of a yard or more horizontally from the stem." The precise spot of these water-bearing tubers, which grow about a yard beneath the surface, is discovered by striking on the ground with a stone, the sound emitted indicating the precise locality. Diverging further east from his former course, to avoid the Tsetse, he found grape vines in full fruit, the sight of which was so unexpected, that he stood gazing at them for some time as in a dream. The flavour, however, was greatly deteriorated through the astringency of the seeds.

Neither can we stop to contemplate the lovely prospect presented by the country as they approached the banks of the Chobe; suffice it the refore to say, that after various contretemps, having also had to cross various watercourses, swollen by the rainy season into rivers, and to splash through several miles of water ankle deep, and grass knee high, bearing a pontoon with them, they reach the Chobe; but find it bordered, first by tall reeds, next by a kind of serrated grass so sharp as to cut through his habiliments, though of leather; and lastly, by large papyrus, like miniature palm trees, twelve feet high and an inch and a half in diameter, and so interlaced with a species of convolvulus as to render it apparently impossible for them to make their way into the river: they however discovered an opening made by a hippopotamus through which they entered the clear stream. At length they reached the Makololo, to the delight of both parties, and the astonishment of the latter that the Doctor should have been able to penetrate what they deemed the impenetrable barrier that defended the Chobe. Their exclamation was, "that he had dropped among them from the clouds, and yet had come riding on the back of a hippopotamus;" adding-" We Makololo thought no one could pass the Chobe without our knowledge, and yet here he drops among us like a bird."

During the absence of the Doctor, Mamochisane, having become tired of government, had abdicated in favour of Sekeletu, her brother, a young man of about eighteen. The whole of this affair is so characteristic, and moreover calculated, in our opinion, to put to the blush the ambitious intriguers and intrigants of nations claiming greater civilization, that a brief account is subjoined:-Although Mamochisane had been duly installed by her father, soon after he was dead she declared she would not govern the Makololo so long as she had a brother living. Sekeletu, on the other hand, urged her to retain her position, and allow him to lead the Makololo forth when they went to war. After, however, three days' public discussion of the subject, Mamochisane stood up in the assembly, and addressing her brother, with a womanly gush of tears said "I have been a chief only because my father

you, Sekeletu, must be chief, and build up your

A relative of Sebituane, Mpepe, had however an eye to the chieftainship, and had brought a party of Mambari slave dealers to assist him; the opportune approach of Dr. Livingstone, however, disconcerted their projects, and one of the conspirators having confessed the plans formed to murder Sekeletu, Mpepe met with the fate his treason merited.

“The usual course these slave traders adopt is (according to Dr. L.) to take a part in the political affairs of each tribe, and siding with the strongest, get well paid by captures made from the weaker party." Mpepe thought to raise himself, by means of their fire-arms, to be the head of the Makololo; but when the Mambari were certified of Livingstone's approach, they betook themselves to precipitate flight.

Anxious to find a healthy locality for a mission station, or open s channel of communication direct with the coast, Dr. Livingstone set out on a journey of exploration. Departing therefore on foot from Linyante to Sesheke, the nearest point of the Leeambye (as the Zambesi is there called), accompanied by Sekeletu and about a hundred and sixty of his followers, where, having procured canoes, they ascended the river, exploring its banks as they proceeded without finding a healthy situation, they returned to Linyante to prepare for his departure to the coast. In the previous journey he found, coincident with more religious feeling, woman held in greater esteem. The belief in a future state is also more vivid among these tribes, the Barotse, as was evidenced by the relics preserved of their relatives. Another instance he mentions is even more interesting, as it seems to evidence some faint traditional remains of correspondence. Asking the chief boatman if a large halo about 20° in diameter which appeared about the sun betokened rain, his reply was,-"O no; it is the Barimo (gods, or departed spirits) who have called a picho (public assembly); don't you see they have the Lord (sun) in the centre ?"

Failing in his search for a suitable locality as a centre for missionary operations, he determined on his journey to the coast. It would have been both nearer and more direct to have gone to St. Philip's de St. Benguela; but as this would have led along the path taken by the slave dealers, he preferred finding another route; and, hearing that many English lived at St. Paul's de Loando, he determined on going thither. A picho was consequently held, when notwithstanding the croaking of one of the old diviners, for it seems croakers are not confined to civilized society, the public voice was in favour of the expedition, and a band of twenty-seven men were appointed to accompany him.

The condition in which Dr. Livingstone found himself was not very favourable for his undertaking. Reduced by fever, he suffered from considerable weakness, and a strange giddiness seized him when he looked suddenly up at any celestial object, which, unless he caught hold of something, caused him to fall heavily on the ground. However he notwithstanding set forward on his journey, and passing the Barotse, a branch of what is styled the Makalaka family, proceeded to the Balonda tribes. It happened that a party of the Makololo had, a short time previous, unknown to Sekeletu, made a foray into these districts, which naturally led to suspicions relative to the Doctor's intentions. What captives had been taken, however, he had brought with him for the purpose of restoring them, and this, with his general openness of character, reassured them.

The mode of doing business here is of a very leisurely nature. When the Mambari traders visit them their first step is to build themselves huts, little business being done without a liberal allowance of time for a palaver. These bring Manchester goods into the heart of Africa, the cotton prints looking so wonderful that the Africans can hardly believe them to be made with mortal hands, and our cotton mills appear like fairy dreams" How (they ask) can the irons spin and weave and print so beautifully?"

As he proceeded, he found a stronger element of religious veneration, though it mainly consisted in superstitious rites to the dead. Here, too, he first met with evidences of idolatry, in a clay idol, intended to represent a lion, but far more resembling a crocodile; the religion of the more southern tribes, if it have any form, being fetishism. Another feature by which the Balonda are distinguished, is their love for their mother, whom they never forsake. However, he found great kindness among them in supplying his wants. And we may here remark that the doctor confesses to great difficulty in making plain to these people the doctrine of the vicarious sacrifice; and as those with whom he was most acquainted attributed the greater advantages of the English solely to the love Jesus bare them, it appears that the doctrines of the New Church might be made more apprehensible to them than the popular dogmas which missionaries in general strive to engraft on their minds. Most of these tribes and their chiefs appeared desirous of aiding him in his object, especially one named Shinte, who had several conferences with him, public and private. Near the banks of the Leeba, one of the tributaries of the Leeambye, they passed some more of these kindhearted people, who brought them large quantities of food; in short, all those tribes, uncontaminated by intercourse with slave dealers and

contact with slave dealing, were most civil, and somewhat timid. Our space, however, will neither admit of particularising the acts of kindness he experienced from these, nor of the difficulties that thickened around him as he approached the borders of civilisation. Several attempts were made to pick a quarrel: in one instance they were threatened with an attack; in another, one of Dr. Livingstone's men, happening by accident to spit on one of the natives, an assault was threatened, the object being to make a part or the whole of Dr. Livingstone's party slaves. The doctor, however, extricated himself from these difficulties with wonderful coolness and presence of mind; which appears the more astonishing as he was so wasted by fever that, when travelling, he could not remain on the back of his ox more than ten minutes at a time, and can only be explained by the firm reliance he must have had on the Divine Providence. Arrived at Loanda, his difficulties were ended, and a most cordial welcome awaited him, not only from Mr. Gabriel, the British commissioner for the suppression of the slave trade, but even from the Roman Catholic bishop of the district, so true it is, as affirmed by Dr. Livingstone, that all sectarian rancour dies out when working for the real good of the heathen. The good bishop of Loando, though a catholic, took great interest in our enterprising countryman; whilst the doctor, on his part, testifies, that as a missionary he feels himself neither presbyterian nor baptist, but simply a Christian-so far does the power of charity exceed that of faith in uniting the church.

Brief and bare as the notice of the subject has been, we must neces sarily reserve the completion of it for another paper.

REVIEWS.

HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION IN ENGLAND. By Henry Thomas Buckle. Vol. I. Second Edition. London: Parker and Son. (pp. 854.)

Of late years one of the chief manifestations of the sceptical spirit in Philosophy has been that initiated by M. Comte, and called by him the "Philosophie Positif." Rejecting whatever is not demonstrable from the lowest scientific grounds, it adopts, classifies, and generalises everything of human knowledge which is amenable to experiment, mathematics, or the direct testimony of history or statistics. Spiritual things are ignored. It is thus, so far as it can be called a philosophy at all, essentially a sensational and material one. Mr. G. H. Lewes and Miss Martineau

The volume now before As the author, however,

are two of its chief teachers in this country. us is another effort in the same direction. says he disagrees with M. Comte in some of his conclusions, he is responsible only for what he has himself advanced. And desiring as we do to treat him with candour, we cannot but express our high esteem of many portions of this, his first book. The work he has set before himself is one of colossal magnitude, and he has prepared himself for it by an extent of research which is really astonishing in one who is said to be still a young man. One could scarcely expect a richer harvest of learning to be garnered in the course of a long life. On many subjects his views are singularly clear, and forcibly illustrated. If Mr. Buckle had strictly confined himself to his legitimate historical province he would have merited only our gratitude. Love of freedom is a paramount feeling with him, and he truly considers liberty as one of the fundamentals of progress. His lucid tracing, in chap. vii., of the gradual development of the spirit of freedom in England, and of the operation of causes which tended to favour or retard the development of civilizing influences, must earn the gratitude of every true patriot. Equally instructive are the five following chapters on the progress of the French Intellect from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries; the comparison of France and England during that period; the ruinously corruptive protectionism of literature and arts under the great Louis, and the terrible reaction of the eighteenth century. These six chapters we estimate as a noble contribution to English historical literature; and for the author's own sake we could have wished that the volume, of which they constitute one-half, had not contained the many fallacies and irrational conclusions which surprise us in its other portions.

To a rational scepticism in matters relating to religion we have no objection to make. We consider it to be a necessary phase of that transition which we confidently expect, and which indeed has already commenced. As the young bird struggles for liberation from its shell, or as the insect laboriously puts off its chrysalis when it bursts forth into a new life, so does the human mind struggle for liberation from old husks and shells of truths in this our own age. This desperate effort of the soul necessarily manifests itself in scepticism, which is but the new life rebelling against the old bonds. The honest sceptic has already travelled half the way from error to truth. There is, however, a false as well as a true scepticism, Mr. Buckle has enabled us, by a happy extract from Descartes (p. 538, note 228), to express well the difference between the two:-" Non que j'imitasse pour cela les sceptiques, qui ne doutent que pour douter, et affectent d'être toujours