his erring heroes, Marmion, Bertram, Christie of the Clinthill, or Nanty Ewart, in whom loyalty is always the real strength of the character, and the faults of life are owing to temporary passion or evil fate. Scott differs in this standard of heroism materially from Byron, in whose eyes mere courage, with strong affections, are enough for admiration while Bertram, and even Marmion, though loyal to his country, are meant only to be pitied-not honored. But neither Scott nor Byron will ever allow any grain of mercy to a coward; and the final difference, therefore, between Fairservice and Moniplies, which decides their fate in Scott's hands, is that between their courage and cowardice. Fairservice is driven out at the kitchen door, never to be heard of more, while Richie rises into Sir Richie of Castle-Collop-the reader may perhaps at the moment think by too careless grace on the king's part; which, indeed, Scott in some measure meant; but the grotesqueness and often evasiveness of Richie's common manner make us forget how surely his bitter word is backed by his ready blow, when need is.

His first introduction to us (i. 33), is because his quick temper overcomes his caution

"I thought to mysel', 'Ye are owre mony for me to mell with; but let me catch ye in Barford's Park, or at the fit of the vennel, I could gar some of ye sing another sang.' Sae, ae auld hirpling deevil of a potter behoved just to step in my way and offer me a pig, as he said, just to pit my Scotch ointment in, and I gave him a push, as but natural, and the tottering deevil couped owre amang his ain pigs, and damaged a score of them. And then the reird raise"

while in the close of the events (ii. 365), he wins his wife by a piece of hand-tohand fighting, of the value of which his cool and stern estimate, in answer to the gay Templar, is one of the great sentences marking Scott's undercurrent of two feelings about war, in spite of his love of its heroism

*"Reirde, rerde, Anglo-Saxon reord, lingua, sermo, clamor, shouting" (Douglas glossary). No Scottish sentence in the Scott novels should be passed without examining every word in it, his dialect, as already noticed, being always pure and classic in the highest degree, and his meaning always the fuller, the further it is traced.

"Bravo, Richie," cried Lowestoffe, "why, man, there lies Sin struck down like an ox, and Iniquity's throat cut like a calf."

"I know not why you should upbraid me with my upbringing, Master Lowestoffe," answered Richie with great composure; but I can tell you, the shambles is not a bad place for training one to this work."

These then being the radical conditions of native character in the two men, wholly irrespective of their religious persuasion, we have to note what form their Presbyterian faith takes in each, and what effect it has on their consciences.

In Richie, it has little to do; his conscience being, in the deep of it, frank and clear. His religion commands him nothing which he is not at once ready to do, or has not habitually done; and it forbids him nothing which he is unwilling to forego. He pleads no pardon from it for known faults; he seeks no evasions in the letter of it for violations of its spirit. We are scarcely therefore aware of its vital power in him, unless at moments of very grave feeling and its necessary expression.

"

'Wherefore, as the letter will not avail you with him to whom it is directed, you may believe that Heaven hath sent it to me, who have a special regard for the writer-have besides, as much mercy and honesty within me as man can weel mak' his bread with, and am willing to aid any distressed creature, that is my friend's friend."

So, again, in the deep feeling which rebukes his master's careless ruin of the poor apprentice

"I say, then, as I am a true man, when I saw that puir creature come through the ha' at that ordinary, whilk is accurst (Heaven forgive me for swearing) of God and man, with his teeth set, and his hands clenched, and his bonnet drawn over his brows. He stopped

a moment, and looked fixedly in his master's face.

and again in saving the poor lad himself when he takes the street to his last

destruction "with burning heart and bloodshot eye":

"Why do you stop my way?" he said fiercely.

66

Because it is a bad one, Master Jenkin," said Richie. Nay, never start about it, man; you see you are known. Alack-a-day! that an honest man's son should live to start at hearing himself called by his own name."

"I pray you in good fashion to let me go," said Jenkin. “I am in the humor to be dangerous to myself, or to any one.

"I will abide the risk," said the Scot, "if you will but come with me. You are the very

64

And you," answered Vincent, "or any of your beggarly countrymen, are the last sight I should ever wish to see. You Scots are ever fair and false."

"As to our poverty, friend," replied Richie, "that is as Heaven pleases; but, touching our falsity, I'll prove to you that a Scotsman bears as leal and true a heart to his friend as ever beat in an English doublet."

In these, and other such passages, it will be felt that I have done Richie some injustice in classing him among the religionists who have little sympathy! For all real distress, his compassion is instant; but his doctrinal religion becomes immediately to him a cause of failure in charity.

"Yon divine has another air from powerful Master Rollock, and Mess David Black of North Leith, and sic like. Alack-a-day, wha can ken, if it please your lordship, whether sic prayers as the Southrons read out of their auld Elethering black mess-book there, may not be as powerful to invite fiends, as a right red-het prayer warm from the heart may be powerful to drive them away; even as the evil spirit was driven by the smell of the fish's liver from the bridal chamber of Sara, the daughter of Raguel!"

The scene in which this speech occurs is one of Scott's most finished pieces, showing with supreme art how far the weakness of Richie's superstitious formality is increased by his being at the time partially drunk!

It is on the other hand to be noted to his credit, for an earnest and searching Bible-reader, that he quotes the Apocrypha. Not so gifted Gilfillan,

"But if your honor wad consider the case of Tobit-"

"Tobit!" exclaimed Gilfillan with great heat; "Tobit and his dog baith are altogether

heathenish and apocryphal, and none but a prelatist or a papist would draw them into question. I doubt I hae been mista'en in you,

friend."

Gilfillan and Fairservice are exactly alike, and both are distinguished from Moniplies in their scornfully exclusive

* The reader must observe that in quoting Scott for illustration of particular points I am obliged sometimes to alter the succession and omit much of the context of the pieces I want, for Scott never lets you see his hand, nor get at his points without remembering and comparing far-away pieces carefully. To collect the evidence of any one phase of character, is like pulling up the detached roots of a creeper.

dogmatism, which is indeed the distinctive plague-spot of the lower evangelical sect everywhere, and the worst blight of the narrow natures, capable of its zealous profession. In Blattergowl, on the contrary, as his name implies, the doctrinal teaching has become mere Blather, Blatter, or patter-a string of commonplaces spoken habitually in performance of his clerical function, but with no personal or sectarian interest on them on his

part.

He said fine things on the duty o' resignation to the will of God-that did he; but his own mind is fixed under ordinary circumstances only on the income and privilege of his position. Scott however indicates this without severity as one of the weaknesses of an established church, to the general principle of which, as to all other established and monarchic law, he is wholly submissive, and usually affectionate (see the description of Colonel Mannering's Edinburgh Sunday), so that Blattergowl, out of the pulpit, does not fail in his serious pastoral duty, but gives real comfort by his presence and exhortation in the cottage of the Mucklebackits.

On the other hand, to all kinds of In

dependents and Nonconformists (unless of the Roderick Dhu type) Scott is adverse with all his powers; and accordingly, Andrew and Gilfillan are much more sternly and scornfully drawn than Blattergowl.

In all the three, however, the reader commonly called "hypocrisy." Their must not for an instant suspect what is religion is no assumed mask or advanced intimate faith, mischievous by its error, pretence. It is in all, a confirmed and in proportion to its sincerity (compare Ariadne Florentina, page 75, paragraph 87), and although by his cowardice, petty larceny, and low cunning, Fairservice is absolutely separated into a different class of men from Monipliesin his fixed religious principle and primary conception of moral conduct, he is exactly like him. Thus when, in

an agony of terror, he speaks for once to his master with entire sincerity, one might for a moment think it was a lecture by Moniplies to Nigel.

"O, Maister Frank, a' your uncle's follies and your cousin's fliskies, were nothing to this! Drink clean cap-out, like Sir Hildebrand; begin the blessed morning with brandy-taps like Squire Percy; rin wud among the lasses like Squire John; gamble like Richard: win souls to the Pope and the deevil, like Rashleigh; rive, rant, break the Sabbath, and do the Pope's bidding, like them a' put thegither—but merciful Providence! tak' care o' your young bluid, and gang na near Rob Roy.'

I said one might for a moment think it was a Moniplies' lecture to Nigel. But not for two moments, if we indeed can

think at all. We could not find a passage more concentrated in expression of Andrew's total character; nor more

characteristic of Scott in the calculated precision and deliberate appliance of every word.

Observe first, Richie's rebuke, quoted above, fastens Nigel's mind instantly on the nobleness of his father. But Andrew's to Frank fastens as instantly on the follies of his uncle and cousins.

Secondly, the sum of Andrew's lesson is" do anything that is rascally, if only you save your skin." But Richie's is summed in" The grace of God is better than gold pieces.

Thirdly, Richie takes little note of creeds, except when he is drunk; but creeds, except when he is drunk; but looks to conduct always; while Andrew clinches his catalogue of wrong with "doing the pope's bidding," and Sabbath-breaking; these definitions of the unpardonable being the worst absurdity of all Scotch wickedness to this hour everything being forgiven to people who go to church on Sunday, and curse the pope. Scott never loses sight of this marvellous plague-spot of Presbyterian religion, and the last words of Andrew religion, and the last words of Andrew Fairservice are :

"The villain Laurie, to betray an auld friend

that sang aff the same psalm-book wi' him every Sabbath for twenty years."

and the tragedy of these last words of his, and of his expulsion from his former happy home-" a jargonelle pear-tree at one end of the cottage, a rivulet and flower plot of a rood in extent in front, a kitchen-garden behind, and a paddock for a cow" (viii. 6, of the 1830 edition) can only be understood by the reading of the chapter he quotes on that last Sabbath evening he passes in it-the 5th of Nehemiah.

For--and I must again and again

point out this to the modern reader, who, living in a world of affectation, suspects "hypocrisy" in every creature he sees-the very plague of this lower evangelical piety is that it is not hypocrisy; that Andrew and Laurie do both expect to get the grace of God by singing psalms on Sunday, whatever rascality they practise during the week. In the only religious figure is a dirty and the modern popular drama of School,* malicious usher who appears first reading Hervey's "Meditations," and throws away the book as soon as he is out of sight of the company. But when Anlike a statue by a range of beehives in drew is found by Frank "perched up an attitude of devout contemplation, the little irritable citizens, and the other with one eye watching the motions of fixed on a book of devotion," you will please observe, suspicious reader, that the devout gardener has no expectation whatever of Frank's approach, nor has he any design upon him, nor is he reading or attitudinizing for effect of any kind on any person. He is following his own ordinary customs, and his book used that "much attrition had deprived of devotion has been already so well it of its corners, and worn it into an oval shape;" its attractiveness to Andrew being twofold-the first, that it contains doctrine to his mind; the second, that such sound doctrine is set forth under

figures properly belonging to his craft. "I was e'en taking a spell o' worthy Mess John Quackleben's Flower of a Sweet Savour sown on the Middenstead of this World (note in passing Scott's easy, instant, exquisite invention of the name of author and title of book); and it is a question of very curious interest how far these sweet" spells" in Quackleben, and the like religious exercises of a nature compatible with worldly business (compare Luckie Macleary, with eyes employed on Boston's

* Its "hero" is a tall youth with handsome fowling-piece, eats a large lunch, thinks it witty calves to his legs, who shoots a bull with a to call Othello a nigger," and, having nothing to live on, and being capable of doing nothing for his living, establishes himself in lunches and cigars forever, by marrying a girl with a

fortune. The heroine is an amiable governess, who, for the general encouragement of virtue in governesses, is rewarded by marrying a lord.

'Crook in the Lot,' while her ideas were engaged in summing up the reckoning"" Waverley," i., 112)-do indeed modify in Scotland the national character for the better or the worse; or, not inaterially altering, do at least solemnize and confirin it in what good it may be capable of. My own Scottish nurse, described in "Fors Clavigera" for April, 1873, page 13, would, I doubt not, have been as faithful and affectionate without her little library of Puritan theology; nor were her minor faults, so far as I could see, abated by its exhortations; but I cannot but believe that her uncomplaining endurance of most painful disease, and steadiness of temper under not unfrequent misapprehension by those whom she best loved and served, were in great degree aided by so much of Christian faith and hope as she had succeeded in obtaining, with little talk about it.

I knew however in my earlier days a right old Covenanter in my Scottish

aunt's house, of whom, with Mause Hedrigg and David Deans, I may be able perhaps to speak further in my next paper. But I can only now write carefully of what bears on my immediate work; and must ask the reader's indulgence for the hasty throwing together of materials intended, before my illness last spring, to have been far more thoroughly handled. The friends who are fearful for my reputation as an "écrivian" will perhaps kindly recollect that a sentence of " Modern Painters" was often written four or five times over in my own hand, and tried in every word for perhaps an hour-perhaps a forenoon - before it was passed for the printer. I rarely now fix my mind on a sentence, or a thought, for five minutes in the quiet of morning, but a telegram comes announcing that somebody or other will do themselves the pleasure of calling at eleven o'clock, and that there's two shillings to pay.-The Nineteenth Century.