GOVERNMENT, in politics, the management of the concerns of a nation, with respect to its external security and internal order.

Politics are to govern ment, what theory is to practice. For the several forms of government, see MONARCHY, &c.

GRACE, in objects of taste, a certain species of beauty, which appears to consist in the union of elegance and dignity.

· Pertness," says Horace Walpole, “ is the mistaken affectation of grace, as pedantry produces erroneous dignity: the familiarity of the one, and the clumsiness of the other, distort or pervert grace. Nature, that furnishes samples of all qualities, and in the scale of gradation exhibits all possible shades, affords us types that are more apposite than words: the eagle is sublime, the lion majestic, the swan graceful, the monkey pert, the bear ridiculously aukward.

“ In general, I believe, what I call grace, is denominated elegance; but by grace 1 mean something bigher, I will explain myself by instances : Apollo is graceful; Mercury is elegant.”

GRACULA, the grakle, a genus of birds of the order Picæ, of which there are thirteen species, of the Paradiæa tristis inhabits the Philippine these islands. . It is exceedingly voracious, and has been known to swallow a young rat nearly two inches long, after beating it against the wires of its cage to soften it. These birds are reinarkably fond of grasshoppers, and are said to have been imported into the isle of Bourbon to extirpate these insects, which they very effectually accomplished.

GRADUATE, a person who has taken a degree in a university. See DEGREE.

GRADUATION, of mathematical instruments, is the process by which the arcs of quadrants, theodolites, circular instruments, &c. are divided into degrees, minutes, &c.

GRAFTING, or ENGRAFTING, in horticulture or gardening, the taking a cyon or shoot from one tree and inserting it into another, in such a manner that both may unite closely and become one tree. The use of grafting is to propagate any curious sorts of fruits, so as to be certain of their kinds. All good fruits have been obtained accidentally from seeds; and of the seeds of these it is wholly uncer, tain whether they will produce fruit worthy of cultivation : but when shoots are taken from such trees as bear good fruit, no alteration need be apprehended, let the stock or tree on which it is grafted be of what kind it may.

The reason of the advantages obtained by grafting is differently explained ; but it seems probable that they should be attributed to the greater facility with which the tender cyon can assimilate the juices already prepared by the stock, than those which it must draw immediately from the earth, if planted : as many young animals are provided with milk, which is a substance that bears to ordinary food, exactly the same relation that the sap of a tree does to the crude juices on which it feeds.

GRAIN, the name of a small weigbt, the twentieth part of a scruple in apothecaries weight, and the twenty-fourth part of a pendy weight troy.

GRAMMAR, the philosophy of language, as ex. pressive of thought; or the rules of any particular language. Grammar of the first kind is sometimes

called philosophical grammar: while the latter is distinguished by the name of the language of the rules of which it treats : as “ English grammar" * Spanish grammar, &c.” Grammar is the art of speaking and writing any language with propriety, General grammar teaches the principles which are common to all languages; and the grammar of any particular language teaches the principles peculiar to that language, according to the established usage and custom of it. Grammar treats of sentences, and of the several parts of which they are compounded. Sentences consist of words; words of one or more syllables ; syllables of one or more letters; so that, in fact, letters, syllables, words and sentences make up the whole subject of grammar. By means of inarticulate sounds beasts can express certain feelings, but man is distinguished from the brute creation by the power of modifying a much greater variety of sounds, and of fixing to each modification a particular meaning. The sounds thus modified are called words, and as words have no natural relation to the ideas and perceptions of which they are significant, the use of them must either have been the result of human sagacity, or have been suggested to the first man by the Author of nature. Grammarians are much divided on this subject, but it does not come within our plan to enter into the argument. A sentence is defined to be an assemblage of words forming a complete sepse, the principal parts of which are the subject, the attribute and the object. The subject is the thing spoken of it; the attribute is the thing or action affirmed or depied, and the object is the thing affected by such action. Thus if I say Charles loves Emma ; Charles is the subject spoken of; loves the attribute or the action affirmed, and Emma the object, or person affected by the action. In every sentence there must be an object of which we affirm something : thus “ Gold is heavy,” here Gold is the object, is denotes existence, and the word heady is the mode of existence, From the various modes used by different nations to express the property affirmed of any object, great disputes have arisen not only on the different sorts of words necessary to constitute a language, but on the sorts of words actually existing in a given language. The learned author of the Ema Tileporela maintains that two sorts of words only are necessary, viz. the noun and the verb; otherg lay down eight or even ten parts of speech. The theory on grammar, advanced by Mr. Tooke, in the work referred to, has been generally approved by the ablest grammarians; it has, however, been very rudely attacked in the article GRAMMAR, in Dr. Rees's New Cyclopedia, to which the reader is referred.

GRAMME, in French weights, answer to rather more than 15 grains, and the kilogramme is equal to a thousand grammes or 32} troy-ounces.

GRANADIER, a soldier armed with a sword, a firelock, a bayonet, and a pouch full of hand-granadoes. Granadiers are distinguished by high caps ; and they take the lead in attacks.

GRANADO, or GRANADE, in the art of war, a hollow bali or shelt, of iron, or other metal, of about two inches and a half in diameter, which being filled with fine powder, is set on fire by means of a small fuse driven into the fuse-hole. Granadoes are thrown by the granadiers into those places where