CENT. X. to a decision. But no sooner had he made peace with his enemies, and composed the tumults that troubled the tranquillity of the empire, than he set out for Italy with a formidable army, A. D. 1110, in order to put an end to this long and unhappy contest. He advanced towards Rome by slow marches, while the trembling pontiff, seeing himself destitute of all succour, and reduced to the lowest and most defenceless condition, proposed the following conditions of peace: That the emperor, on the one hand, should renounce the right of investing with the ring and crosier; and that the bishops and abbots should, on the other hand, resign and give over, to him and his successors, all the grants, received from Charlemagne, of the rights and privileges that belong to royalty, such as the power of raising tribute, coining money, and possessing independent lands and territories, with other immunities of a like nature. These conditions were agreeable to Henry, who accordingly gave a formal consent to them in the year 1111; but they were extremely displeasing to the Italian and German bishops, who expressed their dissent in the strongest terms. Hence a terrible tumult arose in the church of St. Peter, where the contending parties were assembled with their respective followers; upon which Henry ordered the pope to be seised, and to be confined in the castle of Viterbo. After having remained there for some time, the captive pontiff was engaged, by the unhappy circumstances of his present condition, to enter into a new convention, by which he solemnly receded from the article of the former treaty that regarded investitures, and confirmed to the emperor the privilege of inaugurating the bishops and abbots with the ring and crosier. Peace being thus concluded, the vanquished pontiff arrayed Henry with the imperial diadem a.

Pascal

breaks this

convention, and dies.

IV. This transitory peace, which was the fruit of violence and necessity, was followed by greater tu.

a Beside the writers already mentioned, see Mabillon, Annal. Benedict. tom. v. p. 681, and tom. vi. p. 1, at the particu lar years to which the events here noticed belong.

mults and more dreadful wars, than had yet afflicted CENT. XII the church. Immediately after the conclusion of this treaty, Rome was filled with the most vehement commotions; and a loud clamor was raised against the pontiff, who was accused of having violated, in a scandalous manner, the duties and dignity of his station, and of having prostituted the majesty of the church by his ignominious compliance with the demands of the emperor. To appease these commo tions, Pascal assembled, in the year 1112, a council in the Lateran church, and not only confessed, with contrition and humility, the fault he had committed in concluding such a convention with Henry, but submitted the question to the determination of the council, who accordingly took that treaty into consideration, and solemnly annulled it". This step was followed by many events that gave, for a long time, an unfavorable turn to the affairs of the emperor. He was excommunicated in many synods and councils, both in France and Germany; he was even placed in the black list of heretics, a denomination which exposed him to the greatest dangers in those superstitious and barbarous times; and, to complete his anxiety, he saw the German princes revolting from his authority in several places, and taking up arms in the cause of the church. To put an end to calamities that thus afflicted the empire on all sides, Henry set out a second time for Italy, with a numerous army, in the year 1116, and arrived, in the following year, at Rome, where he assembled the consuls, senators, and nobles, while the fugitive pontiff retired to Benevento. Pascal, however, during this forced absence, engaged the Normans to come to his assistance; and, encouraged by the

b Pascal, upon this occasion, as Gregory VII. had formerly done in the case of Berenger, submitted his proceedings and his authority to the judgement of a council, to which, of consequence, he acknowleged his subordination. That council even condemned his measures, and declared them scandalous.

See Gervaise, Diss. sur l'Heresie des Investitures, which is the fourth of the Dissertations prefixed to his History of the Abbot Suger.

CENT. XII. prospect of immediate succour, prepared every thing for a vigorous war against the emperor, and attempted to make himself master of Rome. But, in the midst of these warlike preparations, which drew the attention of Europe, and portended great and remarkable events, the military pontiff yielded to fate, A. D. 1118.

V. A few days after the death of Pascal, John of Gaieta, a Benedictine monk of Mont-Cassin, and chancellor of the Roman church, was raised to the pontificate under the title of Gelasius II. In opposition to this choice, Henry elected to the same dignity Maurice Burdin, archbishop of Braga, in Spain, who assumed the denomination of Gregory VIII. Upon this, Gelasius, not thinking himself safe at Rome, or indeed in Italy, set out for France, and soon after died at Clugni. The cardinals, who accompanied him in his journey, elected to the papacy, immediately after his departure, Guy, archbishop of Vienne, count of Burgundy, who was nearly related to the emperor, and is distinguished in the list of the Roman pontiffs by the name of Calixtus II. The elevation of this eminent ecclesiastic was, in the issue, extremely fortunate both for the church and state. Remarkably distinguished by his illustrious birth, and still more by his noble and heroic qualities, this magnanimous pontiff continued to oppose the emperor with courage and success, and to carry on the war both with the sword of the spirit, and with the arm of flesh. He made himself master of Rome, threw into prison the pontiff who had been chosen by the emperor, and fomented the civil commotions in Germany. But his fortitude and resolution were tempered with moderation, and accompanied with a spirit of generosity and compliance which differed

d Braga was the metropolis of ancient Galicia, but at present is one of the three archbishoprics of Portugal, in the province of Entre Duero è Minho. The archbishop of that see claims the title of primate of Spain, which is annexed in Spain to the see of Toledo.

• See Stephani Baluzii Vita Mauritii Burdini, in Miscellaneis, tom. iii. p. 471.

much from the obstinate arrogance of his lordly pre- CENT. XII. decessors. Accordingly, he lent an ear to prudent counsels, and was willing to relinquish a part of the demands upon which the former pontiffs had so vehemently insisted, that he might restore the public tranquillity, and satisfy the ardent desires of so many nations, who groaned under the dismal effects of these deplorable divisions'.

It will appear unquestionably evident to every attentive and impartial observer of things, that the illiberal and brutal manners of those who ruled the church were the only reason that rendered the dispute concerning investitures so violent and cruel, so tedious in its duration, and so unhappy in its effects. During the space of fifty-five years, the church was governed by monks, who, to the obscurity of their birth, the asperity of their natural tempers, and the unbounded rapacity of their ambition and avarice, joined that inflexible obstinacy which is one of the essential characteristics of the monastic order. Hence arose those bitter feuds, those furious efforts of ambition and vengeance, that dishonored the church and afflicted the state during the course of this controversy. But as soon as the papal chair was filled by a man of a more dignified nature, and of a liberal education, the face of things changed entirely, and a prospect of peace arose to the desires and hopes of ruined and desolate countries.

between

VI. These hopes were not disappointed; for, after Peace is much contestation, peace was, at length, concluded concluded between the emperor and the pope's legates, at a the pope general diet, holden at Worms, A. D. 1122. The conditions were as follow:

"That for the future the bishops and abbots "should be chosen by those to whom the right of "election belonged ; but that this election should

The paragraph following is the note of the original placed in the text.

The expression is ambiguous; but it signifies that the elections of bishops and abbots were to be made by monks and canons as in former times.

and the en

peror upon certain con

ditions.

CENT. XI.

Two popes

the same

time.

"be made in presence of the emperor, or of an am"bassador appointed by him for that purpose h:

66

66

That, in case of a dispute among the electors, the "decision of it should be left to the emperor, who was to consult with the bishops upon that occasion: "That the bishop or abbot elect should take an "oath of allegiance to the emperor, receive from his "hand the regalia, and do homage for them:

"That the emperor should no more confer the regalia by the ceremony of the ring and crosier, "which were the ensigns of a ghostly dignity, but by that of the sceptre, which was more proper to "invest the person elected in the possession of rights "and privileges merely temporal '.

66

This convention was solemnly confirmed in the following year in the Lateran council, and remains still in force in our times, though the true sense of some of its articles has occasioned disputes between the emperors and pontiffs ".

VII. Calixtus did not long enjoy the fruits of this chosen at peace, to which he had so much contributed by his prudence and moderation. He died in the year 1124, and was succeeded by Lambert, bishop of Ostia, who assumed the title of Honorius II. and under whose pontificate nothing worthy of mention was transacted. His death, which happened A. D. 1130, gave rise to a considerable schism in the church of Rome, or rather in the college of cardinals, of whom one party elected, to the papal chair, Gregory, a cardinal deacon of St. Angelo, who was distin

h From this period the people in Germany were excluded from the right of voting in the election of bishops. See Petr. de Marca, de concordia sacerdotii et imperii, lib. vi. cap. ii. sect. 9, p. 788, edit. Bohmeri.

See Muratori, Antiq. Ital. medii ævi, tom. vi. p. 76.-Schilterus, de Libertate Eccl. Germanicæ, lib. iv. cap. iv. p. 545.Cæsar Rasponus, de Basilica Lateranensi, lib. iv. p. 295.

k It was disputed among other things, whether the consecration of the bishop elect was to precede or follow the collation of the regalia. See Jo. Wilh. Hoffman, ad concordatum Henrici V. et Čalisti II. Vitembergæ, 1739, in 4to.