solely by militia, and Cowpens and Moore's Creek by their aid. Rutherfurd and Gregory commanded militia brigades at Camden, as Butler and Eaton did at Guilford Court House, and as General John Ashe did at Brier Creek. It may be of interest to name here the colonels of the ten North Carolina regiments of the continental line: First regiment, James Moore. On his promotion to brigadier-general, Francis Nash. After his promotion, Thomas Clark. Alfred Moore, afterwards judge of the United States supreme court, was one of the captains. Second regiment, Robert Howe. After his promotion to major-general, Alexander Martin. He being elected governor, John Patton became colonel. In this regiment Hardy Murfree, from whom Murfreesboro, in North Carolina and Tennessee, are named, rose from captain to lieutenant-colonel; and Benjamin Williams, afterwards governor, was one of the captains. David Vance, grandfather of Governor Vance, was a lieutenant. Third regiment, Jethro Sumner. After his promotion it was consolidated with the first regiment. In this regiment Hal Dixon was lieutenant-colonel and Pinketham Eaton was major, both distinguished soldiers; and William Blount, afterwards United States senator, was paymaster. Fourth regiment, Thomas Polk. General William Davidson, killed at Cowan's Ford, was major of this regiment, and William Williams, afterwards prominent, was adjutant. Fifth regiment, Edward Buncombe, who died of wounds received at Germantown, and for whom Buncombe county is named. Sixth regiment, Alexander Lillington, afterwards Gideon Lamb. John Baptiste Ashe, of Halifax, who was elected in 1802 governor but died before qualifying, was lieutenant-colonel of this regiment. Seventh regiment, James Hogun. After his promotion, Robert Mebane. In this regiment, Nathaniel Macon, afterwards speaker of congress and United States senator, and James Turner, afterwards governor, served together as privates in the same company. Eighth regiment, James Armstrong. Ninth regiment, John P. Williams. Of this regiment William Polk was major. Tenth regiment, Abraham Shephard. The state had in the continental line a battery of artillery commanded by John Kingsbury, and three companies of cavalry, led, respectively, by Samuel Ashe, Martin Phifer, and Cosmo de Medici.

My object in writing has been to give the few details which, after laborious research, I have been able to exhume as to General Hogun, his origin, his services, and his descendants. I trust others may be able to bring to light further information, so that an adequate memoir may be prepared of so distinguished an officer.

RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA.

Galler Ghark.

SOME RELICS OF JOHN HOWARD THE PHILANTHROPIST

1726-1790

At this late day, these are very scarce and meagre. The great philanthropist left but few behind him. That ubiquitous, persistent creature, the modern autograph collector, finds it almost impossible to obtain any of his manuscripts.

Howard wrote but little, excepting his works on prisons, and letters to a small circle of chosen friends. The pen was not his forte, and he had no place amongst the literati.*

His name has become generic for philanthropy. This was the grand, absorbing idea of his life, and everything was subservient thereto. Fame and reputation he despised, and nothing so grieved him as any attempt to perpetuate his actions and memory. His individuality was strongly devel oped; so was his isolation of character. All his energies were concentrated, to use his own language, upon his "jail schemes." He was a wanderer over Europe, as Burke declared, "not to survey the sumptuousness of palaces, or the stateliness of temples, but to dive into the depths of dungeons, to plunge into the infection of hospitals, to take the gauge and dimensions of misery, to remember the forgotten, to attend to the neglected." This being the case, he collected no pictures, gems, books, or articles of vertu. His correspondence, never large, reflected his occupation. He looked with disdain upon curios, musty tomes, and kindred objects. Is is not natural, then, that but few mementos of him exist? The earliest in the writer's possession is an autograph letter, of which the following is a verbatim copy:

"Sir: In answer to yr favour have wrote to Mr. Price of Houndsditch my surveyor to begin the Repairs as soon as the Weather will permitt, as to the Workmen being about and of consequence some litter that you

* John Howard was born September 2, 1726, at Hackney, near London. He spent his youth in the study of medicine and in traveling, but having come into public notice through his schools and model cottages for the peasantry, he was elected sheriff in 1773. This brought him into an acquaintance with the miserable condition of the jails. He traveled through the whole kingdom, visited all its prisons, and in 1774 presented a report to the House of Commons, which resulted in the passage of reform bills. He then visited all the French, German, Holland, and other prisons of the continent, and wrote his famous works on prisons after his return, the immediate result of which was the adoption, on trial, of the hard-labor system in some of the English prisons. Later on he made a tour through Turkey and Asia Minor, and wrote his Account of the Lazarettos of Europe.

must expect as the present Tenant had who entered just as you do at Lady day. The Lease Sir you know is customary the Tenants expence so may at yr leisure leave the draft at Mr. Barmardistons as I shall be in Town for ten days the beginning of April. permitt me to wish you & yrs Health & Happiness therein, as I know but few so comfortable Habitations.

The best of Water goods soil dry House no smoaky Chimney, excuse me if partial to a House I truly love more than all my other Houses. I am Sr Yr m' Hum Serv1.. JOHN HOWARD.

WATCOMBE, Feb. 6, 1760.

To Mr. Rosewell in Angel Court, Throgmorton Str. London."

ton.

The house referred to was doubtless his favorite residence at CardingMrs. Howard's health was delicate, and her husband had purchased a property at Watcombe, where this letter was written, in hopes that a change of air and scene might restore the fair invalid. Howard's chirography reveals his character. All the letters are large, carefully formedand almost like copperplate; there is no evidence of haste or impulse, The paper was not ruled, although the spaces would so indicate, as they are remarkably regular and even; the 's and 's are dotted and crossed with the greatest precision. There is a total absence of flourishes. A peculiarity is observable in the formation of the letter d wherever it ends a word. Its terminus is invariably brought up over the letter. The manuscript is perfectly legible, yet characterized by a certain stiffness, indicating a lack of freedom in the use of the pen. Both orthography and spelling were at fault with Howard, and far below the present standard. His correspondence, particularly, shows great abruptness and want of continuity. His sentences are short and awkward, and abbreviations are of constant occurrence. The next letter was written twenty-two years later; it is addressed to Doctor Farr, London.

"GREAT ORMOND ST., Nov. 11, 1782

SIR: When I had the pleasure of seeing you at Plym° you favoured me with the acceptance of an Appendix, may I now request your acceptance of the former part as a small testimony of my esteem; with my best Complim's to your Lady I am Sir Yr Mt. Ob. Servt JOHN HOWARD.

P. S. Should the drawing of your Hospital be finished & a sketch of the Cradles, or any improvem' you think might be made in them, it may be sent by Coach or Post."

VOL. XXVIII. -No. 4.-19

Howard eventually presented the doctor with his two famous works, The State of Prisons in England and Wales, and An Account of the Principal Lazarettos in Europe.

They each bear this inscription on the title pages: "W. Farr: ex dono Auctoris. I. H Amici, virtute, clarissimi." Both are in the writer's pos

session.

Howard had no eye to pecuniary gains or literary honors in the publication of his books; they were altogether pro bono publico, and the outlay was very great. Whilst many copies were sold, he distributed gratuitously a large number to persons whose official position or rank in life would assist him in the furtherance of his philanthropic labors. A fly-leaf from a presentation copy of The State of Prisons, now owned by the writer, reads thus: Mr. Howard requests Mr. Devaynes will be kind enough to accept this book from him, as a small testimony of his esteem." This gentleman was a member of parliament in 1786 and 1787, and active in the suppression of the slave trade.

Howard not only thus circulated his own works on prisons and lazarettos, he was ever on the alert to seize any opportunity to make known their wretched condition, and, whilst abroad, met with a pamphlet exposing the horrors of the Bastile. The author, now unknown, had been an inmate, and after his escape wrote this brochure. It aroused the wrath of the government, which prohibited its sale under the severest penalties, and it became almost impossible to obtain it. The argus eyes of the police were searching for it in every direction; but Howard, at great risk, bore off a copy in triumph to England, had it translated and scattered broadcast. This is another instance of considerable expenditure without any remuneration. It is an octavo of thirty-three pages, with an excellent plan of the Bastile, and now quite scarce and seldom seen. It was published by Cadell in London at sixpence, and ran through two editions.

Howard's patriotic spirit may be seen in the preface he wrote for it, in which he says: "It soon occurred to me, that it would be acceptable to my countrymen and this not merely as an object of curiosity, from the celebrated name of the place it describes, but as affording a very interesting and instructive comparison between the horrors of despotic power, and the mild and just administration of equal laws in a free state. I therefore procured a faithful translation of it to be made: and if its publication shall in any degree tend to increase the attachment and revenue of Englishmen to the genuine principles of their excellent Constitution, my purpose will be fully answered."

In 1786 there was a book published in Pisa, which, when brought to

Howard's notice, impressed him so favorably that he had it also translated and published gratuitously. This was the Edict of the Grand Duke of Tuscany for the Reform of Criminal Law in his Dominions. It bears this singular imprint: "Warrington. Printed by W. Eyres, 1789. A few copies to be had gratis of Messrs. Cadell, Johnson Dilly and Taylor. This Pamphlet not to be sold." A copy belonging to the writer has the following inscription in Howard's own hand: "The Gift of Mr. Howard the Editor. Never published for sale."

Leopold was far in advance of the age when he framed this admirable code. Its mildness and leniency are apparent throughout, and contrast vividly with the severity of English criminal jurisprudence at that period. This now almost forgotten volume is an octavo of sixty-seven pages, handsomely printed, and espensively bound in full calf with elaborately tooled edges, at no small expense. The author deserved a better fate than awaited him. Wraxall says he was presented with poisoned confectionery by a lady at a masquerade, and died in consequence.

Notwithstanding Howard's reserve and fondness for retirement, he had now become a public character, and he was beset in every direction. He was the apostle of philanthropy and prison reform, and honors were freely accorded him, which he positively refused. They pained and annoyed him excessively, and he shunned his kind tormentors. Dr. Lettsom was active in raising a fund for a statue commemorative of his labors, and over one thousand pounds were secured, but Howard would not sanction it, and the matter was kept in abeyance. Two poems, in large type, quarto, called The Triumph of Benevolence and The Vindication of Fame, appeared in consequence of this effort, but all was lost upon their hero, who cared for none of these things. The following letters, from the pen of the celebrated Dr. Richard Price, copied from the originals in the writer's possession, will best show the views of Howard on this well-meaning but injudicious.

measure:

"NEWINGTON GREEN, Nov. 3rd, 1786.

Dr. Price presents his respects to Dr. Lettsom and requests his attention to the following copy of part of a letter which he has just received from Mr. Howard. He hopes it will engage Dr. Lettsom and the other gentlemen belonging to the Committee for erecting a Monument in honour of Mr. Howard to give up this design, and to apply the whole money subscribed to the Fund for prison charities and reforms. But should they not consent to this, Dr. Price will think himself bound to publish, for the information of the public, the letter he has received, and to employ every other method in his power to prevent a design from being carried into