sued at Springfield, Washington changed the formation of his army. Part of General Lincoln's command were formed into three brigades in the following order: The Light Infantry were placed under Colonel Scammel on the right; the two New York regiments under BrigadierGeneral James Clinton on the left; the Jersey and Rhode Island regiments in the centre. Two field pieces were annexed to the Jersey Brigade. Marching orders for the next day assigned the following orders: The left of the line to consist of the three brigades named; the right column of the Park of Artillery, the boats (those which Washington had mounted on carriages at King's Ferry), the baggage and stores under escort of Brigadier-General Hazen's regiment and the corps of sappers and miners. The first division of the French army halted during the day and were joined by the second division. In the afternoon the Count de Rochambeau left the army for Philadelphia, taking with him the Counts de Fersen, de Vauban and the Baron de Closen of his staff.

The Cheva

lier de la Luzerne, the French Ambassador, resided at Philadelphia, where Congress was in session, and tidings of the appearance of the squadron of the Count de Grasse were awaited with the greatest impatience and anxiety.

On the morning of the 29th, the French moved to Bullion's Tavern, and the right column of the Americans to Bound Brook. The feint against New York having served its purpose, and its continuance being of no further advantage, Washington issued his orders for the march southward. His own admirable diary, in itself a complete history of the campaign, gives the best account of his purposes and his measures. "As our intentions could be concealed one march more (under the idea of marching to Sandy Hook to facilitate the entrance of the French fleet within the Bay), the whole army was put in motion in three columns. The left consisted of the Light Infantry, First York Regiment and the Regiment of Rhode Island; the middle column consisted of the Park, stores and baggage, Lamb's regiment of Artillery, Hazen's and the corps of sappers and miners; the right column consisted of the whole French army, baggage, stores, etc. This last was to march by the route of Morristown, Bullion's Tavern, Somerset Court House and Princeton. The middle was to go by Bound Brook to Somerset, etc., and the left to proceed by the way of Brunswick to Trenton, to which place the whole were to march, transports being ordered to meet them there." These orders issued, Washington set out for Philadelphia for further arrangements to provide vessels and transportation for the ordnance and stores.

It is not necessary to trace the movement of each of these columns on the road over which they moved. The Light Infantry, under Scammel, reached Brunswick on the 29th, Princeton on the 30th, Trenton'on the 31st. They crossed the Delaware on the 1st September, marched seventeen miles and encamped at Lower Doublan, twelve miles from Philadelphia; on the second they marched through the city.

The right column of the Americans with the Artillery marched from Bound Brook to Princeton on the 29th, which they left on the 30th.

The route of the French has been carefully preserved in the numerous diaries of the officers. The First Brigade marched from Whippany to Bullion's Tavern on the 29th, a distance of sixteen miles. On the 30th they reached Somerset Court House, fifteen miles; the 31st marched from Somerset to Princeton, eighteen miles; the 1st of September from Princeton to Trenton, twelve miles. The 2d they

went into camp to the northward of Red Lion Tavern, sixteen miles from Philadelphia. The distance between King's Ferry and Philadelphia is about one hundred and thirty miles, and the country traversed on this famous march, which is still full of the memories of the allied armies that trod its soil, passed through its villages, and enjoyed its hospitality, is celebrated for its picturesque beauty.

From the high tableland under the shadow of Mount Thor, one of the boldest peaks of the western Hudson Highlands, the country drops in gradual descent to the flat and fertile plains of the Jerseys. The road from King's Ferry to Suffern's, which was the first day's journey of the troops, still retains many of its ancient landmarks, to which there is a thoroughly accurate guide in the map which Erskine drew from the surveys, which he made in 1779, as Geographer to the Continental army. His charts are to-day the best possible guide for the traveler; every house which was standing in the last century is laid down, the taverns marked with their keepers' names, and even the smallest streams traced in their winding courses, crossing and recrossing the road. The first of the taverns, though a short distance to the eastward of the turnpike, was Benson's; though now deserted, it has been used as a public house until a quite recent period. Its situation is delightful, on a plateau which commands an extensive view to the south and eastward; down the river are seen the sharp angles of Grassy and Teller's Points, which jut out far into the broad bosom of the river.

Just below Benson's Corners is a once romantic dale, swept by a dark, wild stream, the roar of whose waters is now mingled with the thousand wheels of extensive factories; here is one of the finest groves of elms

in Rockland County. Leaving old North Haverstraw high perched on the hillside to the eastward, the old revolutionary road takes a more southwesterly direction, passing through the hamlet of Kakeat, where John Coe kept a tavern, a familiar halting place of the troopers. It was here that Major Tallmadge halted with his dragoons when taking André down from West Point to Tåppan. Beyond Kakeat the road passes the Hollow-way, which lies between the ridge, upon which it runs, and the eastern base of the Ramapo hills, which it gradually approaches and finally reaches a short distance above Suffern's, at the head of Anthony's lake. Here stands the oldest house in the valley, built by Ludowick Carlow, in 1756. Suffern's is in the State of New York, just to the northward of the New Jersey line. It was an important strategic point, situated at the end of the Ramapo range where the valley passes to the mountain ranges converge.

On the maps of the old Indian War it is marked as the site of a fort, Fort George, but there are no remains of its works, and no tradition of it remains in the neighborhood. The formation of the land has been greatly altered to lay the base of the railroad track. A high flat plain to the eastward of the fort site still retains the name of the American camp-ground. It lies at the foot of a hill, whose impassable rocky sides rise almost perpendicularly, and afford a perfect protection to the rear. At the northern extremity of this broad field there are visible remains of earthworks, probably a tête de chemin to cover the old northern turnpike which passed directly through the camp. On the west runs the Ramapo stream. There is a tradition that this was only a quarantine or invalid camp, but the better opinion is that it was thrown up to prevent the British movements up the valley. Beyond the river also, at what is now entitled Woodburn, are the remains of an encampment, where Harlem bricks and traces of fireplaces have been found. The Harlem bricks indicate a much older camp ground than that of 1781. Suffern's takes its name from an old innkeeper, John Suffern, who emigrated from Antrim, Ireland, in 1763. He landed at Philadelphia, but first settled at Haverstraw. He established himself in the Ramapo valley in 1773, where his descendants still reside. The old stone house was a famous resort of the patriots. Washington made his headquarters here, and here also was the scene of one of Burr's dashing exploits. Not far beyond on the northern side of the old post-road was Wannemacker's tavern, still standing, a deserted ruin. Near by, also, is the house where Andrew Hopper resided. Washington was a constant visitor at this house. Hopper maintained

his relations with New York, and it is said kept Washington constantly informed of the movements of the enemy. It is impossible to conceive of a road of more changing and picturesque beauty, lined with magnificent trees, oaks, elms, chestnuts, hemlocks and larches in endless variety; broad green pastures, threaded by bright crystal streams, and a perpetual winding way around the hillsides and deep down in the heart of the dales; some of them, like the Dark Road or Tinker's Gap, have their tale of horror to enhance the interest of nature with supernatural charm.

Running through the valley at the foot of the steep Wynockie cliff, the westernmost hills of the Ramapo range, the old revolutionary road passes the Pond, a pretty sheet of water, fed from the springs of neighboring hills, and soon crosses the Ramapo at a most picturesque spot, marked by the homestead of the Schuylers of New Jersey. This was the first of the bridges over the Ramapo; the second crossing was by the Norton tavern, near which was the old Pompton furnace which Ryerson kept in full blaze in the days of the Revolution. The Pompton Plains in which the French pitched their tents, are at the foot of one of the Wynockie hills. One of these hills is called Federal Hill; there an old cannon was found some years ago, but it is more probable that this took its name from the celebration of the adoption of the Constitution by the Jersey Blues. The roads over all this country are admirable, hard and firm, fit for the movement of the heaviest trains. The country abounds in forest groves, rich in foliage of unexampled luxuriance, and the atmosphere is exhilarating beyond idea. The act of living is a delight in the crisp bracing air of these plains. No wonder that the French officers wrote that the route was superb-an open country they found it and well cultivated, inhabited by Hollanders, quite rich. Curious to see the natural beauties of the western hemisphere the French officers, after looking to the encampment of their men, paid a visit to the Totawa Fall. They note the extensive farms, the great numbers of cattle and the abundance of fruit; the apples trees found fewer than in the northern provinces, but peach trees numerous; the cultivation chiefly of buckwheat and maize. The land they found to need manuring and not equal to the best in France. One of them notices the total absence of gardens and walls and the rarity of fences even; everywhere a striking contrast to the high masonry which to this day divides the French farms in the neighborhood of the towns, and it must be admitted, sadly detracts from the picturesqueness of the scenery of that beautiful country. The inhabitants of New Jersey the French set down as mostly

of Alsacian and Holland extraction; easy, hospitable and contented. Provisions arrived at the French camp from all sides, not brought by trading hucksters or marketwomen, but by ladies, with their heads dressed and adorned with jewels, driving their own rustic wagons drawn by spirited horses in double and sometimes treble front. They correctly describe the Totowa Fall as more singular and imposing than beautiful.

Of Bullion's Tavern on the road beyond Chatham, the French memoirs give no description, nor yet of Somerset Court House. From Somerset to Princeton the road led through thick woods. Princeton they found a pleasant and well built town of about sixty houses. The college, with its fifty students, is noticed, and the curious orrery of David Rittenhouse described. One French account gives the number of the windows in the front of the building; there were twenty-five. Trenton is described as containing about one hundred houses. Here the Delaware was crossed, the wagons by the ford, the troops in ferry boats. From Trenton to Philadelphia the road is broad. It follows the bank of the Delaware through a flat country covered with fine farms and occasional woodland. The beauty of Burlington is remarked; and Bristol is pronounced a pretty town of forty or fifty houses. The old Red Lion Tavern, about sixteen miles to the northward of Philadelphia, finds mention in all of the memoirs of the time. The banks of the Delaware reminded the French of the Loire in its flat and smiling beauty. The North River, they found sombre and wild; as it is indeed; resembling more the dark Danube than any other European stream.

III-THE ALLIES IN PHILADELPHIA

Washington arrived in Philadelphia on the 30th August. The best account of this interesting event appears in the Pennsylvania Packet, of the 1st September. It runs as follows:

"On Thursday, the 30th of August, at one o'clock in the afternoon, his Excellency the Commander-in-chief of the American armies, accompanied by the Generals Rochambeau and Chastellux, with their respective suites, arrived in this city. The General was received by the militia light horse in the suburbs, and escorted into the town; he stopped at the City Tavern and received the visit of several gentlemen; from thence he proceeded to the house of the Superintendent of Finance, where he now has his headquarters. About three o'clock he went up