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ADVERTISEMENT,

BY DR. MACLAINE.

THE following Tables have been compiled with much attention and pains from the best authors; and it is therefore hoped that they will be considered as an useful addition to Dr. Mosheim's work; and the more so, as they are not confined to the persons and things contained in it. The dates, that are placed in the tables which contain the sovereign princes and popes, are designed to mark the year of their decease.

As several of the Ecclesiastical and Theological Writers, mentioned in these Tables, deserve a place also among profane authors, on account of their philosophical, literary, or historical productions; so their names will be repeated in the two distinct heads that contain the learned men of each century.

It is farther to be observed, that the Romish church, even long before the time of the Reformation, looked upon many persons as heretics, whom we, on our principles, cannot consider in the same light, and whose doctrines really tended to promote that reformation in which we glory. I have therefore, in many places, added the words real or reputed after heretics, rather than seem to submit, in this point, to the decisions of a superstitious church.

CENTURY I.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Roman Emperors:-A. D.-Augustus, 14. Tiberius, 37. Caligula, 41. Claudius, 54. Nero, 68. Galba, 69. Otho, 69. Vitellius, 70. Vespasian, 79. Titus, 81. Domitian, 96. Nerva, 98.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

The succession of the first bishops of Rome is a matter full of intricacy and obscurity. We shall herein follow the learned bishop Pearson. Linus. Anacletus. Clement. Evaristus. Alexander. The dates of the deaths of the Roman pontiffs are not the same in the accounts of chronologists. Petau, Fleury, Pearson, Marcel, Pfaff, Bower, Lenglet, and others, differ frequently in this respect; and their differences sometimes are considerable. For example, the death of pope Anicetus is placed, by Petau and Lenglet, in the year 161, by Pearson and Pfaff in 162, by Fleury, Walch, and Bower, in 168. As it is impossible to reconcile these historians, and difficult often to decide which calculates best, we shall follow Pearson and Pfaff as the surest guides.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

The Evangelists and Apostles. The three Apostolic Fathers, Clement, Barnabas, Hermas. Philo, the Jew. Flavius Josephus. These are almost all the genuine ecclesiastical writers of the first century, whose works are now extant; for the supposed letter of Christ to Abgarus, the Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Liturgies, that have (beside those which we esteem canonical) been attributed to the Apostles-as also the Epistles of Mary to Ignatius and others-the Acts of Pilate-the Epistles of Seneca to St. Paul, &c., must be considered as apocryphal and spurious. The works that bear the name of Dionysius the Areopagite, were forged in the fifth century.

HERETICS.

Dositheus. Simon Magus. The Gnostics, Cerinthus, Hymenæus, Philetus, who together with Demas and Diotrephes, are rather to be considered as apostates than as heretics. The Nicolaitans. Ebion. The Nazarenes. N. B. The Ebionites and Nazarenes, though generally placed by the learned in the first century, yet belong more properly to the second.

REMARKABLE EVENTS.

The tax of Augustus Cæsar. The birth of Christ. The offerings presented to Jesus Christ by the Wise Men from the East. The Four Passovers celebrated by Christ. John the Baptist beheaded. Christ's miracles, sufferings, death, resurrection, and ascension. The descent of the Holy Ghost. St. Stephen, the first Martyr. The conversion of St. Paul. Institution of Agapa, or Feasts of Charity. Baptism is administered by immersion. Several Christian Churches founded. The first persecution under Nero. The VOL. II.-54

oracles reduced to silence, a dubious, or rather a fabulous story. The destruction of Jerusalem. The accounts of a dispute between St. Peter and Simon the magician at Rome, and of the erection of a statue to the latter in that city, seem idle fictions. The second persecution of the Christians under Domi. tian. St. John thrown into a caldron of boiling oil, a doubtful story. The adventures of Apollonius Tyaneus.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Titus Livius. Germanicus. Gratius. Ovid. Hyginus. Labeo. Valerius Maximus. Phædrus. Verrius Flaccus. Strabo. Dionysius of Alexandria. Seneca, the rhetorician. Seneca, the philosopher and poet. Velleius Paterculus. Cremutius. Isidore of Charax. Celsus, the physician. Massurius Sabinus. Didymus of Alexandria. Cocceius Nerva. Philo the Jew. Pomponius Mela. Columella. Reminius Palemon. Votienus. Servilius Marcus. Annæus Cornutus. Lucan. Andromachus. Petronius. Persius. Epictetus. Dioscorides. Flavius Josephus. Silius Italicus. Valerius Flaccus. Pliny the Elder. Pliny the Younger. Asconius Pedianus. Plinius Valerianus. Juvenal. Martial. Statius. Frontinus. Quintilian. Dion Chrysostom. Tacitus. Phlegon. Apion. Trogus Pompeius. Athenodorus.

CENTURY II.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Roman Emperors:-A. D.-Trajan, 117. Adrian, 138. Anton. Pius, 161. M. Antoninus, 180. L. Verus Commodus, 192. Pertinax, 193. Did. Julianus, 193. Niger, 194. Albinus, 197.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Xystus or Sixtus, 127. Telesphorus, 138. Hyginus, 150. Pius I., 153. Anicetus, 162. Soter, 172. Eleutherius, 185. Victor, 196.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Ignatius of Antioch. Polycarp. Justin Martyr. Hegesippus. Theophilus of Antioch, the first who made use of the word Trinity to express the distinction of what divines call persons in the Godhead. The Christian church is very little obliged to him for his invention. The use of this and other unscriptural terms, to which men attach either no ideas, or false ones, has wounded charity and peace, without promoting truth and knowledge. It has produced heresies of the worst kind.-Melito. Tatian.* Papias. Claudius Apollinaris. Hermias. Athenagoras. Clemens Alexandrinus. Tertullian. Aquila. Theodotion. Symmachus. The unknown author of the Sibylline oracles. Irenæus. Polycrates. Dionysius of Corinth. Pantænus. Quadratus. Add to these several fragments of the writings of some of the principal heretics mentioned in the following table. These fragments are collected by Cotelerius, Grabe, &c.

HERETICS.

The

Nazarenes. Gnostics. Cainites. Elxai. Saturninus. The Millenarians. Basilides. Isidore, the Son. Carpocrates and his followers. Marcellina and Epiphanes. Prodicus, the chief of the Adamites. Valentine and his followers. *Tatian supposed to be the chief of the Encratites, Hydroparastates, and Apotactics. Ptolomæus Secundus. Cerdo. Marcion. Florinus. The Docetæ, or Phantasiasts. Melitonians. The Saccophori. Severians. Ophites. Artotyrites. Theodotus, the Tanner, chief of the Alogi. Montanus. Tertullian. Priscilla and Maximilla, who were called Montanists, Cataphryges and Pepuzians. The Sethites and Abelites. Heracleon. Bassus. Colarbasus. Blastus. Mark. The Valentinians. Bardesanes. Hermogenes. Apelles. Praxeas, the chief of the Patropassians, Seleucus and Hermias. Artemon.

REMARKABLE EVENTS, AND RELIGIOUS RITES AND INSTITUTIONS.

Third persecution under Trajan, mitigated by the intercession of Pliny, the Younger. Fourth persecution under Adrian. Fifth Persecution under Antoninus Pius, continued under Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. Conversion of the Germans and Gauls, and (if we may give credit to Bede) of the Britons. The Thundering Legion-a dubious event. Insurrections of the Jews against the Romans. Sedition and slaughter of that people under the standards of Barcocheba, the false Messiah. The Jews are driven from Jerusalem. Horrible calumnies thrown out against the Christians by Lucian, Crescens, Celsus, and the Pagans in general. The perusal of the Sibylline Oracles prohibited by an imperial edict. Christian assem blies are held on Sundays, and other stated days, in private houses, and in the burying-places of Martyrs. Infant baptism and sponsors used in this century. Various festivals and fasts established. A distinction formed between bishops and presbyters, who, with the deacons and readers, are the only orders of ecclesiastics known in this century. The sign of the cross and anointing used. The custom of praying towards the East introduced.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Arrian. Aulus Gellius. Plutarch. Florus. Celsus, the lawyer. Enomaus Philo of Phoenicia. Ptolemy, the astronomer and geographer. Salvius Julianius. Seutonius. Apollonius, the philosopher. Appian.

Fronto. Maximus Tyrius. Taurus Calvisius. Apuleius. Artemidorus. Lucian. Numenes. Pausanias. Polyænus. Sextus Empiricus. Athenæus. Julius Pollux. Diogenes Laertius. Gallienus. Ammonius Saccas. Priscus. Cephalion. Aristides. Hermogenes, who at the age of seventeen published his Rhetoric; at twenty, his Book on Ideas; and, at twenty-five, is said to have forgotten all that he had learned. Justin Martyr. Theophylus of Antioch. Chrysorus. Marcus Antoninus. Harpocration. Athenagoras. Celsus, the philosopher. Julinus Solinus. Plotinus. Papinian.

CENTURY III.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Roman Emperors:-A. D.-Serverus, 211. Caracalla, 217. Geta, 212. Macrinus, 218. Heliogabalus, 222. Severus Alexander, 235. Maximin, 237. Gordian I. II., 237. Pupienus and Balbinus, 238. Gordian III., 244. Philip the Arabian, supposed to have been the first Christian emperor, 250. Decius, 252. Gallus and Volusianus, 253. Æmilianus, 253. Valerian, 259. Gallienus, 268. Claudius II., 270. Quintilius, 270. Aurelian, 275. Tacitus, 275. Florianus, 276. Probus, 282. Carus, 283. Carinus, 284. Numerianus, 284. Diocletian. Maximian.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Zephyrinus, 219. Callistus, 224. Urban, 231. Pontianus, 235. Anterus, 236. Fabianus, 251. Cornelius, 254. A contest between him and Novatian Lucius, 256. Stephen, 258. Sixtus II., 259. Dionysius, 270 Felix, 275. Eutychianus, 283. Caius Marcellinus, 296.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

The author of the Acts of Perpetua and Felicitas. Minutius Felix. Hippolytus. Ammonius. Julius Africanus. Origen. Cyprian. Novatian. Gregory Thaum. Dionysius of Alexandria. Pamphilus. Anatolius. Arnobius Africanus. Commodianus. Archelaus. Lucianus. Hesychius. Methodius. Theognostus. Malchion. Paul of Samosata. Stephen, R. Pont. Eusebius, a deacon of Alexandria. Diony. sius, R. Pont. Basilides, Bishop of Pentapolis. Victorinus. Prudentius.

HERETICS.

Adelphius. Aquilinus. Manes, the chief of the Manicheans. Hierax. Noetus. Sabellius. Beryllus. Paul of Samosata. Novatians. Patropassians. Arabians. Cathari. Valesians. Privatus. A schism between Stephen and Cyprian, concerning the re-baptizing of heretics.

REMARKABLE EVENTS, AND RELIGIOUS RITES AND INSTITUTIONS.

Sixth Persecution under Severus, in which Leonidas, Irenæus, Victor, bishop of Rome, Perpetua, Felicitas, and others, suffer martyrdom. Seventh Persecution (after one under Maximin) under Decius, in which Fabianus, the Roman pontiff, Babylas, Alexander, and others, suffer martyrdom. Eighth Persecution under Valerian, in which those more illustrious martyrs, Cyprian, Lucius, Stephen I. Sixtus I. and Laurentius, suffer for the faith. Ninth Persecution under Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Maximin, much more cruel than the preceding, and famous for the martyrdom of the Theban Legion, which however is a very dubious story. The Jewish Talmud and Targum composed in this century. The Jews are allowed to return into Palestine. Jewish schools erected at Babylon, Sora, and other places. Remarkable deaths of those who persecuted the Christians, related by Tertullian, Eusebius, and Lucius Cæcilius. Many illustrious men, and Roman senators, converted to Christianity. The origin of the monastic life derived from the austere manners of Paul the Theban, the first hermit. Diocletian assumes the name and honours due to Jupiter, and orders the people to worship him. Religious rites are greatly multiplied in this century; altars used; wax tapers employed. Public churches, called in Greek Kugixx, built for the celebration of divine worship. The pagan mysteries injudiciously imitated in many respects by Christians. The tasting of milk and honey, previous to baptism, introduced. The person is anointed before and after that holy rite-receives a crown, and goes arrayed in white for some time after. The story of the seven sleepers of Ephesus, and the martyrdom of Ursula, and the 11,000 British Virgins, the principal fables invented in this century.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Ælius Maurus. Oppian, the Poet. Quintus Seren. Sammonicus. Julius Africanus. Acolus. Dio Cassius. Ulpian. Ephorus. Censorinus. C. Curius Fortunatus. Herodian. Nicagoras. Amelius. Gentilianus. Erennius. Dexippus. Cassius Longinus. Julius Capitolinus. Elius Lampridius. Trebellius Pollio. Porphyry. Ælius Spartianus. Flavius Vopiscus. M. Aurel. Olymp. Nemesianus. exander, a Greek philosopher. Philostratus. Julius Paulus. Sextus Pomponius. Herennius. Modestinus. Hermogenianus. Palladius Rutilius. Taurus Æmilianus. Justin. Julius Calphurnius. Arnobius.

Al

CENTURY IV.

SOVEREIGN PRINCES.

Roman Emperors:-A. D.-Diocletian and Maximian abdicate the empire in the year 305. Galerius, 311. Constantius, 306. Constantine the Great, 337. His adversaries, Maximin, 313. Maxentius, 312. Licinius, 325. Constantine II., 338. Constantius, 361, Constans, 350. Julian, the Apostate, 363. Jovian, 364. Valentinian, 375. Valens, 378. Gratian, 383. Valentinian II., 392. Theodosius the Great, 395. The divisions of the Roman Empire into the Eastern and Western Empires. [The Visigoths settle in Gaul and Spain about the end of this century.] Athanaric, 382. Alaric.

POPES, OR BISHOPS OF ROME.

Marcellinus, 304. Marcellus, 309. Eusebius, 311. Melchiades, 313. Sylvester, 335. Mark, 336. Julius, 352. Liberius, 367. A schism between Liberius and Felix. Damasus, 384. A new schism between this pontiff and Ursinus. Siricius, 398.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

Lactantius Firm. Lucius Cæcilius. Dorotheus, bishop of Tyre. Eusebius, bishop of Cæsarea. Constantine the Great. Eustathius, bishop of Antioch. Commodianus. Alexander, bishop of Alexandria. Juvencus. Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria. Antonius, who (with Paul the hermit) was the first institutor of the monastic life. Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra. Theodore, bishop of Heraclea. Julius, bishop of Rome. Jul. Firm. Maternus. Pachomius. Eusebius, bishop of Emessa. Serapion. Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem. Hilarius, bishop of Poictiers. Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari. Phobadius, bishop of Agen. Eu nomius. Zeno, bishop of Verona. Titus, bishop of Bostra. Damacus, bishop of Rome. Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis. Optatus, bishop of Milevi. Pacianus. Marius Victorinus. Liberius, bishop of Rome. Ephraim the Syrian. Didymus of Alex. Basil, bishop of Cæsarea. Gregory, bishop of Nazianzum. Gre gory, bishop of Nyssa. Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium. Hegesippus. Apollinaris, Father and Son. Eusebius, bishop of Verceil. Diodore, bishop of Tarsus. Proba Falconia. The three Macarii. Ambrose. Jerome. Ruffinus. Philastrius. l'aulinus, bishop of Nola. Augustin. John Chrysostom.

HERETICS, REAL OR REPUTED.

The Manichæans disguised under the denominations of Encratites, Apotactics, Saccophori, Hydroparastates, and Solitaries. Arius and his followers, who were divided into Eunomians, Semiarians, Eusebians, Homoiousians, Acacians, and Psathyrians. Photinus, Apollinaris, Father and Son. Macedonius. The Anthropomorphites. Priscillian. Andæus. The Messalians, or Euchites. Collyridians. Eustathians. Coluthus. Helvidius. Bonosus. Vigilantius. Three schisms of the Meletians, and Luciferians, and Donatists.

REMARKABLE EVENTS, AND RELIGIOUS RITES AND INSTITUTIONS.

The Tenth Persecution continued. The Athanasians or Orthodox persecuted by Constantius, who was an Arian, and by Valens, who ordered 80 of their deputies, all ecclesiastics, to be put on board of a ship, to which fire was set as soon as it had cleared the coast. The Christians persecuted by Sapor. The supposed conversion of Constantine the Great, by a vision representing a fiery cross in the air. First General council. It was held at Nice in 325. In it the opinions of Arius were condemned, and the popes declared merely equal in dignity to other Christian bishops. A second general council is held in the year 381, at Constantinople, in which the errors of Macedonius are condemned. Remarkable progress of the Christian religion among the Indians, Goths, Marcomanni, and Iberians. The famous donation of Constantine in favour of the Roman see-a mere fable. The miraculous defeat of Eugenius by Theodosius. Julian's attempt to invalidate the predictions of the prophets, by encouraging the Jews to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, defeated by an earthquake and fiery eruption. See the learned bishop Warburton's interesting and ingenious work, entitled Julian. Theodosius the Great is obliged by Ambrose, bishop of Milan, to d public penance for the slaughter of the Thessalonians. The Eucharist was, during this century, adminis tered in some places to infants and persons deceased. Something like the doctrine of Transubstantiation is maintained, and the ceremony of the elevation used in the celebration of the Eucharist. The council of Elvira in Spain, held in the year 305, not only solemnly forbids the adoration of pictures or images, but even prohibits the use of them. The use of incense and of the censer, with several other superstitious rites, introduced.-The churches are considered as externally holy, the saints are invoked, images used, and the Cross worshipped. The clerical order augmented by new ranks of ecclesiastics, such as archdeacons, country bishops, archbishops, metropolitans, exarchs, &c.

PROFANE AUTHORS.

Ælius Donatus. Servius. Helladius. Andronicus Nonius. Marcellus. Sext. Aurelius Victor. MaxHaus of Smyrna, who is supposed to have taught the emperor Julian magic. Oribases. Eutropius. Libanius. Ausonius. Pappus, the famous mathematician. Prudentius. Rufus Festus. Avienus. Themistius. Flavius Vegetius. Hierocles. Julian. Aminianus Marcellinus. Symmachus. Lactantius. Jam blichus. Ælius Lampridius. Eusebius of Cæsarea. Jul. Firmicus Maternus. Chalcidius. Pomponius. Festus. Quintus Curtius. Macrobius,

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