the Turks, Indians, and the province of Cathay, fell, in their turn, before the victorious Tartar, and were all either put to death, or rendered tributary; nor did Genghiz stop here, but proceeding into Persia, India, and Arabia, he overturned the Saracen dominion in those regions, and substituted that of the Tartars in its place.* From this period the Christian I have followed as the most probable, place the defeat of this second Prester John in the year 1187. The learned and illustrious Demetrius Cantemir (in his Præf. ad Histor. Imperii Ottomanici, p. 45, tom. i. of the French edition) gives an account of this matter different from the two now mentioned, and affirms, upon the authority of the Arabian writers, that Genghiz did not invade the territories of his neighbours before the year 1214. *See Petit de la Croix Histoire de Genghiz-Can, p. 120, 121, published in 12mo. at Paris in the year 1711.-Herbelot, Biblioth. Oriental. at the article Genghiz-Khan, p. 378.-Assemani Biblioth. Oriental. cause lost much of its authority and credit in Vatican. tom. iii. part i. p. 101, and 295.-Jean du PART II. THE INTERNAL HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. Concerning the state of Letters and Philosophy during this Century. have been the Aristotelian philosophy that was this eminent prelate; and it was in the illustrafavoured in such a distinguished manner by tion and improvement of this profound and intricate system that those Greeks who had a philosophical turn were principally employed, as appears from several remains of ancient erudition, and particularly from the commentaries of Eustratius upon the ethics and other treatises of the Grecian sage. We are not, however, to imagine that the sublime wisdom of Plato was neglected in this century, or that his doctrines had fallen into disrepute. It appears, on the contrary, that they were adopted by many. Such, more especially, as had imbibed the precepts and spirit of the Mystics preferred them infinitely to the Peripatetic philosophy, which they considered as an endless source of sophistry and presumption, while they looked upon the Platonic system as the philosophy of reason and piety, of candour and I. NOTWITHSTANDING the decline of the Grecian empire, the calamities in which it was repeatedly involved, and the frequent revolutions and civil wars that consumed its strength, and were precipitating its ruin, the arts and sciences still flourished in Greece, and covered with glory such as cultivated them with assiduity and success. This may be ascribed, not only to the liberality of the emperors, and to the extraordinary zeal which the family of the Comneni discovered for the advancement of learning, but also to the provident vigilance of the patriarchs of Constantinople, who took all possible measures to prevent the clergy from falling into ignorance and sloth, lest the Greek church should thus be deprived of able champions to defend its cause against the Latins. The learned and ingenious commenta-virtue. This diversity of sentiment produced ries of Eustathius, bishop of Thessalonica, upon Homer and Dionysius the Geographer, are sufficient to show the diligence and labour that were employed by men of the first genius in the improvement of classical erudition, and in the study of antiquity. And if we turn our III. In the western world the pursuit of view toward the various writers who composed knowledge was now carried on with incredible in this century the history of their own times, emulation and ardour; and all branches of scisuch as Cinnamus, Glycas, Zonaras, Nicepho- ence were studied with the greatest applicarus, Briennius and others, we shall find in their tion and industry. This literary enthusiasm productions undoubted marks of learning and was encouraged and supported by the influgenius, as well as of a laudable ambition to ob-ence and liberality of some of the European tain the esteem and approbation of future ages. II. Nothing could equal the zeal and enthusiasm with which Michael Anchialus, patriarch of Constantinople, encouraged the study of philosophy by his munificence, and still more by the extraordinary influence of his illustrious example.* It seems, however, to the famous controversy, which was managed with such vehemence and erudition among the Greeks, concerning the respective merit and excellence of the Peripatetic and Platonic doctrines. monarchs, and Roman pontiffs, who perceived the happy tendency of the sciences to soften the savage manners of uncivilized nations, and thereby to administer an additional support to civil government, as well as an ornament to human society. Hence learned societies were formed, and colleges established, in which the onem in Henr. Justelli Bibliotbeca Juris canonic • Theodorus Balsamon, Præf. ad Photii Nomocan- veteris, to ii. p. 814. academies and schools of learning, the Roman pontiff, Alexander III. was seized also with noble enthusiasm. In a council holden at Rome, A. D. 1179, he caused a solemn law to be published, for erecting new schools in the monasteries and cathedrals, and restoring to their primitive lustre those which, through the sloth and ignorance of the monks and bishops, had fallen into ruin.* But the effect which this law was intended to produce was prevented by the growing fame of the newlyerected academies, to which the youth resorted from all parts, and left the episcopal and monastic schools entirely empty; so that they gradually declined, and sunk, at last, into a total oblivion. what is particularly worthy of notice, they not only rendered knowledge more general by facilitating the means of instruction, but were also the occasion of forming a new circle of sciences, better digested, and much more com liberal arts and sciences were publicly taught. || The prodigious concourse of students, who resorted thither for instruction, occasioned, in process of time, the enlargement of these schools, which had arisen from small beginnings, and their erection into universities, as they were called, in the succeeding age. The principal cities of Europe were adorned with establishments of this kind; but Paris surpassed them all in the number and variety of its schools, the merit and reputation of its public teachers, and the immense multitude of the studious youth that frequented its colleges. And thus was exhibited in that famous city the model of our present schools of learning; a model indeed defective in several respects, but || which, in after-times, was corrected and im- IV. Many were the signal advantages that proved, and brought gradually to higher de-attended these literary establishments; and grees of perfection.* About the same time the famous school of Angers, in which the youth were instructed in various sciences, and particularly and principally in the civil law, was founded by the zeal and industry of Ulgerius, bishop of that city;† and the college of Mont-prehensive than that which had been hitherto pelier, where law and physic were taught with great success, had already acquired a considerable reputation. The same literary spirit reigned also in Italy. The academy of Bologna, whose origin may be traced higher than this century, was now in the highest renown, and was frequented by great numbers of students, and more especially by such as were desirous of being instructed in the civil and canon laws. The fame of this academy was, in a great measure, established by the munificence of the emperor Lotharius II. who took it under his protection, and enriched it with new privileges and immunities.§ In the same province flourished also the celebrated school of Salernum, where great numbers resorted, and which was wholly set apart for the study of physic. While this zealous emulation, in advancing the cause of learning and philosophy, animated so many princes and prelates, and discovered itself in the erection of so many studied by the greatest adepts in learning. The whole extent of learning and philosophy, before this period, was confined to the seven liberal arts, as they were commonly called, of which three were known by the name of the trivium, which comprehended grammar, rhetoric, and logic; and the other four by the title of quadrivium, which included arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy. The greatest part of the learned, as we have formerly observed, were satisfied, with their literary acquisitions, when they had made themselves masters of the trivium, while such as with an adventurous flight aspired to the quadrivium, were considered as stars of the first magnitude, as the great luminaries of the learned world. But in this century the aspect of letters underwent a considerable and an advantageous change. The liberal arts and sciences were multiplied; and new and unfrequented paths of knowledge were opened to the emulation of the studious youth. Theology was placed in the number of the sciences; not that ancient theology which had no merit but its simplicity, and which was drawn, without the least order or connexion, from diverse passages of the Boulay, Hist. Acad. Paris. tom. ii. p. 215. Poc-holy scriptures, and from the opinions and inquet de la Livoniere, Dissert. sur l'Antiquite de ventions of the primitive doctors, but that phil'Universite d'Angers, p. 21, published in 4to. at Anlosophical or scholastic theology which, with gers, 1736. the deepest abstraction, traced divine truth to its first principles, and thence followed it into its various connexions and branches. Nor was theology alone added to the ancient circle of sciences; the studies of the learned languages, of the civil and canon law, and of physic,t were now brought into high repute. Particular academ es were consecrated to the culture of each of these sciences, in various places; and thus it was natural to consider them as important branches of erudition, and an acquaintance with them as a qualification *See B. Bohmeri Jus Eccles. Protestant. tom. iv. p. 705. The word physica, though, according to its etymology, it denotes the study of natural philosophy in general, was, in the twelfth century, applied par ticularly to medicinal studies; and it has also preserved that limited sense in the English language. *Boulay, Hist. Acad. Paris. tom. ii. p. 463.-Pasquier, Recherches de la France, liv. iii. ch. xxix.Petri Lambecii Histor. Biblioth. Vindobon. lib. i. cap. v. p. 260.—Histoire Liter. de la France, tome ix. p. 60-80. Histoire Gen. de Languedoc, par les Benedictins, tome ii. p. 517. § The inhabitants of Bologna pretend, that their academy was founded in the fifth century by Theodosius II. and they pretend to show the diploma by which that emperor enriched their city with this valuable establishment. But the greatest part of those writers, who have studied with attention and impartiality the records of ancient times, maintain, that this diploma is a spurious production, and allege weighty arguments to prove, that the academy of Bologna is of no older date than the eleventh cen. tury, and that in the succeeding age, particularly from the time of Lotharius II. it received those im provements that rendered it so famous throughout all Europe. See Sigonii Historia Bononiensis, as it is published, with learned observations, in the works of that excellent author.-Muratori Antiq. Italic. medii ævi, tom. ii. p. 23, 884, 898.-Just. Hen. Bohmeri Præfat. ad Corpus Juris Canon. p. 9, as also the elegant History of the Academy of Bologna written in the German language by the learned Keufelius, and published at Helmstadt in svo. in the year 1750. VOL. I.-39 necessary to such as aimed at universal learning. All this required a considerable change in the division of the sciences hitherto received; and this change was accordingly brought about. The seven liberal arts were, by degrees, reduced to one general title, and were comprehended under the name of philosophy, to which theology, jurisprudence, and physic, were added. And hence originated the four classes of science, or, to use the academic phrase, the four faculties which prevailed in the universities, in the following century. V. A happy and unexpected event restored in Italy the lustre and authority of the ancient Roman law, and, at the same time, lessened the credit of those systems of legislation which had been received for several ages past. This event was the discovery of the original manuscript of the famous Pandect of Justinian, which was found in the ruins of Amalphi, or|| Melfi, when that city was taken by Lotharius II. in 1137, and of which that emperor made a present to the inhabitants of Pisa, whose fleet had contributed, in a particular manner, to the success of the siege. This admirable collection, which had been almost buried in oblivion, was no sooner recovered, than the Roman law became the grand object of the studies and labours of the learned. In the academy of Bologna, colleges were erected expressly for the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and these excellent institutions were multiplied in several parts of Italy, in process of time, and animated other European nations to imitate so wise an example. Hence arose a great revolution in the public tribunals, and an entire change in their judicial proceedings. Hitherto different systems of law had been followed in different courts; and every person of distinction, particularly among the Franks, had the liberty of choosing that code of law which was to be the rule of his conduct. But the Roman law acquired such credit and authority, that it superseded, by degrees, all other laws in the greatest part of Europe, and was substituted in the place of the Salic, Lombard, and Burgundian codes, which before this period were in the highest reputation. It is an ancient opinion, that Lotharius II. pursuant|| to the counsels and solicitations of Irnerius,* principal professor of the Roman law in the academy of Bologna, published an edict enjoining the abrogation of all the statutes then in force, and substituting in their place the Roman law, by which, for the future, all without exception were to modify their contracts, terminate their differences, and regulate their actions. But this opinion, as many learned men have abundantly proved, is far from be ing supported by sufficient evidence. * Otherwise called Werner. † See Herm. Conringius de Origine Juris Germanici, cap. xxii.-Guido Grandus, Epist. de Pandectis, p. 21, 69, published at Florence, in 4to. in 1737.-Henry Brenemann, Historia Pandectar. p. 41.-Lud. Ant. Muratori, Præf. ad Leges Langobardicas, apud scriptor. rerum Ital. tom. i. part ii. p. 4, &c. Antiq. Ital. medii ævi, tom. ii. p. 285. There was a warm controversy carried on concerning this matter between George Calixtus and Barthol. Nihusius, the latter of whom embraced the vulgar opinión concerning the edict of Lotharius, obtained by the solicitations of Irnerius; of this controversy there is a cir VI. No sooner was the civil law placed in the number of the sciences, and considered as an important branch of academical learning, than the Roman pontiffs, and their zealous adherents, judged it, not only expedicnt, but also highly necessary, that the canon law should have the same privilege. There existed, before this time, certain collections of the canons or laws of the church; but these collections were so destitute of order and method, and were so defective, both in respect to matter and form, that they could not be conveniently explained in the schools, or be brought into use as systems of ecclesiastical polity. Hence it was, that Gratian, a Benedictine monk, belonging to the convent of St. Felix and Nabor at Bologna, and by birth a Tuscan composed, about the year 1130, for the use of the schools, an abridgement, or Epitome of Canon Law, drawn from the letters of the pontiffs, the decrees of councils, and the writings of the ancient doctors. Pope Eugenius III. was extremely pleased with this work, which was also received with the highest applause by the doctors and professors of Bologna, and was unanimously adopted, as the text they were to follow in their public lectures. The professors at Paris were the first that followed the example of those of Bologna, which, in process of time, was imitated by the great est part of the European colleges. But, notwithstanding the encomiums bestowed upon this performance, which was commonly called the decretal of Gratian,* and was entitled, by the author himself, the re-union or coalition of the jarring canons,† several most learned and eminent writers of the Romish communion acknowledge, that it is full of errors and defects. As, however, the main design of this abridgement was to support the despotism, and to extend the authority of the Roman pontiffs, its innumerable defects were overlooked, its merits were exaggerated; and, what is still more surprising, it enjoys, at this day, in an age of light and liberty, that high degree of veneration and authority, which was inconsiderately, though more excusably, lavished upon it in an age of tyranny, superstition, and darkness.§ cumstantial account in the Cimbria Literata of Mollerus, tom. iii. p. 142. *Decretum Gratiani. † Concordia Discordantium Canonum. See, among others, Anton. Augustinus, De Emendatione Gratiani, published in 8vo. at Arnheim. A. D. 1678, with the learned observations of Steph. Baluze and Ger. a Maestricht. § See Gerhard. a Maestricht, Historia Juris Ecclesiastici, sect. 293, p. 325.-B. Just. Hen. Bohmer's Jus Eccles. Protestant, tom. i. p. 100, and more particularly the learned Preface, with which he enriched the new edition of the Canon Law, published at Halle in 4to. in the year 1747. See also Alex. Machiavelli Observationes ad Sigonii Histor. Bononiensem, tom. iii. Oper. Sigonii, p. 128. This writer has drawn, from the Kalendarium Archi-Gymnasii Bononiensis, several particularities concerning Gratian and his work, which were generally unknown, but whose truth is also much disputed. What increases the suspicion of their being fabulous is, that this famous Kalendar, of which the Bolognese boast so much, and which they have so often promised to publish in order to dispel the doubts of the learned, has never yet seen the light. Besides, in the fragments that have appeared, there are manifest marks of unfair dealing. VII. Such among the Latins as were ambitious of making a figure in the republic of letters, applied themselves to philosophy with the utmost zeal and diligence. Taken in its most extensive and general meaning, that study comprehended, according to the method which was the most generally received toward the middle of this century, four classes: it was divided into theoretical, practical, mechanical, and logical. The first class comprised natural theology, mathematics, and natural philosophy. In the second class were ranked ethics, œconomics, and politics. The third contained the seven arts that are more immediately subservient to the purposes of life, such as navigation, agriculture, hunting, &e. The fourth was divided into grammar and composition, the latter of which was subdivided into rhetoric, dialectics, and sophistry, and under the term dialectic was comprehended that part of the metaphysic science which treats of general notions. This division was almost universally adopted. Some, indeed, were inclined to separate grammar and mechanics from philosophy, a separation highly condemned by others, who, under the general term philosophy, comprehended the whole circle of the sciences.* VIII. The learned, who taught or who cultivated these different branches of study, were divided into various factions, which attacked each other with the utmost animosity and bitterness. At this time, three methods of teaching philosophy were practised by different doctors. The first was the ancient and plain method, which confined its researches to the philosophical notions of Porphyry, and the dialectic system, commonly attributed to St. Augustine, and in which was laid down this general rule, that philosophical inquiries were to be limited to a small number of subjects, lest, by their becoming too extensive, religion might suffer by a profane mixture of human subtilty with its divine wisdom. The second method was called the Aristotelian, because it consisted in explications of the works of that philosopher, several of whose productions, being translated into Latin, were now almost every where in the hands of the learned. These translations were, indeed, extremely ob These literary anecdotes I have taken from several writers, particularly from Hugo a St. Victore, Didascali Libro ii. cap. ii. p. 7. tom. i. op. and from the Metalogicum of John of Salisbury. scure and incorrect, and led those who made use of them in their academical lectures, into various blunders, and often into such notions as were not more absurd than whimsical and singular. The third was termed the free method, employed by such as were bold enough to search after truth, in the manner they thought the most adapted to render their inquiries successful, and who followed the bent of their own genius, without rejecting, however, the aid of Aristotle and Plato. Laudable as this method was, it became an abundant source of sophistry and chicane, by the imprudent management of those who employed it; for these subtile doctors, through a wanton indulgence of their metaphysical fancies, did little more than puzzle their disciples with vain questions, and fatigue them with endless distinctions and divisions.* These different systems, and vehement contests that divided the philosophers, gave to many a disgust against philosophy in general, and prompted them to desire, with impatience, its banishment from the public schools. IX. Of all the controversies that divided the philosophers in this century, there were none carried on with greater animosity, and treated with greater subtilty and refinement, than the contest of the Dialecticians concerning universals. The sophistical doctors were wholly occupied about the intricate questions relating to genus and species, to the solution of which they directed all their philosophical efforts, and the whole course of their metaphysical studies; but not all in the same method, nor upon the same principles. The two leading sects into which they had been divided long be fore this period, and which were distinguished by the titles of Realists and Nominalists, not only still subsisted, but were subdivided, each into smaller parties and factions, according as the two opposite and leading schemes were modified by new fancies and inventions. The Nominalists, though they had their followers, were nevertheless much inferior to the Realists, both with respect to the number of their disciples, and to the credit and reputation of their doctrine. A third sect arose under the name of Formalists, who pretended to termi *See Jo. Sarisburiensis Policrat. p. 434, et Metalog. p. 814, &c. John of Salisbury, a very elegant and ingenious writer of this age, censures, with no small degree of wit, the crude and unintelligible speculations of these sophists in his book intitled Policraticon, seu de Nugis Curialium, lib. vii. p. 451. He observes, tha more time had been consumed in resolving the ques tion relating to genus and species, than the Cæsars † See Godof. de St. Victore, Carmen de Sectis Philosoph. published by Le Bœuf, in his Diss. sur 'Histoire Ecclesiast. et Civile de Paris, tome ii. p. 254.-Boulay, Hist. Acad. Paris. tom. ii, p. 562.Ant. Wood, Antiq. Oxoniens. tom. i. p. 51. Jo. Saris-had employed in making themselves masters of the buriensis Metalog. et Policrat. passim. Rob. de Monte, Append. ad Sigebertum Gemblacens, published by d'Acheri, among the works of Guibert, abbot of Nogent, ad annum 1128, p. 753. "Jacobus Clericus de Venetia transtulit de Græco in Latinum quosdam libros Aristotelis et commentatus est, scilicet Topica, Annal priores et posteriores et elenchos; quamvis antiquior translatio super eosdem libros haberetur." Thom. Becket, Epistolar. lib. ii. ep. xciii. p. 454. edit. Bruxell. 1682, in 4to. preces, quatenus libros Aristotelis, quos habetis, mihi faciatis exscribi.-Precor etiam iterata supplicatione quatenus in operibus Aristotelis, ubi difficiliora fuerint, notulas faciatis, eo quod interpretem aliquatenus suspectum habeo, quia, licet eloquens fuerit alias, ut sæpe audivi, minus tamen fuit in grammatica institutus." "Itero whole world; that the riches of Croesus were inferior to the treasures which had been exhausted in this controversy; and that the contending parties, after having spent their whole lives upon this single point, had neither been so happy as to determine it to their satisfaction, nor to make, in the labyrinths of science where they had been groping, any discovery that was worth the pains they had taken. His words are: "Veterem paratus est solvere quæstionem de generibus et speciebus (he speaks here of a certain philosopher) in qua laborans mundus jam senuit, in qua plus temporis consumptum est, quam in acquirendo et regendo orbis imperio consumpserit Cæsarea domus: plus effusum pecuniæ, quam in omnibus divitiis suis possederit Croesus. Hæc enim tam diu multos tenuit, ut cum hoc unum tota vita quærerent, tandem nec istud nec aliud invenirent." nate the controversy, by steering a middle course between the jarring systems now mentioned; but, as the hypotheses of these new doctors were most obscure and unintelligible, they only perplexed matters more than they had hitherto been, and furnished new subjects of contention and dispute.* Those among the learned, who turned their pursuits to more interesting and beneficial branches of science, than the intricate and puzzling doctrine of universals, travelled into the different countries, where the kinds of knowledge, which they wished to cultivate, chiefly flourished. The students of physic, astronomy, and mathematics, continued to frequent the schools of the Saracens in Spain. Many of the learned productions of the Arabians were also translated into Latin;t for the high fame which that people had acquired for erudition, together with a desire of converting the Spanish Saracens to Christianity, had excited many to study their language, and to acquire a considerable knowledge of their doctrine. CHAPTER II. Concerning the Doctors and Ministers of the Church, and its Form of Government, during this Century. I. WHEREVER we turn our eyes among the various ranks and orders of the clergy, we perceive, in this century, the most flagrant marks of licentiousness and fraud, ignorance and luxury, and other vices, whose pernicious effects were deeply felt both in church and state. If we except a very small number, who retained a sense of the sanctity of their vocation, and lamented the corruption and degeneracy of their order, it may be said, with respect to the rest, that their whole business was to satisfy their lusts, to multiply their privileges by grasping perpetually at new honours and distinctions, to increase their opulence, to diminish the authority and encroach upon the privileges of princes and magistrates, and, neglecting entirely the interests of religion and the cure of souls, to live in ease and pleasure, and See the above cited author's Policrat. lib. vii. p. draw out their days in an unmanly and luxu451, where he gives a succinct account of the For-rious indolence. This appears manifestly from malists, Realists, and Nominalists, in the following words: "Sunt qui more mathematicorum formas abstrahunt, et ad illas quicquid de universalibus dicitur referunt." Such were the Formalists, who applied the doctrine of universal ideas to what the mathematicians call abstract forms. “Alii discutiunt Intellectus, et eos universalium nominibus ceuseri confirmant." Here we find the Realists pointed out, who, under the name of universals, comprehended all intellectual powers, qualities, and ideas. “Fuerunt et qui voces ipsas genera dicerent et species: sed eorum jam explosa sententia est, et facile cum auctore suo evanuit. Sunt tamen adhuc, qui deprehenduntur in vestigiis eorum, licet erubescant vel auctorem vel scientiam profiteri, solis nominibus inhærentes, quod rebus et intellectibus subtrahunt, sermonibus ascribunt." This was a sect of the Nominalists, who, ashamed (as this author alleges) to profess the exploded doctrine of Roscellinus, which placed genus and species in the class of mere words, or simple denominations, modified that system by a slight change of expression only, which did not essentially distinguish their doctrine from that of the ordinary Nominalists. It appears from all this, that the sect of the Formalists is of more ancient date than John Duns Scotus, whom many learned men consider as its founder. See Jo. Sarisbur. Metalogic. lib. ii. cap. xvii. p. 814, where that eminent author describes at large the various contests of these three sects, and sums up their differences in the following words: "Alius consistit in vocibus, licet hæc opinio cum Roscellino suo fere jam evanuerit; alius sermones intuetur: alius versatur in intellectibus," &c. two remarkable treatises of St. Bernard, in one of which he exposes the corruption of the pontiffs and bishops,* while he describes in the other the enormous crimes of the monastic orders, whose licentiousness he chastises with a just severity.t II. The pontiffs, who successively ruled the Latin church, governed that spiritual and mystical body by the maxims of worldly ambition, and thereby fomented the warm contest that had arisen between the imperial and sacerdotal powers. On the one hand, the popes not only maintained the opulence and authority which they had already acquired, but extended their Views, and laboured strenuously to enlarge both, though they had not all equal success in this ambitious attempt. The European emperors and princes, on the other hand, alarmed at the strides which the pontiffs were making to universal dominion, used their utmost efforts to disconcert their measures, and to check their growing opulence and power. These violent dissensions between the empire and the priesthood (for so the contending parties were styled in this century,) were most unhappy in their effects, which were felt throughout all the European provinces. Pascal II. who had been raised to the pontificate about the conclusion of the preceding age, seemed now to sit firm and secure in the apostolic chair, without the least apprehension from the imperial faction, whose affairs had taken an unfavourable turn, and who had not the courage to elect a new pope of their party in the place of Guibert, who died in the year 1100.‡ † Gerard of Cremona, who was so famous among the Italians for his eminent skill in astronomy and physic, undertook a voyage to Toledo, where he translated into Latin several Arabian treatises; see Muratori's Antiq. Ital. medii ævi, tom. iii. p. 936, 937.-Mirmet, a French monk, travelled into Spain and Africa, to learn geography among the Saracens. See Luc. Dacherii Spicilegium Scriptor. tom. ix. p. 443, ed. Antiq.-Daniel Morlach, an Englishman, who was extremely fond of mathematical learning, undertook a journey to Toledo, whence he brought into his own country a considerable number of Arabian books: Ant. Wood, Antiquit. Oxon. tom. i. p. 55.-Peter, abbot of Clugni, surnamed the Venera-science during this century; but those now alleged ble, after having sojourned for some time among the Spaniards, in order to make himself master of the Arabian language, translated into Latin the Koran, and the Life of Mohammed: see Mabillon, Annal. Bened. tom. vi. lib. lxxvii. 345. This eminent ecclesiastic, as appears from the Bibliotheca Cluniacensis, p. 1169, found, upon his arrival in Spain, persons of learning from England and other countries, who applied themselves with extraordinary assiduity and ardour to the study of astrology. We might multiply he examples of those who travelled in quest of are sufficient for our purpose. * In the work entitled, Considerationum Libri V. ad Eugenium Pontificem. † See his defence of the crusades, under the title of Apologia ad Gulielmum Abbatem; as also Gerhohus, de corrupto Ecclesiæ Statu, in Baluzii Miscell. tom. v. p. 63.-Gallia Christiana, tom. i. p. 6. App. tom. ii. p. 265, 273, &c. Boulay's Histor. Academ. Paris. tom. ii. p. 490, 690. Dr. Mosheim's affirmation here must be somewhat modified in order to be true; it is certain |