, a daughter. At length he removed to the south of France and became a presbyter of Marseilles, where he lived to a great age. He flourished as early as 440, but was alive, though an old man, in the year 495. See Gennadius (who was a contemporary presbyter of Marseilles), De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis, cap. 67. The works of Salvian now extant are, 1. On the Providence and Government of God and his Righteous Temporal Jude ments. 2. Nine epistles. 3. Against Avarice, especially in Clergymen and Bishops. His style is barbarous, yet vivid and energetic. His conceptions are clear, his reasoning pungent, and his sentiments for the most part correct. Yet his descriptions are coarse and often too highly coloured, and his positions sometimes untenable. The works of Salvian have been often published. The best edition is that of Baluze, Paris, 1669, 8vo.- Mur. [Perhaps a still better is the collection of his works in Gallandius, Biblio. Patrum. v. x. They have been translated into French, Paris, 1735, 12mo, and his well-known treatise on God's Government into English, by R. T. Lond. 1700, 8vo. See also Lardner's Credibility, &c. vol. v. p. 64.-R.

5 For a good account of Prosper, see the Hist. Littér. de la France, tome ii. p. 369. [Tiro Prosper, a layman but a learned theologian of Aquitain in Gaul, flourished A.D. 444. He was a great admirer and an able defender of the doctrines of Augustine respecting original sin,

predestination and free grace. In the year 426 he ad

the incipient progress of Pelagian errors in Gaul, and Isoliciting him to write against them. In 431 he visited Italy to procure the aid of the Roman pontiff against these errors, and returned strengthened by a doctrinal letter addressed to the bishops of Gaul. In 433 he wrote his strictures on the thirteenth Collatio of Cassian, which is an able performance. In 443 Leo L. called him to Rome and made him his private secretary, and employed him in the Pelagian contests of Italy. He was alive in 455, but the time of his death is unknown. He was a man of strong reasoning powers, soundly orthodox, and a good model in controversial writing. Most of his works are in defence of the doctrines of original sin, predestination, and free grace; and especially his two books (if indeed they are his) De l'oratione Gentium (on the offer of salvation to all men), will be read with interest by the modern theologian. He also composed a Chronicon, continuing that of Eusebius down to A.D. 455, a commentary on the last fifty Psalms, several letters, and some poems. His works were published, Paris, 1711, fol. and by Salina, Rome, 1732, 8vo. Mur.

6 Marius Mercator was probably an African, yet may have lived some time in Italy. He was undoubtedly a layman, a friend and admirer of Augustine, and an active defender of his doctrines from A.D. 418 to the year 451. His works are almost wholly translations from the Greek fathers, particularly Nestorius, Theodorus of Mopsuestia, Cyril of Alexandria, Proclus, Theodoret, &c. accompanied with prefaces and notes or strictures by the translator. They are all designed to confute either the Nestorian or the Pelagian errors, and were edited, with copious notes, by Garnier, Paris, 1673, fol. and still better by Baluze, Paris, 1684, 8vo.-Mur.

7 A good account of Vincentius of Lerins is found in the Hist. Littér, de la France, tome ii. p. 305. [He was born of a noble family at Toul in the French Netherlands, became a soldier, and afterwards a monk at Lerins, where he was made a presbyter. He flourished A.D. 434 and died before the year 450. He was probably a semi-Pelagian, as may be inferred from his Objections against the writings and doctrines of Augustine, which (though lost) are confuted by Prosper of Aquitain. His only surviving work is his Commonitorium adversus Hæreticos. This he re-wrote but lost the copy, and therefore added notes to the first draft. It is an attempt to confute all heresies at once, by showing what are the marks of the true church as distinguished from all errorists. It has been often published, e.g. by Baluze, subjoined to Salvian's works, Paris, 1669, 8vo, and Cambridge, 1687, 12mo.-Mur. [Also by Jo. Salinas, with the works of Hilary, Rome, 1701, 8vo, the best edition. The Commonitorium is a favourite book with the Romanists, being one of their most plausible defences of tradition as the rule of faith. It was translated into French, Paris, 1686, 12mo; into German. by Feder, Bamberg, 1785, 8vo; and into English, London, 1651; by Reeves, in his Primitive Apologies, Lond. 1709, vol. ii. and anonymously, along with a reprint of the Latin text, at Oxford, 1836, 12mo, being one of the significant indications of the rise of Puseyism.-R.

8 C. Sollius Apollinaris Sidonius was born of a noble family at Lyons in France, A.D. 431. His father ana grandfather both bore the name of Apollinaris, and both were prætorian prefects of the Gallias. After an expensive education he became a soldier, married the daughter of Avitus who was afterwards emperor, had

of Tapsus, Arnobius junior, who commented on the Psalms of David, Dracontius,3 and others, who were of a secondary rank.

three children, was captured at the siege of Lyons, A.D. 457, yet was advanced to honour by the new emperor Majorianus whom he eulogized in 458, had a statue erected to him, and was advanced to the dignity of count. In the year 467 he went to Rome as legate from the city of Clermont, pronounced a eulogy on the emperor Anthemius, was made prefect of Rome, and performed his duties so faithfully that he had another statue decreed him, was made a patrician and a senator of Rome. In the year 472 he was almost compelled to accept the office of bishop of Clermont in France. He now laid aside all his civil honours, gave up his property to his son, and devoted himself to sacred studies and to his episcopal functions. His influence among the clergy and the churches was very great. When the Goths attacked Clermont he put himself at the head of the citizens as their military commander, and when the city was captured in 430 he retired in safety, was restored to his see, and died in the year 482. He has left numerous epistles published, with one sermon, and twenty-four poetic effusions interspersed. Several of his works in prose and verse are lost. His works were published by Sirmond, Paris, 1614, 8vo, and with additional notes, Paris, 1652, 8vo. His epistles are useful, as throwing light on the history of his times.-Mur.

1 Vigilius, bishop of Tapsus in Africa, flourished A.D. 484, at which time he was summoned to appear at Carthage before Hunneric, the Arian king of the Vandals, and give account of his faith. He boldly professed orthodoxy, but the persecution which followed obliged him to quit Africa, and he retired to Constantinople, and after some years removed to Italy, where he composed several, perhaps the greater part of his works. To conceal himself from his persecuting enemies he composed much under borrowed names, and especially that of Athanasius. During the middle ages he was confounded with Vigilius of Trent, who flourished at the beginning of this century. His works are all directed against the Arians and the Nestorian heresy. He is supposed to be the author of that confession of faith which is commonly called the Athanasian Creed. His works were first published as his by Chifflet, Dijon, 1664, 4to-Mur.

An account of Arnobius junior is given in the list. Littér, de la France, tome ii. p. 342. [He is called junior, to distinguish him from the African Arnobius, who lived at the beginning of the preceding century. This Arnobius junior is supposed to have lived in Gaul. He flourished about A.D. 461, and wrote a Commentary on the Psalms, notes on some passages in the Gospels, and a Dispute with Serapion of Egypt respecting the Trinity, the person of Christ, and the consis. teney of grace with free will. He was a semi-Pelagian. His works are in the Biblioth. Patr. tom. viii. p. 203, &c.-Mur.

3 Dracontius was a presbyter and a poet, probably of Spain, who flourished A.D. 440, and was alive in 450. He has left us a heroic poem on the Creation or the Hexaémeron, and an elegy on Theodosius II. both published by Sirmond, Paris, 1619, 8vo, and in the Biblioth. Patr. tom. ix. pages 724, 729.- Mur.

4 Catalogue of Latin writers omitted by Mosheim, extracted from Cave's Historia Literaria.

Chromatius, bishop of Aquileia, a friend of Rufinus and a defender of Chrysostom, flourished A.D. 401 and died 410. He has left us some Homilies on the Beatitudes, and a few Epistles.

Innocent I. bishop of Rome A.D. 402-417, a firm friend of Chrysostom and strenuous against the Nestorians and Pelagians. Of thirty-four Epistles published as his the genuineness of nearly all is questioned.

Zosimus, of Greek extract, bishop of Rome a D. 417 -418. famous for his attempt to subject the African churches to his see. He has left us thirteen Epistles. Boniface, bishop of Rome A.D. 418-423, prosecuted the attempt of Zosimus. We have three of his Epistles. Severus, bishop of Minorca, flourished A.D. 418. His Epistle, describing the conversion of the Jews of Minorea, was published by Baronius, Annales, ad ann. 418. Jalian, an Italian bishop, born before A.D. 386, and iled about the year 440 or 450. He studied under Pe

lagius, became a deacon, lector, husband, and bishop of

a small town among the Hirpini. In the year 417 he came out an open defender of Pelagianism, in 420 he was condemned, went to Constantinople, and thence to Cilicia, where he lived long with Theodorus of Mopsuestia, and devoted himself to writing in defence of his sentiments. In 423 he was condemned by a synod of Cilician bishops, returned to Italy in 424, hoping to recover his see; failed and went again to Constantinople to beg the interference of the emperor, but here Mercator's Commonitorium to Theodosius II. met him and blasted his prospects. Being driven from Constantinople and condemned in a council at Rome A.D. 431, he pretended to renounce his errors, and applied to the Roman pontiff in 439 to restore him to his see, but in vain. He was a man of superior talents, well acquainted with the scriptures, and so eloquent that he was styled the Roman Demosthenes. He was also famed for his piety and benevolence to the poor; but he was accused of dissembling his sentiments, and of using bitter language towards his adversaries. Large extracts are preserved from his Epistles, his Commentary on the Canticles, and his twelve books against the first and second books of Augustine on marriage.

Priscus Fastidius, a British bishop, flourished A.D. 420. He has left us a Tract on Christian life and widowhood addressed to a pious widow, extant among the Works of Augustine, tom. ix.

Evodius, bishop of Uzala in Africa, an intimate friend of Augustine, flourished A.D. 420. Four of his Epistles to Augustine and one book De Fide Contra Manichæos are extant among the Works of Augustine.

Isidorus, bishop of Cordova in Spain, flourished A.D. 420 and died A.D. 430. He was probably the author of four books of Allegories or Commentaries on all the books of Kings, extant among the Works of Isidorus Hispalensis.

Cælestine, bishop of Rome A.D. 423-432, and active in the Nestorian contests. He has left us fourteen Epistles.

Lupus, bishop of Troyes in France, flourished A.D. 427. He was sent by the Gallic bishops to Britain in 429 to root out Pelagianism, was successful, and returned in 430, and died A.D. 479. He has been pronounced one of the greatest men of his age. Two of his epistles are extant.

Pisidius or Possidonius, bishop of Calama near Hippo in Africa, flourished A.D. 430. He was an intimate friend of Augustine, and wrote his life and a catalogue of his works, still extant among the works of Augustine.

Hilary, bishop of Arles, born A.D. 401, became a monk of Lerins, and was made bishop in 430 and died in 449. As metropolitan of Arles, he deposed Celidonius bishop of Vienne, who appealed to Rome and was supported by Leo I. which involved Hilary in war with Leo all their lives. He wrote the life of St. Honoratus his predecessor, heroic poems on Genesis, one epistle to Eucherius of Lyons, two others to Augustine, and an account of the miracles of St. Genesius, all which were published by the Benedictines, Paris, 1693, folio, and by Salina, Rome, 1701, 8vo.

Capreolus, bishop of Carthage, flourished A.D. 431. His epistle to the council of Ephesus and another to the Spanish bishop against Nestorius, are extant in Baronius and in other collections.

Patricius (St. Patrick, the apostle of Ireland). See Note 3, p. 175.

Sixtus III. bishop of Rome A.D. 432-440, has left us several epistles. The three books on riches, chastity, false teachers, &c. are erroneously ascribed to him.

Adrian, who lived perhaps about A.D. 450, wrote an Isagoge in S. Scripturam, which is extant in Poole's Synopsis Critic. Sacr. tom. vi. p. 11.

Maximus, a Gallic monk, abbot of Lerins in 426 and bishop of Riez in France A.D. 433, lived till 451 or longer, and wrote several homilies, which are extant among those of Eusebius of Emesa and Eucherius of Lyons.

Claudius Marius Victor or Victorinus, a rhetorician and poet of Marseilles, flourished A.D. 434, and died before A.D. 450. He wrote a Poetic Commentary on Genesis to the death of Abraham, a poetic Epistle to the abbot Solomon on the corrupt morals of the age, both extant, Paris, 1560, 8vo, and in the Biblioth. Patr. tom. viii. p. 580.

Cælius Sedulius, a Scotchman and poet, who flourished A.D. 434. He studied in Italy, became a presby

CHAPTER III.

HISTORY OF THEOLOGY.

1. In the controversies which in this century agitated nearly all Christendom, many points of theology were more fully explained and more accurately defined than they had been before. Thus it was with the doctrine concerning Christ, his person and natures; and those concerning the innate depravity of the human soul, the natural ability of men to live and act as the law of God requires, the necessity of divine ter, and perhaps a bishop. His works were collected by Asterius towards the close of this century, comprising Carmen Paschale (on the miracles of Christ) Veteris et Novi Test. Collatio, an elegiac poem, Peun Alphabeticus de Christo, in Iambic measure (on the life of Christ), and Paschale Opus in prose, An Exposition of all the Epistles of Paul is falsely ascribed to him. The works of Sedulius have been published repeatedly, and are to be found in the Biblioth. Patr. tom. vi.[The best edition is in the fourth volume of the Poeta Christiana of F. Arevalus, Rome, 1788-94, in four vols. 4to. This collection includes the works of Prudentius, Dracontius, Juvencus, and Sedulius. The Paschale Opus in prose is merely another version by the author himself of his poem entitled Carmen Paschale.-R.

Valerianus, a bishop in the maritime Alps, flourished A.D. 439, and was alive in 455. His twenty homilies and an epistle were published by Sirmond, Paris, 1612, 8vo, also in the Biblio. Patrumatom. viii.

Eustathius flourished A.D. 440, the neat Latin translator of St. Basil's nine homilies on the Hexaëmeron, extant among the works of Basil the Great.

Philippus, a presbyter and disciple of Jerome, flourished A.D. 440, and died A.D. 455. He wrote a Commentary on Job, published, Basil, 1527, 4to and fol. It has been ascribed both to Bede and to Jerome.

Idatius or Hydatius, a Spanish bishop who flourished A.D. 445, and died A.D. 468. He wrote a Chronicon from A.D. 379 to A.D. 428, and afterwards continued it to A.D. 467, first published entire by Sirmond, Paris, 1619, 8vo, and since in the works of Sirmond, Paris, 1696, and Venice, 1729. It is barbarous in style and frequently inaccurate as to facts, yet affords valuable aid in tracing the movements of the Goths and Suevi. Zacheus, the reputed author of three books of discussion between Zachæus a Christian and Apollonius a pagan, in regard to Christianity. The book was probably written about A.D. 450, and is published in D'Achery's Spicilegium, tom. x.

Salonius, son of Eucherius, bishop of Lyons, and himself a Gallic bishop, flourished A.D. 453. He wrote an Exposition of the Parables of Solomon, and a Mystical Paraphrase on Ecclesiastes, both extant in the Orthodoxographia, and in Biblio. Patrum, tom. viii.

Victorius or Victorinus, a Gallic mathematician, flourished A.D. 457, author of a Paschal Canon in two parts; the first part exhibits the principles and the method of calculating Easter, the second is a table of Easter days from A.D. 28 to A.D. 457. This Canon was recommended by the council of Orleans, A.D. 451, and was first published by Bucherius, Antw. 1634, fol.

Hilary, bishop of Rome, A.D. 461-467. He was the bishop of Rome's legate to the council of Ephesus in 449. Twelve of his Epistles are extant.

Paulinus Petricordius or Vesuntius (i. e. of Besançon), a Gallic poet, who flourished A.D. 461, and is often confounded with Paulinus of Nola. He wrote De l'ita Sti Martini, an uninteresting poem, extant in the Biblio. Patrum, tom. vi. and published by Daunius, with notes, Lips. 1686, 8vo.

Claudius Mamertus, a Gallic poet, a presbyter, and assistant to the bishop of Vienne, flourished A.D. 462. He wrote De Statu Animi, two Epistles, a Poem against various errors, and a Hymn on the Crucifizion, all extant In the Didoto. Patrum, tom. vii.

simpialus, bishop of Rome. A.D. 467-483

He was

grace in order to salvation, human liberty, and the like. For that devout and venerable simplicity of the first ages of the church, which taught men to believe when God speaks and to obey when God commands, appeared to the leading doctors of this age to be clownish and vulgar. Many of those however who attempted to explain and illustrate these doctrines, opened the way rather for disputation than for a rational faith and a holy life; for they did not so much explain as involve in greater obscurity and darken with ambiguous terms and incomprehensible distinctions the deep mys

much engaged in contests with the eastern patriarchs, and has left us nineteen Epistles, extant in the Concilia, tom. iv.

Ruricius senior, bishop of Limoges in France, flourished A.D. 470, but was alive in 536. He has left us two books of Epistles, published by Canisius, Antiq. Lectiones, tom. v. (or tom. i. of new ed.) and in the Biblio. Patrum, tom. viii.

Remigius, bishop of Rheims, A.D. 471-533. He baptized Clovis, king of the Franks, with many of his lords, was a man of note, and has left us five Epistles, together with his Will. The Exposition of Paul's Epistles attributed to him is not his.

Faustus, abbot of Lerins and then bishop of Riez in France, A.D. 472-480 or 485, a semi-Pelagian. His works are, De Gratia Dei et Libero Arbitrio, with several Sermons, Epistles, and Tracts, collected in Biblio. Patrum, tom. viii.

Felix, bishop of Rome, A.D. 483-492; was much in. controversy with the eastern patriarchs. Fifteen of his Epistles are extant.

Victor Vitensis, an orthodox African bishop who fled to Constantinople A.D. 487. and there composed & History of the Persecutions in Africa under Genseric and Hunneric, kings of the Vandals. It was published with Optatus Milevitanus, Paris, 1659, 8vo, with Vigilius Tapsensis, Dijon, 1664, 4to, and in the Biblio. Patrum, tom. viii.

Alcimus Ecdicius Avitus, bishop of Clermont, A.D. 490-523. He has left us five poetic books On the Creation and Fall of Man, the Flood, and the Passage of the Red Sea, a poem in praise of Virginity, eightyseven epistles, and some sermons, published by Sirmond, Paris, 1463, and in the Biblio. Patrum, tom. ix. [See an account of his life and writings in Smith's Greek and Rom. Biog. vol. i. p. 434.-R.

Gelasius, bishop of Rome, A.D. 492-496. Sixteen of his epistles and fragments of various other works are extant. The famous decree of a Roman council, A.D. 494, De Libris Canonicis, Ecclesiasticis, et Apocryphis, ascribed to Gelasius, is of dubious authenticity.

Gennadius, a presbyter of Marseilles, flourished A.D. 495, and wrote De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis, or a catalogue of authors continuing Jerome's catalogue from the year 393 to A.D. 495. His book De Fide and his Life of Jerome are also extant. But his works against all the heresies, against Nestorius, and against Pelagius, his tract on the Millenium, and his translations from the Greek fathers, are lost.

Rusticus Elpidius, physician to Theodoric, king of the Goths, flourished about A.D. 498, and has left twenty-four epigrams on Scriptural facts, and a poëm on the Benefits of Christ.

Julianus Pomerius of Mauritania, a teacher of rhetoric at Arles and a presbyter there, flourished A.D. 498. His work De Anima, and several smaller ones, are lost But his treatise De Vita Contemplativa, is extant among the works of Prosper, to whom it has been wrongly ascribed.

Symmachus, bishop of Rome, A.D. 498-514, famous for his excommunication of the emperor Anastasius, has left us twelve epistles.-Mur. [To this list should be added the names of Nicetas or Nicæas of Romacia, mentioned below at page 192, and Nicetas, bishop of Aquileia, several tracts by whom have been recently published by Cardinal Mai, in his Script. Vet. nova Collectio, vol. vii part i. pages 314-340.-R.